Engineering Mathematics 1 (MAU11E01)

Michaelmas term 2021-22

Lecture 4, 5, 6 (week 2)
FUNCTIONS ( A REVIEW )

input ündep variable

{
× : .

y
=
f- ( x )
variable
output y :
dependenb

Z y
= 3×2-4×+2 or
f- ( x ) = 3×2-4×+2 ✗ ER

f- ( O ) = 2
, fl 1) = 1
, f- (2) = 6
, .
. . .

GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

Eg plane
The
graph off in the ✗
g- plane

¥
in
yn
-

g. is
defiud graph of the
to be the

equations y flxl i. e. all point

-

that
fcllfil the which
equations
are those on the natural domain

off .

¥ 4-4-4
"

g-
-
×

>
 ¥;
zfx

|
=

H
example of
pieawise-def.fm
this is on a

dion , i. the formula

e.
for f changes
on different Internats
for
{
× ✗ 20
absolute value :
f- ( =

✗ for ✗ <
O

A point on the
graph is
identifiedbg.is/coordinahes in the

xy plane : y a Anfall

f-
-

in
any graph
" Not
Ff "
the
xy plane
-
is a

graph of favt
. .

a a
.

y fixt
=
. .

:-#
 •
Reason :
f only as
signs a
Single output humber
per input no .

%
I VERTICAL LINE TEST
•

This ex . is not a
graph of some function
I
because one obtaüss two nuenbus on the
→× axis !
y
-

×
,

equationi-yz-2.si
" "
The
graph of an
impliät
( circle
of radius 5)
is not a
graph of a
function ! It fails the KT .

×
PROPERTIES OF THE ABSOLUTE VALUE :

a) A- aß = MAN a.be/R
b) ( a. bl =
lat -

Ibl
c)
1%1 =

¥ , " "" =
" "
" " °

" " " " ← " " " " " "

DOMAIN AND RANGE :

"

GÄHN
If and related
by y FA
✗ are )
y
-

r
-

a
get allowed
the
of all inputs is the n

domain and g
off setof the outputs e
- - -
-
„
- -
- .
•
'
'

I
-
- - -

resulting from uaryüg ✗ over the

:
domain
range off
is called the .
:

, >
domain ✗
 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD

DEI : Given functions f and

g
(✗ c- IR )

g) ( )
+ x =
f- ( )x
glx ) +

(f- f- ( ) ( )
g) ( )
=
x x x
g
-

(f- g) ( ) x =

flx ) glx ) .

(f /
g) HI =

fg¥ ,

For function f-1g f-g f.g defnie the domain to be

, ,
we

interaction of domains
the
of fand g , g. D-pj-D.ph/Dg e. .

For
fly we
define the domain to be the übersehen

of the domains
of fand g but the point when the

denomination be O wkere )
i.
glx
comes e. = 0
, .

flx )
'
)
Example glx
1
Df R
Df-yj-IR-ID.gg
+1
Dg
: =
× - = ✗ = =

(f- (x ) ¥ 1) 1)
'

g)
+ + ( + + ✗ + ✗
= -
=

but
(f- g) (x ) ( x2 )
'
=
-

1) -
(× -11 =
× -
✗ -
2

( f. (I 1) ( x -11 ) ✗ 3- ✗ + × ? 1
g) ( x) = -
•
=

(f /
g) HI = =

"¥¥ ¥ - i
-
1
Dtg
=
RIKA }
 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTION S

with other
You familias ops
+ ÷ but there are
ops
-
•
are .

,
.

, ,

direct in
with no
analog ordinary arithmetik .

Conti der functions

two
g- FA
) -

,
2- =

gly )
Chain of functions :

0×-1-17--17
.

Z
y
DEF .
: Given
functions fand g ,
the composition off with g ,
deuoted
by fog ,
is the
function de find by
4- g) (•
x ) =

f- ( g ( xD
domain all
of fog defined to
The is cons ist of × in

the domain
of g for which gk is in the domain
)
off .

E f- ( x ) = F- 1
glx
,
) +1=

fly ) f- 1
✗ =

(fo g) ( ) f- ( gl) f- ( -111--1×+15-1

'
x = -
x = ✗ + 2x

( (x) )) ( x2 1) (x 1) +1
go f)
'
(
g ff
= =

g
= -
-

NOR The ordo of Composition ( fog or

g. f) malters !
REMARKS.gs •
(fog • ho . . .
o b) ( x )

=
f- ( g ( hl .
. .
( KH ) ) ) ) )
}
( ?
)
sein × 1st
calculating ×
•

•
Simple ops .
can be visaalised
by using graphs
"
¥r×
K
FAKE
glx ) -
¥

•
9- + g) 1×1=5×+7

Translation
:* :
.

Ee
falte
-

• ⇐ ☒
J
> -

, .
-

.
.
2
f- A)
.
=
✗

JA 1×+27
| flitzt
"

|
-

"
f- ( ✗ + e) !;
oo
g-
-

'

i
9
;
÷ < o

☒
REFLECTIONS about the

a) b)

x-axisf.lt
y-a
f- A) →
f- ( )
f-
x
C- x )
-

) →

rx rx
☒
gut
→
y
e.
g.
-

g-
=

g- →

ny
TÄTE
H„y
FF

Timmy
-

ja
- - -
- -

Ä
- -

) "
: .

'
↳
i
;
i i
-
×
.
! ×
,
7

be combined the combination F-

They can The
graph of
for
{ Fx
☐ ×> °

(× ) of 1- Tx Tx is
ünplicitly
-

= ,
g for ✗< O
?
given by y
×
correspondenz
and Tx
This is new
function to + F-
y
= -

y
=
a . .

Herrero this combination is

,
!
n¥ou
 We can cambria a) and b) :
"
" "
c) f- ( x
) → -

fc -
x )
- X,

Tx → Fx ! '
I
g. y
e. = -

×
,

"
•
←
(
FI yn )
-
-
✗ -

"

Using those functions ( or

reflections ) we
find SYMMETRY about

a ) y
-
axis

b) × -
axis

c)
origin
Acc
ording to those
Symmetrie's we
say that FA ) with

1) f- ( -

x ) =
f- H ) is even

2) fl -
x ) =
-

f- (
x ) is 0¥
 FUNCTION FAMILIES

"
ALT POWER FUNCTIONS : = × 4>-0
y ) "

(
f-
×
° ^ ✗
^

^
g-
-
✗ -1
g-
-

> > >

horizontal eine eine

EY :
straight ×
}
5- ,

Symmetrie
"
¥ :
for y -
_

if his even : h -
2m 1m20 >

" "

¥)
2m
= ✗ =
✗ =

=
E.
his odd
cubic quark
if : n> 2m -11
,
mzo

"

f- A) =
+
"
= +
""
=
✗ ( ✗ 2) = -

f. C- )
x

{ } { }
wen even

odd Powers n
FA ) is
odd
-
 "

BEI POLYNOMIALS : linear combination s

of power feines ?

We Coll
" " '

f- (x )
-

=
Cn .
× + Cu -

,
✗ + . . .
+
E.
✗ + Co

a
polynouiial of degree nzo with con staut coefficieuh
also to
ci ER an -1-0 If h -1,213,4 or 5 we
sefer
-

,
.

the
Correspondentg polynomial linear quadrate , as
,

cubic
, quartic or
quintic function respedioely ,
.

Pohgnoruials are uubounded for arbitrarily decreasing /

increasing value t .

" "
i) linear function :
f- (x ) = m .
× + b lines m > o

P P „ b > 0

Slope Intercept
in > O :
iucreasing 4=0 )

decreasing
in < o : >

ii ) quadrant feines :
flx ) =
anitbxtc mao

✓
.

^ b > O

> O
•
9<0
a
opens up
n
:
a > o •

.
9<0 : down
opens
minima / maxima at Ya
 "
"" "

ivlquartic-fk-I-axk-bx3-cxz-dx-e.UA
> O

>
)

v1
arbitrage pobguocnial

.
☒
"
NEGATIVE POWER FUNCTIONS
-

>
× n 0
y
, =

In
saure
symmetry properh.es as
pos power functions .

"

Important : All
y
=
In have a
"

discoutinuity at to

when
they are not defined .

e.
g. ④ y
-
_

¥ e④ g-
-
¥
^ ^

- ^

, ,

TY
:
^
. -

i: :
.

DLT POWER FUNCTIONS WITH FRACTTONAL EXPONENTS

%
f- ( x ) = ✗
, p , 9- C- Z
,
and
p, q
do not divide each other

? Tx ↳ Fx
e.g. :
p ¥ :
f- A) =
× =

, q=3_ :
f- A) = ✗ =

In Fx
9=-4 :
f- A) =
✗ =
 standard baus write
By
we can
power
9-
( E) P ( KF )
P
EFF
f- Al =
✗ =
✗ = =

F-
we have den f- A) =

before ,
but note the difference
^

IT
43

⑥
✗
y
=

> .

%
because
y
= ✗ =

5¥ and the argument of it is positive

☒ RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
f- A) =
for polynomials P
,
Q
,
^
es
.

7- i
"
i
;
l JEF D= R
D= Rl { -2
,
-12,5 }
DEF .
: Functions that can be conshncted from polgnocuials by
app Ging fiuitely many algebraic operations ( + , -

,
•

, :-p)
are Called
algebraic functions .

☒ PERIODIC FUNCTIONS :

(x )

{
sin
sie
y
=
:
Most basic peiodic functions are
cosine Cos (x )
y
: =

Defiued from the

yz =L
'
unit circle ✗ + .

yp

Accordingly ein
, Cos are related

Ä }
- "

sind
HF, through a
right triangle
?
•
and fulfill many
mi
^ sido )
orthogonality relations .

Cos ( O) D) p
Cos ( O )
 like
They took

yn " -

"
fünf )
i

G-
-
Zü
-

÷
"
_
:
,
.

µ I • I >
×
.

'
i
%
'
'

i .
. .
'
. .
-

qjpei.cl#l
I
.
_ . _
. .

I I

|
period
I
I

Zayn
-

i ! ! I

:^);
F-
."
'

cost )

¥
i

y
;
' -

-
-

E)
.

- .

= sin (+ +

¥ :
\
,

÷
a

"
.
;
.
.

→
.

More
general f- A) = A. sein ( B. ✗ + c ) : •
C is a shift in × - dir .

MX
thepoiod
A
'
•
B
changes "
sketches dir
Kompresse
"
× -

/ couspressesy
'

,
•
A stretdus -

dir
c )

i 25m14 )
-
f-
 What is the new
period ? poiod =

Egg
Lina the point xn at which Bin = Zu ×
,
-
-

EB .

INVERSE FUNCTION

Ide we have
y
-
-

f- H ) and book for a

function GG )
new

such that + =

gcg ) in serted
goes
the
identity feines .

g- FA
- )
y
=

flgly ) ) =
(f. g) ( y )

do
we this
expeiätly by sohimg for × .

E-
9 ZTYI
?
✗ 3+1
x=g¥
'

-1 ×
y y
= = =

Let's
apply composition
( FH ) =
JÄH = 31×413-1--37 ? =

☒
g
1=[5-1]+1
>

flglyl ) =
[gly ) ] + -

y
-
1+1 -
-

g-
DEF.cn If function f g satisfy
,
the two conditions

( f- (H ) tfx
✗ C-
Df
=

g
f- ( gly ) ) -

y Ky c-
Dg
the
we
say that f is inverse
afg
and
g
is the inverse off -

inverse
or that f and
g
are
functions of each other .

be solved
Theorem :
If an
equatiou y
=

FA ) can
for ✗ as a

function of y ,
say
✗ =

gly ) then f ,
has an inverse

and that inverse is

gly ) f- Ky )=
.

'

flgly ) ) =

y
do composition f- o
SYMBOL t means

"
for
"
'
all
f- ( flgly D)
'
=

f- ( y )
Sgt
'
=
f- (y )
 "

if and
"
Theorem HORIZONTAL
only if
: LINE TEST

←
A function has an inverse function iff its
graph
is out at most once
by any
horizontal line .

VI.
^

ii. Ed
÷:
⇐
an : "

€
✓

>

'
The function f- A) =
× is

not einverleibte .

Theoreme A function has an inverse iff it is one

-

to -

one

( and vice versa ) .

✗ c-
Der JEDE '