IJRAR19D1374

© 2019 IJRAR November 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.ijrar.
org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
Shifting the Capital of India from Delhi to

Daulatabad in Deccan by the Tughlaqs – A Study
*Nagaratna.B.Tamminal, Asst Professor of History, Govt First Grade Womens’s College, Koppal.
Abstract
This paper studies the crucial event of shifting the the capital from Delhi Daulatabad in Central India and the subsequent down
fall of Tughlaq dynasty. Devagiri, a seemingly impregnable fort, assumed major importance from the year 1327, when
Mohammed-Bin-Tughlak dissatisfied with his existing capital, decided that Delhi lay too far north for his ambition to capture
the whole of ''Hindostan. He decided to move the entire populace of Delhi to Devagiri, 700 miles (1100 km) away.When Fakhr
Malik aka Jauna Khan aka Muhammad bin Tughlaq passed into history on 20 March 1351 after a 26-year reign, his subjects
heaved a sigh of relief. For two-and-a-half decades, they had been at the mercy of this mercurial man whose policy swings had
brought them to their knees and impoverished them considerably. They hoped and prayed that a more level-headed fellow would
now ascend the throne. Under Muhammad bin Tughlaq, they had been forced at sword-point to shift from Delhi, the abode of
kings from times memorial, to distant Daulatabad in the heart of today’s Maharashtra. Having made the difficult journey, they
were then forced to move back a few years later when the Sultan changed his mind. Then they had been subject to a complete
upheaval of trade and commerce when he attempted to put in place a new coinage policy. Sometimes, the Sultan was over-
generous. He handed out bags of gold as rewards without thinking twice. But, more often than not, he was whimsical. Also, he
preferred to keep his own counsel and announce his decisions as a fait accompli without subjecting them to scrutiny by the wise
heads at his court. The result of this unflattering aspect of his personality was that his seemingly far-reaching ideas were botched
up implementation-wise, with catastrophic results for king and country. The shifting of the capital Among Tughlaq’s more
notorious ideas was his decision to shift the capital from Delhi to Devagiri, renamed Daulatabad.
The logic was sound. From the time of Genghis Khan (1162-1227), the Mongols had repeatedly attacked the northern parts of
India. For a while, Kashmir had even been incorporated into the Mongol Empire. Between 1297 and 1308, Alauddin Khilji had
to contend with several assaults. Once, the Mongols had even laid siege to Siri, the second city of Delhi (Prithiviraj Chauhan’s
Rai Pithora was the first) and were only just beaten back. In 1327, the Mongols laid siege to Delhi again and retreated only after
a hefty ransom had been paid. Muhammad bin Tughlaq conjectured rather wisely that the Mongols would, in all likelihood,
attack again.
Keywords— India, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Alauddin Khilji, Daulatabad, Devagiri
Introduction
The Tughlaq name is today an infamous one. Economic historians give him no credit for the idea of representative money.
Historians do not record the fact that the Mongol Timur did attack Delhi in 1398, just as the Sultan had feared. Sadly, Tughlaq’s
poorly executed, but well-meaning, grand plans have resulted in the name becoming a byword for misrule. Without food, many
of Tughlak''s subjects perished along the way. Adjusting to life in the Deccan, was also very difficult, eventually forcing the
dejected Monarch to abandon his plans for Daulatabad and march his subjects back to Delhi after 17 years. It was play-write
IJRAR19D1374 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 797
© 2019 IJRAR November 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
Girish Karnad, whose hugely successful play titled ''Tughlak'' portrayed this eccentric monarch''s dream of controlling the whole
of India, by shifting his capital from Delhi to the Deccan. Towards the later part of his reign, the empire had shrunk considerably.
Tax collections had fallen and people were in a desperate state. After Tughlaq’s death, no one was willing to come forward to
claim the throne. He wasn’t quite sure if he would be able to repulse the attack when it happened. The idea of paying a ransom
did not appear an enticing prospect either. Also, the empire had grown to include many parts of the Deccan and southern India.
Eventually, nobles persuaded Firuz Shah Tughlaq, the Sultan’s cousin, to ascend the throne. When he was in Lahore, the
governor of Madurai declared his independence. He now had to make the torturous journey to the deep south to quell it. Bengal
was the next to rebel. The Sultan was forever on the move quelling rebellions.
Eventually, he began to doubt his decision to shift his seat of power to Daulatabad. The northern parts of his empire were slipping
beyond his grasp. In 1335, he rescinded his earlier order and now declared Delhi his capital and ordered the population to move
back. In the later part of his reign, Daulatabad changed hands and become the domain of the Bahmani Sultanate. Issuing a new
coinage In the midst of his capital-shifting and rebellion-quelling, the Sultan had time to come up with a new idea. He introduced
representative or token money akin to the modern convertible paper currency. Representative money by itself is worth very little.
But he who holds it could in theory exchange it for a fixed amount of gold or silver (the gold standard, as it is known in economics,
and which the world abandoned in 1971). This idea no longer dominates economic thinking but for a long time, it was at the
heart of it. Tughlaq’s idea actually predated modern economic theory by half a millenium. But faulty implementation owing to
poor counsel resulted in chaos. The Sultan introduced coins of copper and brass that could be exchanged for fixed amounts of
gold and silver from the Delhi Sultanate. This was known as a tanka (later modified to taka in Bengali). But the tanka was poorly
crafted. Forgers soon began to make their own, and attempted to redeem them for gold and silver. The Sultan was in a fix. He
had to withdraw this scheme. But the lack of an accepted mode of currency with which to conduct trade pushed the economy
back a century. Another far-reaching idea had been botched. That these plans failed was certainly not on account of the fact that
Muhammad bin Tughlaq was poorly educated or a person given to seeking comfort and pleasure. By all accounts, he was a
learned man, and truly interested in the welfare of his people. He knew several languages—Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Sanskrit.
He had more than a passing interest in medicine. He patronized men of learning. Ibn Battuta, the famous traveller from Morocco,
was a guest at his court. He was also religious. On occasion, he could even be generous. But equally, he was hasty, suspicious
and unconcerned with details. He could be harsh with punishments and did not seek advice. These led to his downfall. He needed
to consolidate his hold over these newly conquered regions.
Devagiri was an inspired choice, really. Its location near was an asset. For one, it was near the coast, and the Sultan reckoned
that tax collection would improve as a result of the capital being closer to the major ports. It was also closer to the areas around
Madurai and most of Karnataka, the newly conquered regions of the empire. Not to mention, it was way too far away for the
Mongols to plan an attack. The Sultan’s mind was made up. In 1329, he declared Devagiri-Daulatabad his new capital. But now
he passed an order that defied logic. Rather than shift his court and officials to the new capital and then allow the city to grow
organically, he ordered the entire population of Delhi to move out. Tughlaq had roads constructed and rest-houses built, in an
attempt to ease the pain of the populace. But the move was difficult and resulted in many deaths and a deep-rooted resentment
against the Sultan. Before he had even properly settled in at Daulatabad, rebellions broke out in the northern areas of the empire,
forcing him to go back to Delhi.
Objective:
This paper deals with consequences that followed the event of shifting the capital of the Empire from Delhi to Daulatabad in
Central India by the Tughlaq king Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Tughlaq, the idealistic Delhi Sultan
Tughlaq, the idealistic Sultan of Delhi decided to move his capital from Delhi to Devagiri, 15 kilometers west of Aurangabad.
In the play, Tughlak is depicted standing at his Fort in Tughlakabad and is quoted as having said, "Every living soul in Delhi will
leave for Daulatabad within a fortnight. Everyone must leave. Not a single light must be seen in the windows of Delhi, not a wisp
of smoke must rise from its chimneys. Nothing but an empty graveyard of Delhi will satisfy me now." Tughlak''s dream city
was abandoned - both literally and figuratively.
Very few have the time or the inclination to visit this remotely located fortress. Despite conservation work, the crumbling fort
and the buildings tell their own tale of neglect. However, those who visit the Fort, seem to have a special feeling for the place
and at some level, may also empathize with this visionary ruler. Amid calm surroundings, the fortress stands on a 183-meters-
high, conical natural granite rock earlier known as Devagiri, or "Hill of the Gods." During the 12th century AD, Devagiri was
the capital of the Yadava dynasty - the Fort''s invulnerability, being the reason for their choice and it became the stronghold of
several successive rulers.
The earliest Yadavas had hewn away the irregular face of the conical rock to create a sheer smooth vertical face rising 50 meters
high above a moat dug 15 meters into the rockface. A causeway across the moat became the only entry point to the fortress. The
outer wall is five kilometers long and had earlier sheltered a large population in a town now completely abandoned. A second
wall enclosing an area with a radius of half a kilometer is known as the "Mahakot. As in the nearby Ajanta and Ellora Caves,
Buddhism appears to have gained a foothold at Devagiri during the same period. There are at least ten caves dating back to 1st
century BC, which were used by successive rulers for housing their staff.
Devagiri to Daulatabad Journey of city
Mainly because, like his predecessors Mohummad Tughlaq too faced the threat of Mongol Invasion. However previously rulers
such as Alaudin Khilji had garrissoned the city aka siri fort and strengthened the army. This needed increased tax collection
which was done by taxing the peasantry at almost 50 percent the produce.
However in the case of Md Tughlaq instead of creating a new fortification against the mongols. He asked the resident of old city
Dilli-i-kuha to move to new place ie Daulatagir and let the army take refuge in their place in the old city. This meant two things.
Firstly that the capital of the empire would be a lot more distant geographically thus saving his capital from recurring Mongol
raids, the move would cement his control over the rich fertile lands of the Deccan and ensure access to the busy ports on the
Gujarat and the Coromandel coast.
While there was nothing fundamentally wrong with Tughlaq’s pragmatic decision, his blunder lay in ordering the entire
population of Delhi to move to the new capital (instead of just shifting his official court). Despite the many arrangements that
were made for the convenience of the travellers, the suffering of the people was terrible and many people died on the way.
However, no sooner had the Sultan reached Daulatabad when trouble broke out in Bengal as well as on the northwestern frontier.
Tughlaq realized that while his new capital was distant enough to be safe from Mongol invasions, it was also too far away to
protect northern India. So, the mercurial ruler re-ordered his people to return to Delhi. Thousands died in the punishing 1500 km
return march to Delhi. While Tughlaq did try to make amends by abolishing multiple taxes and organising relief measures, the
financial loss was immense and the consequences for Delhi grave.
The Chand Minar, about 63 metres in height, was erected by Alauddin Bahman Shah in 1435 AD to conquest of
Daulatabad. Opposite the Minar is the Jumma masjid, whose pillars originally belonged to a temple. Close to it, there is a large
masonry tank. The Chini Mahal at the end of the lower for is the place where Abdul Hasan Tana Shah, the last king Golconda,
was confined by Aurangzeb in 1687 AD. Nearby is a round bastion topped with a huge canon with ram’s head, called Kila
Shikan or Fort breaker. The Baradari, octagonal in shape, stands near the summit of the fort. The principal bastion at the summit
also carries a large canon.
Though the city of Devagiri was founded in 1187 AD by the Yadava king Bhillan V, the fort was constructed during the reign
of Singhana II (1210-46 AD). It was captured by Ala-ud-Din Kalji in 12 94 AD, marking the first Muslim invasion of the
Deccan. Finally in 1318 AD, Malik Kafur killed last Yadava Raja, Harapal. Then in 1327 AD, Muhammed-bin-Tughluq sought
to make it his capital, by transferring the entire population of Delhi and changing the name from Devagiri to Daulatabad. Then
it was in the possession of the Bhamanis till 1526 AD. The fort remained in Mughal control till Aurangzeb’s death in 1707 AD.,
when it passed on to the Nizam of Hyderabad. The famous Ellora Caves are just 16kms away from Devagiri-Daulatabad.
The Yadavas rule between 1183 and 1294 came to a halt when Raja Ramchandra of Devagiri was overcome by Allah-ud-Din
(nephew of Sultan Jalal--ud-Din Khilji) who was appointed governor by the Delhi Sultanate. The first Muslim monument within
the walls of Devagiri was the Jumma Masjid (Friday Mosque) created by Qutb-ud-Din Khilji in 1318. The city continued to be
administered by various governors appointed by the Delhi Sultanate till 1347 when governor Zafar Khan rebelled against the
administration and became the first Bahamani Sultan. A victory tower-cum--observation post, known as the "Chand Minar" was
built in 1433, and is the second tallest tower in India after the Qutb Minar. It was at this time that the name of the fortress changed
from Devagiri to Daulatabad or "the abode of good fortune". The Fortress has much to attract visitors who are ready to climb up
to the peak, to see the splendid fortification which made it so attractive to successive rulers. Besides the dramatic and unbelievable
story of Tughlak, the "Balakot" has a splendid entrance gate leading to the ancient caves.
A number of cannons are a testimony to the fort''s impregnability and strategically located to guard the peak, is an enormous
cannon made of seven-inch "Panchdhatu" (five metals), locally referred to as "Shree Durga". All along the way, there are a
number of other cannons such as the Ram--headed "storm breaker" and others that look equally menacing. Stout heavily spiked
gates, can be seen all along the way, creating effective barriers for the enemy. A tunnel in the rock face offers the only route to
the upper reaches. It is said that at the time of a siege, an iron barrier at the end of the long spiraling tunnel would be heated to
such a point, that no one could touch it. Thus successfully pushing back any attackers, who had managed to reach this far. What
is most interesting however is that the Fort had been cleverly planned in such a way, that it was possible to live within its walls
for long stretches of time. One can also see a large area of storage space for food and a huge water tank, built within the fortified
walls that would be able to provide water for an entire army for over six months, in case of a siege. The "Chinimahal," a palace
named after the decorative ceramic tiles used on the exterior, became the prison of Abul Hasan, the last Qutb Shahi ruler of
Golconda - imprisoned there from 1687 to 1700, by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In the exciting history of Daulatabad, it may
be noted that most monarchs who came to power, considered this Fortress a key to the domination of southern India. Nizam-ul-
Mulk captured the fort and the city in 1757, breaking Daulatabad''s links with the Nizam Shahi Dynasty of Ahmednagar.
However, he was unable to hold out against the wily Maratha forces and it fell once again. Daulatabad, despite being prized as
one of the most coveted forts in the country, never really lived up to its name. Somehow greatness always remained elusive.
The center of power Delhi or Daulatabad
The Marathas, hung on to power till they were driven out by the British, bringing the curtain down finally, on the colorful past
of Devagiri - a great fort, that just missed becoming the capital of India.Devagiri, a seemingly impregnable fort, assumed major
importance from the year 1327, when Mohammed-Bin-Tughluq dissatisfied with his existing capital, decided that Delhi lay too
far north for his ambition to capture the whole of 'Hindostan'. He decided to move the entire populace of Delhi to Devagiri, 700
miles (1100 km) away. Without food, many of Tughluq's subjects perished along the way. Adjusting to life in the Deccan, was
also very difficult, eventually forcing the dejected Monarch to abandon his plans for Daulatabad and march his subjects back to
Delhi after 17 years. It was playwright Girish Karnad, whose hugely successful play titled 'Tughluq' portrayed this eccentric
monarch's dream of controlling the whole of India, by shifting his capital from Delhi to the Deccan. Tughlaq, the idealistic Sultan
of Delhi decided to move his capital from Delhi to Devagiri, 15 kilometres west of Aurangabad. In the play, Tughluq is depicted
standing at his Fort in Tughluqabad and is quoted as having said, "Every living soul in Delhi will leave for Daulatabad within a
fortnight. Everyone must leave. Not a single light must be seen in the windows of Delhi, not a wisp of smoke must rise from its
chimneys. Nothing but an empty graveyard of Delhi will satisfy me now." Tughluq's dream city was abandoned - both literally
and figuratively. Very few have the time or the inclination to visit this remotely located fortress. Despite conservation work, the
crumbling fort and the buildings tell their own tale of neglect. However, those who visit the Fort, seem to have a special feeling
for the place and at some level, may also empathize with this visionary ruler. Amid calm surroundings, the fortress stands on a
183-meters-high, conical natural granite rock earlier known as Devagiri, or "Hill of the Gods." During the 12th century AD,
Devagiri was the capital of the Yadava dynasty - the Fort's invulnerability, being the reason for their choice and it became the
stronghold of several successive rulers. The earliest Yadavas had hewn away the irregular face of the conical rock to create a
sheer smooth vertical face rising 50 meters high above a moat dug 15 meters into the rock-face. A causeway across the moat
became the only entry point to the fortress.
The outer wall is five kilometres long and had earlier sheltered a large population in a town now completely abandoned. A second
wall enclosing an area with a radius of half a kilometre is known as the 'Mahakot'. As in the nearby Ajanta and Ellora Caves,
Buddhism appears to have gained a foothold at Devagiri during the same period. There are at least ten caves dating back to 1st
century BC, which were used by successive rulers for housing their staff. The Yadavas rule between 1183 and 1294 came to a
halt when Raja Ramchandra of Devagiri was overcome by Allah-ud-Din (nephew of Sultan Jalal-ud-din Khalji) who was
appointed governor by the Delhi Sultanate. The first Muslim monument within the walls of Devagiri was the Jumma Masjid
(Friday Mosque) created by Qutb-ud-Din Khilji in 1318. The city continued to be administered by various governors appointed
by the Delhi Sultanate till 1347 when governor Zafar Khan rebelled against the administration and became the first Bahamani
Sultan. A victory tower-cum-observation post, known as the "Chand Minar" was built in 1433, and is the second tallest tower in
India after the Qutb Minar. It was at this time that the name of the fortress changed from Devagiri to Daulatabad or "the abode
of good fortune". The Fortress has much to attract visitors who are ready to climb up to the peak, to see the splendid fortification
which made it so attractive to successive rulers. Besides the dramatic and unbelievable story of Tughluq, the "Balakot" has a
splendid entrance gate leading to the ancient caves. A number of cannons are a testimony to the fort's impregnability and
strategically located to guard the peak, is an enormous cannon made of seven-inch "Panchdhatu" (five metals), locally referred
to as "Shree Durga". All along the way, there are a number of other cannons such as the Ram-'headed "storm breaker" and others
that look equally menacing. Stout heavily spiked gates, can be seen all along the way, creating effective barriers for the enemy.
A tunnel in the rock face offers the only route to the upper reaches. It is said that at the time of a siege, an iron barrier at the end
of the long spiralling tunnel would be heated to such a point, that no one could touch it.
Later day at Daulatabad
Thus successfully pushing back any attackers, who had managed to reach this far. What is most interesting however is that the
Fort had been cleverly planned in such a way, that it was possible to live within its walls for long stretches of time. One can also
see a large area of storage space for food and a huge water tank, built within the fortified walls that would be able to provide
water for an entire army for over six months, in case of a siege. The "Chinimahal," a palace named after the decorative ceramic
tiles used on the exterior, became the prison of Abul Hasan, the last Qutb Shahi ruler of Golconda - imprisoned there from 1687
to 1700, by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In the exciting history of Daulatabad, it may be noted that most monarchs who came
to power, considered this Fortress a key to the domination of southern India. Nizam-ul-Mulk captured the fort and the city in
1757, breaking Daulatabad's links with the Nizam Shahi Dynasty of Ahmednagar. However, he was unable to hold out against
the wily Maratha forces and it fell once again. Daulatabad, despite being prized as one of the most coveted forts in the country,
never really lived up to its name. Somehow greatness always remained elusive. The Marathas, hung on to power till they were
driven out by the British, bringing the curtain down finally, on the colourful past of Devagiri - a great fort, that just missed
becoming the capital of India. When famine-like conditions and frequent revolts began straining his coffers, Tughlaq found it
difficult to maintain the supply of gold (dinars) and silver (adlis) coins on a large scale. So, he introduced a token currency system
and minted vast quantities of new copper and brass coins (tankas) that could be exchanged for fixed amounts of gold and silver.
While this decision helped the Sultanate’s finances initially, it also proved to be lucrative to forgers who began issuing a large
number of fake coins. Loopholes like a simple design (the coins just had some inscriptions) and no royal seals made the task
easier for forgers. Every house became a mint for copper coins while gold and silver coins were zealously hoarded. Soon, the
market was awash with fake coins.
As good money was driven out of circulation, the token coins became practically valueless, leading to hyperinflation. Foreign
traders also refused to accept them, paralysing trade. Realising that his scheme had failed, Tughlaq withdrew the currency in an
attempt to stem the economic chaos. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had the best of intentions and his moves were bold for his time
but were poorly implemented. Also, in his hurry to realise his dreams, he severely punished anyone who opposed his hasty
moves. This, combined with his habit of acting without assessing risks and without providing for unforeseen difficulties, resulted
in his administrative gambles ending in disaster. It’s small wonder that historians refer to Tughlaq as the ‘wise fool’!
However, it was not the only time in ancient history that demonetisation took place. There are other examples that highlight the
incredible fragility of the monetary system. In 1735 AD, Nadir Shah devalued his own currency, making the double paisa coin
into a single paisa coin, and ordered money lenders to store no more than 50 mahmoodis (silver coins) in their shops. Unhappy
with the economic results of this move, he withdrew the order later and even issued new coins, but by then the devaluation had
already made common commodities more expensive.
Conclusion
One of the most interesting personalities of medieval India, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq ruled over the northern parts of the Indian
subcontinent and the Deccan from 1324 to 1351 AD. A learned man with an open mind and a unique streak of intellectual
creativity, Tughlaq was well versed in poetry, astronomy, religion and philosophy.
A ruler whose real expertise shone in the times of war, Tughlaq took some very bold and strong measures to reform the
administration during his chequered reign as the Sultan of Delhi. In 1329 AD, he shifted his capital from Delhi to the more
centrally located Devagiri in Maharashtra, which was renamed Daulatabad. He had many motives for doing so – other than saving
his capital from recurring Mongol raids, the move would cement his control over the rich fertile lands of the Deccan and ensure
access to the busy ports on the Gujarat and the Coromandel coast. While there was nothing fundamentally wrong with Tughlaq’s
pragmatic decision, his blunder lay in ordering the entire population of Delhi to move to the new capital (instead of just shifting
his official court). Despite the many arrangements that were made for the convenience of the travellers, the suffering of the
people was terrible and many people died on the way. However, no sooner had the Sultan reached Daulatabad when trouble
broke out in Bengal as well as on the northwestern frontier. Tughlaq realized that while his new capital was distant enough to be
safe from Mongol invasions, it was also too far away to protect northern India. So, the mercurial ruler re-ordered his people to
return to Delhi. Thousands died in the punishing 1500 km return march to Delhi. While Tughlaq did try to make amends by
abolishing multiple taxes and organising relief measures, the financial loss was immense and the consequences for Delhi grave.
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Retrieved 7 March 2010.

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© 2019 IJRAR November 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.ijrar.

org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

Shifting the Capital of India from Delhi to

Keywords— India, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Alauddin Khilji, Daulatabad, Devagiri

Tughlaq, the idealistic Delhi Sultan

Devagiri to Daulatabad Journey of city

The center of power Delhi or Daulatabad

Later day at Daulatabad

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