Introduction to the History of

Psychology 7th Edition Hergenhahn

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Chapter 10: Evolution and Individual Differences

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that
make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult’s offspring. This phenomenon
is called:
A. survival of the fittest
B. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
C. natural selection
D. the law of effect
ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin

2. According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and
abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomena is called:
A. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
B. evolutionary associationism
C. social Darwinism
D. survival of the fittest
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin

3. The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if
it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called?
A. the Spencer-Bain principle
B. the law of contiguity
C. social Darwinism
D. survival of the fittest
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin

4. Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"?

A. Lamarck
B. Erasmus Darwin
C. Spencer
D. Charles Darwin
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin

5. Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior
is known as:
A. premature
B. social Darwinism
C. Lamarckianism
D. the Spencer-Bain principle
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
 6. Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely:
A. the world would be a jungle
B. humans would become more animalistic
C. animals would have become more like humans
D. all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin

7. According to Spencer, the best government is one that:

A. protects the weak
B. protects people from their own animal instincts
C. allows free competition among all its citizens
D. is elected by a majority of reasonable people
ANS: C DIF: application REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin

8. Which of the following best describes the views of U.S. industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller and
Andrew Carnegie regarding survival of the fittest?
A. The development of large corporations and the elimination of smaller ones simply
demonstrates survival of the fittest and is not evil, but rather the result of the application of
the laws of nature.
B. Employers have an obligation to provide employees with ample money to satisfy their
needs. Healthy, happy employees are likely to produce healthy, happy offspring who will,
in turn, become the skilled workforce of the future.
C. Wealthy industrialists should be permitted to encourage the brightest, hardest workers to
have more children by paying them more for each child they have, thus increasing the pool
of bright, hardworking individuals.
D. Belief in the theory of evolution rather than in creation by a divine being invites the wrath
of the divine being and therefore bad for business.
ANS: A DIF: conceptual REF: Evolutionary Theory before Darwin
NOT: new

9. What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?
A. Lyell's Principles of Geology
B. Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population
C. Spencer's Principles of Psychology
D. Lamarck's notion of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Charles Darwin

10. Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same time that Darwin
formulated his own theory?
A. Lamarck
B. Spencer
C. Malthus
D. Wallace
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Charles Darwin
11. According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment:
A. there are individual differences
B. there is a struggle for survival
C. there must be ecological engineering
D. humans must decide which animals survive and which ones do not
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Charles Darwin

12. Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual’s survival in a given environment?
A. The fittest
B. Naturally selected genes
C. Adaptive features
D. Struggles to survive
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Charles Darwin

13. According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the ____ of those accidental variations that proved to
have survival value.
A. natural selection
B. sharing
C. inhibition
D. extinction
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Charles Darwin

14. Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process?
A. To evolve is to progress.
B. Evolution always occurs in the direction of increased perfection.
C. Evolution just happens.
D. Evolution always occurs in the direction of increased differentiation.
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Charles Darwin

15. One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over:
A. the age of the earth
B. his study of animals
C. his refusal to be a church member
D. his comparison of humans and animals
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Charles Darwin

16. Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions?
A. Emotions are particularly important in modern society.
B. At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival.
C. The expression of emotions is highly variable from culture to culture.
D. The emotions of humans are qualitatively different from the emotions of nonhuman
animals.
ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Charles Darwin
17. Which of the following did Darwin believe?
A. Humans possess rational powers that make them qualitatively different from other
animals.
B. The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree.
C. Only humans have evolved long enough to have lost their aggressive instincts.
D. Nothing significant can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals.
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Charles Darwin

18. Which of the following is true of the relationship between Darwin’s work and the work of his
contemporaries?
A. Wallace’s work on evolution was largely plagiarized from Darwin’s work.
B. Malthus’s ideas about competition for limited resources was elaborated on by Darwin.
C. FitzRoy was an outspoken defender of Darwin’s work.
D. Lamarck adamantly believed that species did not and could not change over time.
ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Charles Darwin
NOT: new

19. Sociobiologists depend heavily on ____ in their explanation of human social behavior.
A. Malthusian selection
B. inclusive fitness
C. eugenics
D. innate aggression
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Charles Darwin

20. What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding?
A. phrenology
B. eugenics
C. anthropometry
D. sociobiology
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Sir Francis Galton

21. Which of the following did Galton believe about individual differences?
A. They cannot be the result of evolution nor can they be inherited.
B. They should be studied only if they involve positive attributes.
C. If they are important, they should be measured.
D. Their measurement is detrimental to society and should be avoided at all costs.
ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Sir Francis Galton
NOT: new

22. Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200
eminent scientists?
A. The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual
achievement.
B. Intellectual potential is only heritable for those with intellectual disabilities.
C. Intelligence and scientific achievement have very little correlation.
D. Schools that emphasize rote learning and strict discipline promote intellectual
achievement.
ANS: A DIF: conceptual REF: Sir Francis Dalton
NOT: new
23. Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test?
A. Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods.
B. Responses tend to be closely related to the setting in which the test is given.
C. Responses are so variable within a single individual as to make the test worthless.
D. Responses are closely related to intelligence, so word association tests can be used to test
intelligence.
ANS: A DIF: conceptual REF: Sir Francis Galton

24. What did Galton find about mental imagery?

A. Only people with what we now call autism were able to use mental imagery.
B. The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed.
C. While children often use mental images extensively, adults rarely do.
D. The ability to use mental images is strongly correlated with intelligence.
ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Sir Francis Galton
NOT: new

25. Which of the following is true of Galton’s "anthropometric laboratory"?

A. In order to collect sufficient data, he paid participants to participate.
B. He used extensive written tests similar to what would become Binet’s intelligence test.
C. He studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures.
D. He refused to provide individuals with their own test results for fear they would be
discouraged or upset.
ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Sir Francis Galton
NOT: new

26. When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another
variable, the variables are said to be:
A. correlated
B. causally related
C. regressing toward the mean
D. genetically determined
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Sir Francis Galton

27. Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent
offspring.
A. anthropometry
B. regression toward the mean
C. eugenics
D. the coefficient of correlation
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Sir Francis Galton

28. Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)?
A. Galton
B. Darwin
C. Pearson
D. Cattell
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Sir Francis Galton
29. Galton’s work has been described as idiographic. What does that mean?
A. He was interested in the study of individual differences.
B. His focus was on the commonalities in people.
C. He rejected the study of those he regarded as abnormal.
D. He believed science should serve the needs of society.
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Sir Francis Galton
NOT: new

30. Which of the following best characterizes Cattell’s approach to intelligence?

A. He was adamantly opposed to Galton’s ideas that intelligence could be inherited.
B. He believed it was unrelated to measures of sensory acuity or reaction time.
C. He believed that systematic measurement was essential to the study of intelligence.
D. He believed that intelligence was far too complex to be measured.
ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Sir Francis Galton

31. When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they:
A. were very highly correlated with each other
B. were far more useful with men than women
C. predicted success in college with considerable accuracy
D. were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success
ANS: D DIF: conceptual REF: Sir Francis Galton

32. In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were
found to be due to:
A. perceptual abnormalities
B. suggestion
C. low intelligence
D. craniometry
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence

33. Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:

A. identical twins
B. normal children
C. children with intellectual disabilities
D. his daughters
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence

34. The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to:
A. distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities
B. distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children
C. distinguish among levels of intelligence for children with intellectual disabilities
D. help children make reasonable career choices
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
35. The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to:
A. distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities
B. distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children
C. distinguish among levels of intelligence for children with intellectual disabilities
D. help children make reasonable career choices
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence

36. The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:
A. Binet
B. Simon
C. Terman
D. Stern
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence

37. Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because:
A. he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number
B. he thought the equation was too complex
C. there was not enough data to support the quotient
D. the quotient could not distinguish between normal and intellectually disabled children
ANS: A DIF: conceptual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence

38. Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school
through the use of:
A. severe discipline
B. mental orthopedics
C. simplified assignments
D. parental involvement
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence

39. Which of the following was true of Spearman?

A. He believed intelligence is largely inherited.
B. He emphasized the importance of subjective measures of intelligence.
C. He believed there was little reason to measure intelligence.
D. He opposed the use of statistical methods in psychology.
ANS: A DIF: conceptual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence

40. Which of the following did Burt believe?

A. Special education could substantially improve the performance of children with
intellectual disabilities.
B. The “g” or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited.
C. Students with high intelligence should be paired with students with low intelligence so the
former could help the latter.
D. Data from the study of identical twins largely refuted the idea that intelligence is inherited.
ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence
41. According to the author of your text, the "Burt scandal" taught us more about ____ than about ____.
A. the nature of intelligence; the politics of science
B. the politics of science; the nature of intelligence
C. rationalism; empiricism
D. "s"; "g"
ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Individual Differences in Intelligence

42. Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:
A. the government must provide for the less fortunate
B. intelligence level is determined mainly by experience
C. intelligence is largely inherited
D. intellectual disability can be overcome by special education
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States

43. Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that individuals with intellectual
disabilities should:
A. be given the same rights as any other citizen
B. not be allowed to hold even menial jobs
C. not be allowed to reproduce
D. be identified and placed in special education programs
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States

44. In what way did Terman revise the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence?
A. He translated it into English.
B. He added and deleted items until the average score for each age group was 100.
C. He made it applicable to adults as well as to children.
D. He freed it from cultural biases.
ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States

45. Terman believed that those with low intelligence:

A. could not be moral people
B. should have help from the government
C. should receive special help in school
D. did not need any special help because intelligence is not that important
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States

46. The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that:
A. gifted children became gifted adults
B. gifted children became more average as they grew older
C. although gifted children remained gifted as adults, they tended to have more emotional
problems than did average individuals
D. "early ripe, early rot"
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
47. Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingworth?
A. She found that women are seriously psychologically impaired during menstruation
B. She believed that children with intellectual disabilities should be excluded from school.
C. She made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of
intellectually gifted children
D. She believed that women were less intelligent than men.
ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States

48. Yerkes believed that immigration ____.

A. was important to the vitality of the United States.
B. introduced new genes and couple build intelligence and creativity.
C. was morally imperative that all persons who wanted entry to the United States be allowed
entry.
D. should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused.
ANS: D DIF: conceptual REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
NOT: new

49. Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray’s book The Bell
Curve?
A. It is crucial to provide early intervention services to at-risk infants and toddlers.
B. There is very little evidence that intelligence is inherited.
C. Because of the Internet, IQ tests have become obsolete.
D. The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite.
ANS: D DIF: conceptual REF: Intelligence Testing in the United States
NOT: new

50. Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing?

A. He developed the Army Alpha and Beta tests.
B. He created separate tests for men and women.
C. He created separate tests for heritable and non-heritable intelligence.
D. He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures.
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Modern Testing
NOT: new