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Final PHYS1410 Winter2022 Formula Sheet
Final PHYS1410 Winter2022 Formula Sheet
Work done by 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = 𝑞𝐸(𝑦𝑎 − 𝑦𝑏 ) = 𝑞𝐸𝑦 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = work done by electric force to
electric field in a = −∆𝑈 = −(𝑈𝑏 − 𝑈𝑎 ) bring a particle from point a to point b
uniform field 𝑦𝑖 = height at point i above some point
of reference
𝑦 = difference in height
∆𝑈 = change in potential energy
Electric potential 𝑘𝑞𝑄 1 1 𝑊𝑟𝑎 →𝑟𝑏 = work done by electric force to
𝐹= 𝑊𝑟𝑎→𝑟𝑏 = 𝑘𝑞𝑄 ( − )
energy of two 𝑟2 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏 bring a particle from radius a “𝑟𝑎 ” to
point charges cos 𝜙 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑟 radius b “𝑟𝑏 ”
relative to a 1 1 𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
specific point of
𝑟𝑏 ∆𝑈 = 𝑘𝑞𝑄 ( − ) 𝑞 = charge
𝑊𝑟𝑎→𝑟𝑏 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ 𝑟𝑏 𝑟𝑎
reference 𝑄 = charge
𝑟𝑎 = 𝑈𝑟𝑏 − 𝑈𝑟𝑎
𝑟𝑏 𝑈𝑖 = potential energy at point i
= ∫ 𝐹 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝑙 ∆𝑈 = change in potential energy
𝑟𝑎
𝑟𝑏
𝑘𝑞𝑄
=∫ 𝑑𝑟
𝑟𝑎 𝑟2
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝐸⃗⃗ = − ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= −∇⃗⃗𝑉
PART 2 – CHAPTERS 24-26
24.1 – CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
General 𝐶 = capacitance; units farads, F; or C/V
Definition of 𝑄 𝑄 = magnitude of charge on each
𝐶= conductor; units coulombs, C
Capacitance 𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = potential difference between
conductors; units volts, V=J/C
𝜎0 = 𝜎
24.6 – GAUSS’ LAW IN DIELECTRICS
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Gauss’ Law in 𝐾 = 𝜖𝑟 = dielectric constant/relative
dielectrics 𝑄encl−free permittivity
Φ = ∮ 𝐾𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝑄encl−free = total free charge enclosed
𝜖0
by the surface
∮ = surface integral over a closed
surface
25.1 – CURRENT
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Definition of 𝑑𝑄 𝐼 = current through an area; units
𝐼= amperes, A or C/sec
Current 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄
or 𝑑𝑄 = rate at which charge flows through
∆𝑄 𝐼= = 𝑛|𝑞|𝑣𝑑 𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝐼= 𝑑𝑡 an area
∆𝑡 𝑛 = concentration of moving charged
or particles; units m-3
𝑄 |𝑞| = charge per particle/fundamental
𝐼=
𝑡 charge; units C
𝑣𝑑 = drift speed; units m/s
𝐴 = cross-sectional area; units m2
𝑡 = time; units s
Current Density 𝑄 = 𝑛𝐴𝐿𝑞 𝐼 𝐽 = current density (scalar); units A/m2
𝐽 = = 𝑛|𝑞|𝑣𝑑
𝐴 𝐽⃗ = current density (vector); direction
𝐿 given by direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑑 and sign of
𝑡=
𝑣𝑑 𝐽⃗ = 𝑛𝑞𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑
charge q
𝑄 = total charge; units C
𝑞 = charge per particle/fundamental
charge; units C
𝑛 = concentration of moving charged
particles; units m-3
𝐿 = length of conductor; units m
𝑣𝑑 = drift speed; units m/s
𝐴 = cross-sectional area; units m2
25.2 – RESISTIVITY AND MICROSCOPIC OHM’S LAW
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Definition of See lecture 10 slides 𝐸 𝜌 = resistivity; units Vm/A, or ohm-
𝜌= metres Ωm
Resistivity 14-16 and textbook 𝐽
(microscopic page 817 for values 𝐸 = magnitude of electric field in
Ohm’s Law) material
𝐽 = magnitude of current density caused
by the electric field
Conductivity See lecture 10 slides 1 𝜎 = conductivity; units siemens (lmao)
𝜎= per meter S/m or (Ωm)-1
14-16 and textbook 𝜌
page 817 for values
𝐽 = 𝜎𝐸
Emf in a circuit See pages 824-825 for Ɛ = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝑟 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝑟 Ɛ = emf; units volts, V or J/C
with a real chart showing 𝑉𝑅 = terminal voltage; units V or J/C
implies… 𝑉𝑟 = voltage from internal resistance
battery (Ohm’s symbols of various
Law for the full circuit diagrams Ɛ 𝑅 = resistance; units ohms Ω or V/A
𝐼= 𝑟 = internal resistance
circuit) 𝑅+𝑟
𝐼 = current; units amps A or C/s
25.5 – ENERGY AND POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Power in electric ∆𝑈 = −𝑊 = −𝑞∆𝑉 𝑃 = power; units watts W or J/s
circuits = −(𝐼∆𝑡)𝑅𝐼 𝑊 2
𝑉2 𝑊 = work; units J
𝑃= = 𝑅𝐼 = 𝑉𝐼 = ∆𝑡 = time
= −𝑅𝐼 2 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑅
𝑉 = potential; units V or J/C
𝑅 = resistance; units ohms Ω or V/A
𝐼 = current; units amps A or C/s
26.1 – RESISTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Resistors in 𝐼 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = ⋯ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = equivalent resistance in series
series 𝑅𝑖 = resistance of each resistor
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
+⋯
R-C circuit 𝑑𝑞 𝑄0 − 𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑞
𝑖= =− 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 = rate of change of capacitor charge
𝑑𝑡
discharging a 𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝑄0 = initial capacitor charge
capacitor 𝑡 = time since switch closed
(current) 𝑅 = resistance
𝐶 = capacitance
𝑄
𝐼0 = − 𝑅𝐶0 = initial current
Master More general than 𝑡 𝑡
𝑞 = Ɛ𝐶 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 ) + 𝑄0 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶
equations previous equations.
Ɛ −𝑡 𝑄0 − 𝑡
𝑖= 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑅 𝑅𝐶
PART 3 – CHAPTERS 27-29
27.2 – MAGNETIC FIELD
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Magnetic force ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 𝐸 = electric field force vector; units N
on a moving ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐸 = 𝑞 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝐹 = |𝑞|𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜙 𝑞 = charge of particle; units C
charged particle 𝐸⃗⃗ = electric field vector; units N/C
(the Lorentz See bottom of page 881 𝐹 = magnetic force magnitude; units N
Force Law) in textbook for right 𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ 𝐹⃗ = magnetic force vector
hand rule and direction 𝑣 = velocity of particle magnitude; units
convention. m/s
𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units
tesla T or N/(A•m), or gauss G=1x10-4T
𝜙 = angle measured from the direction
of velocity vector 𝑣⃗ to magnetic field
vector 𝐵 ⃗⃗
Force on a 𝐹⃗ = force vector due to magnetic and
charged particle 𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ + 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ electric fields; units N
moving through
a region where
magnetic AND
electric fields are
present
27.3 – MAGNETIC FIELD LINES AND MAGNETIC FLUX
Magnetic 𝜏𝐺 = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛⃗⃗ = vector normal to loop plane
Torque (Vector 𝜏⃗ = 𝐼𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝜇⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗
approach)
𝐴⃗ = 𝑎𝑏𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝑛⃗⃗
𝜏⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁 = 𝑁𝜏⃗ = 𝑁𝜇
⃗⃗
⃗×𝐵
𝜇⃗ = 𝐼𝐴⃗
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
PART 4 – CHAPTERS 33-34
33.1 – THE NATURE OF LIGHT
Topic: New:
The speed of light in a vacuum • Speed of light in a vacuum = 𝑐 = 2.998 × 108m/s
Critical angle for 𝑛𝑎 > 𝑛𝑏 𝜃crit = critical angle for total internal
total internal 𝑛𝑏 reflection
sin(𝜃crit ) =
reflection 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑎 = index of refraction of material
from which light is radiated
𝑛𝑏 = index of refraction of other
material