ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-

MACHINE LEARNING
VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP
An internship report submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHONOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
ANANTHAPURAMU

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by
D. MUZAFAREEN (20121A1006)

Under the Esteemed Supervision of

DR.A. YASMINE BEGUM, M.E, Ph.D
Associate Professor, Department of EIE

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation

Engineering
SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
Sree Sainath Nagar, A. Rangampet, Tirupati- 517102

(2020-2024)
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 SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
Sree Sainath Nagar, A. Rangampet - 517102

VISION
To be one of the Nation’s premier Engineering Colleges by achieving the highest order
of excellence in Teaching and Research.

MISSION
 To foster intellectual curiosity, pursuit and dissemination of
knowledge.
 To explore student’s potential through academic freedom and integrity.
 To promote technical mastery and nurture skilled professionals to face
competition in ever increasing complex world.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

Vision
To be a center of excellence in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering through
teaching and research producing high quality engineering professionals with values
and
ethics to meet local and global demands.

Mission

 The Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering is

established with the cause of creating competent professionals to
work in multicultural and multidisciplinary environments.
 Imparting knowledge through contemporary curriculum and
striving for development of students with diverse background.
 Inspiring students and faculty members for innovative research
through constant interaction with research organizations and
industry to meet societal needs.
 Developing skills for enhancing employability of students through
comprehensive training process.
 Imbibing ethics and values in students for effective engineering
practice.

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 B. Tech. (Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering)

Program Educational Objectives

After few years of graduation, the graduates of B. Tech (EIE) will be:
PEO1. Enroll or complete higher education in the core or allied areas of
electronics and instrumentation engineering or management.
PEO2. Successful entrepreneurial or technical career in the core or
allied
areas of electronics and instrumentation engineering.
PEO3. Continued to learn and to adapt to the world of constantly
evolving
technologies in the core or allied areas of electronics and
instrumentation engineering.

Program Outcomes

On successful completion of the Program, the graduates of B. Tech. (EIE) Program will be able to:
PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,
science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to
the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated
conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design system components or processes that
meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-
based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate

techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including

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 prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.

PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed

by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the
impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional
ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering
practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an
individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and
in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex
engineering activities with the engineering community and
with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance:
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply
these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a
team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
PO12 Lifelong learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-
long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Program Specific Outcomes

On successful completion of the Program, the graduates of B. Tech (EIE) will be able to
PSO1. Design and develop customized electronics circuits for
domestic
and industrial applications.

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PSO2. To apply the fundamentals and mathematics and science in the
field of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering.
PSO3. To apply appropriate techniques to formulate and analyze
engineering problems in Instrumentation and process control.

INTERNSHIP COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

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Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)

6
 Sree Sainath Nagar, A. Rangampet-517102

Certificate
T
This is to certify that the Internship Report entitled AI-ML Virtual Internship is the
bonafide work done and submitted by

D.MUZAFAREEN-20121A1006

In the Department of Electronics and instrumentation Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering

College, A. Rangampet and is submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur,
Ananthapuramu in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering during 2020-2024.

Supervisor Head of the Department

Dr. A. Yasmine Begum, M.Tech., Ph.D., Dr. V. Vijaya Kishore, M.Tech.,
Ph.D.,
Associate Professor, Dept. of EIE Professor & Head of Dept. of ECE

Senior Faculty Member

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are deeply indebted to the supervisor, Dr. A. YASMINE BEGUM, M.Tech., Ph.D., Associate
Professor of Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering for valuable guidance,
constructive criticism and keen interest evinced throughout the course of our internship work. We are
really fortunate to associate ourselves with such an advising and helping guide in every possible way,
at all stages, for the successful completion of this work.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. V. VIJAYA KISHORE, M.Tech., Ph.D., Professor
and Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for his valuable
guidance and constant encouragement given to us during this summer internship-II and the course.

We express gratitude to our principal Dr. B.M. SATISH, Ph.D., for supporting us in completion of
our summer internship-II work successfully by providing the facilities. We are pleased to express our
heart full thanks to our faculty in the Department of EIE of Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College
for their moral support and good wishes.

Finally, We have a notation to express our sincere thanks to friends and all those who guided,
inspired and helped us in the completion of our summer internship-II.

D.MUZAFAREEN - 20121A1006

CONTENTS
Page no.
8
 Acknowledgement ..

Abstract ..

List of Tables ..

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 A Taste of Machine Learning 1

1.2 Architecture/Block Diagram 1

1.3 Related To Data Mining 3

1.4 Related To Optimization 3

1.5 Related To Statistics 5

1.6 Future of Machine Learning 5

Chapter 2: Technology Learnt

2.1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and

Machine Learning

2.2 Applications of AI and Machine Learning

2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

Chapter 3: Techniques of Machine Learning

3.1 Supervised Learning 12

3.2 Unsupervised Learning 16

3.3 Reinforcement Learning 18

Chapter 4: Case Study Page no.

9
4.1 Title 20

4.2 Background 20

4.3 Objective 20

4.4 Methods 20

4.5 Results 20

4.6 Conclusion 21

Conclusion 23
References 24

LIST OF FIGURES

Pg No.

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Fig1.1 Block Diagram of Machine Learning 01
Fig1.2 Machine Learning 03
Fig1.3 Machine Learning and Optimization 03
Fig1.4 Relationship between Machine Learning
and other Technologies 04
Fig2.1 Byte Marks 05
Fig2.2 Relationship between Artificial Intelligence
and Machine Learning 07
Fig2.3 Different Applications of Artificial Intelligence 08
Fig2.4 Different Applications of Machine Learning 09
Fig3.1 Supervised Learning 12
Fig3.2 Approximate Capacity 13
Fig3.3 Underfitting 14
Fig3.4 Overfitting 14
Fig3.5 Classification 15
Fig3.6 Regression 16
Fig3.7 Unsupervised Learning 17
Fig3.8 Types of Unsupervised Learning 17
Fig3.9 K-means clustering examples 18
Fig3.10 Reinforcement Learning 19

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Taste of Machine Learning
Arthur Samuel, an American pioneer in the field of computer gaming and
artificial intelligence, coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959.
Over the past two deca

Over the past two decades Machine Learning has become one

of the mainstays of information technology.

With the ever-increasing amounts of data becoming available

there is good reason to believe that smart data analysis will
become even more pervasive as a necessary ingredient for
technological progress.

1.2 Block Diagram/ Architecture

Fig 1.1: Block Diagram of Machine Learning Process

Setting up an architecture for machine leaming systems and applications

requires a good insight in the various processes that play a crucial role. The
basic process of machine learning as shown in fig.1 is feed training data to

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a learning algorithm. The learning algorithm then generates a new set of
rules, based on inferences from the data.
So to develop a good architecture you should have a solid insight in:

▪ The business process in which your machine learning system or

application is used.

▪ The way humans interact or act (or not) with the machine learning
system.
▪ The development and maintenance process needed for the machine
learning system.
▪ Crucial quality aspects, e.g. security, privacy and safety aspects. In
its core a machine learning process exist of a number of typical
steps. These steps are:
• Determine the problem you want to solve using machine
learning technology
• Search and collect training data for your machine learning
development process
• based on inferences from the data. So to develop a good
architecture you should have a solid insight in:

• Prepare the collected data to train the machine learning model

Test your machine learning system using test data

Principles for Machine learning

Key principles that are used for this Free and Open Machine learning
reference architecture are:
1. The most important machine learning aspects must be addressed.
2. The quality aspects: Security, privacy and safety require specific
attention.
3. The reference architecture should address all architecture building blocks
from development till hosting and maintenance.

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4. Translation from architecture building blocks towards FOSS machine
learning solution building blocks should be easily possible.

1.3 Related to Data Mining

Fig 1.2: Machine Learning

Data mining uses many machine learning methods as shown in fig.2,
but with different goals; on the other hand, machine learning
also employs data mining methods as "unsupervised learning" or as a
preprocessing step to improve learner accuracy.

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1.4 Relation to Optimization

Fig1.3: Machine Learning and Optimization

• Machine learning also has intimate ties to optimization as shown in

the fig.3:
many learning problems are formulated as minimization of some
loss function on a training set of examples.
• Loss functions express the discrepancy between the predictions of
the model being trained and the actual problem instances.

1.5 Relation to Statistics

Fig 1.4: Relationship between machine learning and other technologies

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 • Michael I. Jordan suggested the term data science as a placeholder
to call the overall field. The relationship between Machine Learning
and other technologies is shown in the fig.4

• Leo Breiman distinguished two statistical modelling paradigms:

data model and algorithmic model, wherein "algorithmic model"
means more or less the machine learning algorithms like Random
Forest.

1.6. Future of Machine Learning

➢Machine Learning can be a competitive advantage to any company be it

a top MNC or a start up as things that are currently being done manually

will be done tomorrow by machines.

➢ Machine Learning revolution will stay with us for long and so will be the

future of Machine Learning

CHAPTER 2
Technology Learnt
2.1 Introduction to AI & Machine Learning
Machine learning is a subfield of AI. Machine learning is an AI application
that enables computers to learn from experience and improve the
performance of specific tasks. It allows computers to analyse data and use
statistical techniques to learn from that data to improve their ability to
perform a given task. Machine learning is the field of computer
science working to develop computer systems that can autonomously learn
from experience — specifically, by processing the data they receive — and
improve the performance of specific tasks. The term “machine learning” is
often used interchangeably with the term “artificial intelligence,” but
machine learning is a subfield of AI.

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❖ Data Economy
World is witnessing real time flow of all types structured and
unstructured data from social media, communication, transportation,
sensors, and devices.
International Data Corporation (IDC) forecasts that 180 zettabytes of
data will be generated by 2025 as shown in the fig5 below.

Fig2.1: Byte marks

This explosion of data has given rise to a new economy known as the
Data Economy.

Data is the new oil that is precious but useful only when cleaned and
processed.
There is a constant battle for ownership of data between enterprises to
derive benefits from it.

❖ Define Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in
machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their
actions. The term may also be applied to any machine that exhibits traits
associated with a human mind such as learning and problem solving.

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❖ Define Machine Learning
Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that
provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning focuses
on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it
learn for themselves.

❖ Features of Machine Learning

✓ Machine Learning is computing-intensive and generally requires a

large amount of training data.

✓ It involves repetitive training to improve the learning and decision

making of algorithms.

✓ As more data gets added, Machine Learning training can be

automated for learning new data patterns and adapting its algorithm.

❖ Relationship between AI and ML

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 Fig2.2: Relationship between AI and machine Learning

Machine Learning is an approach or subset of Artificial Intelligence as

shown in fig.6 that is based on the idea that machines can be given access
to data along with the ability to learn from it. As more data gets added,
Machine Learning training can be automated for learning new data patterns
and adapting its algorithm.

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2.2 Applications of AI and Machine Learning

Fig 2.3: Different Applications of AI

Applications of AI
▪ Optical character recognition.
▪ Handwriting recognition.
▪ Speech recognition.
▪ Face recognition.
▪ Artificial creativity.
▪ Computer vision.
▪ Virtual reality.
▪ Image processing.
▪ Automotive

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Applications of Machine Learning

Fig2.4: Different Applications of Machine Learning

❖ Image Processing

✓ Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

✓ Self-driving cars

✓ Image tagging and recognition ❖ Robotics

✓ Industrial robotics

✓ Human simulation ❖ Data Mining

✓ Association rules

✓ Anomaly detection

✓ Grouping and Predictions

❖ Video games
✓ Pokémon
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✓ PUBG

❖ Text Analysis

✓ Spam Filtering

✓ Information Extraction

✓ Sentiment Analysis ❖ Healthcare

✓ Emergency Room & Surgery

✓ Research

✓ Medical Imaging & Diagnostics

2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages
▪ AI drives down the time taken to perform a task. It enables
multi tasking and eases the work load for existing resources.
▪ AI enables the execution of hitherto complex tasks without
significant cost outlays.
▪ AI operates 24x7 without interruption or breaks and has no
down time.
▪ AI augments the capabilities of differently abled individuals.
▪ AI has mass market potential; it can be deployed across
industries.
▪ AI facilitates decision making by making the process faster
and smarter.
▪ Fast processing and real time predictions.
▪ Machine Learning in the Medical Industry.
▪ Data Input From Unlimited Resources.
▪ No Human Interference id required.
▪ Continuous improvement.
▪ Automation for everything. Disadvantages

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 • Data acquisition
In ML, we constantly work on data. We take a huge amount of data for
training and testing. This process can sometimes cause data
inconsistency. The reason is some data constantly keep on updating.

• Time and resources

Many ML algorithms might take more time than you think. Even if it's the
best algorithm it might sometimes surprise you. If your data is large and
advanced, the system will take time. This may sometimes cause the
consumption of more CPU power.

• Algorithm Selection
The selection of an algorithm in Machine Learning is still a manual job. We
have to run and test our data in all the algorithms. After that only we can
decide what algorithm we want. We choose them on the basis of result
accuracy. The process is very much time consuming.

• Interpretation
• High error susceptibility

CHAPTER 3

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 Techniques of Machine Learning
3.1 Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is the machine learning task of learning a function that
maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs. It infers a
function from labeled training data consisting of a set of training examples.

Fig3.1: Supervised Learning

In supervised learning, each example is a pair consisting of an input object

(typically a vector) and a desired output value (also called the supervisory
signal) as shown in the fig.9.

❖ Supervised Learning Flow ✓ Data Preparation

Clean data
Label data (x, y)
Feature Engineering

Reserve 80% of data for Training (Train_X) and 20% for Evaluation
(Train_E)

✓ Training Step
Design algorithmic logic
Train the model with Train X

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 Derive the relationship between x and y, that is, y = f(x) ✓
Evaluation or Test Step
Evaluate or test with Train E
If accuracy score is high, you have the final learned algorithm
y = f(x) If accuracy score is low, go back to training step

✓ Production Deployment
Use the learned algorithm y = f(x) to predict production data.
The algorithm can be improved by more training data, capacity, or algo
redesign.

❖ Testing the Algorithms

✓ Once the algorithm is trained, test it with test data (a set of data

instances that do not appear in the training set).

✓ A well-trained algorithm can predict well for new test data.

Fig3.2: Approximate Capacity

✓ If the learning is poor, we have an underfitted situation. The fig.11

shows
Underfitting. The algorithm will not work well on test data. Retraining may

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be needed to find a better fit.

Fig3.3: Underfitting

✓ If learning on training data is too intensive, it may lead to overfitting–a

situation where the algorithm is not able to handle new testing data

that it has not seen before. The technique to keep data generic is called

regularization. Overfitting is shown in the fig.12.

Fig3.4: Overfitting

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❖ Examples of Supervised Learning
✓ Voice Assistants

✓ Gmail Filters

✓ Weather Apps

❖ Types of Supervised Learning

✓ Classification
➢ Answers “What class?”

Fig3.5: Classification

➢ Classification is shown in the fig.13.Applied when the output has

finite and discreet values Example: Social media sentiment analysis
has three potential outcomes, positive, negative, or neutral.

✓ Regression

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➢ Answers “How much?”

Fig3.6: Regression

➢ Applied when the output is a continuous number. It is shown in the

fig.14.

➢ A simple regression algorithm: y = wx + b. Example: relationship

between environmental temperature (y) and humidity levels (x)

3.2 Unsupervised learning

Unsupervised learning is the training of machine using information that
is neither classified nor labeled and allowing the algorithm to act on that
information without guidance.

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 Fig3.7: Unsupervised Learning
Here the task of machine is to group unsorted information according to
similarities, patterns and differences without any prior training of data.

❖ Types of Unsupervised Learning

Fig3.8: Types of Unsupervised Learning

✓ Clustering
The most common unsupervised learning method is cluster analysis. It is
used to find data clusters so that each cluster has the most closely matched
data. Various types of
Unsupervised learning is shown in the fig.16

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 Fig3.9: K-means clustering example

✓ Visualization Algorithms
Visualization algorithms are unsupervised learning algorithms that accept
unlabeled data and display this data in an intuitive 2D or 3D format. The
data is separated into somewhat clear clusters to aid understanding.

✓ Anomaly Detection
This algorithm detects anomalies in data without any prior training.

3.3 Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning is a type of Machine Learning that allows the
learning system to observe the environment and learn the ideal behaviour
based on trying to maximize some notion of cumulative reward. It is shown
in the fig.18.

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 Fig3.10: Reinforcement Learning
It differs from supervised learning in that labelled input/output pairs need
not be presented, and sub-optimal actions need not be explicitly corrected.
Instead, the focus is finding a balance between exploration (of uncharted
territory) and exploitation (of current knowledge) .

❖ Features of Reinforcement Learning

The learning system (agent) observes the environment, selects and

takes certain actions, and gets rewards in return (or penalties in certain

cases).

The agent learns the strategy or policy (choice of actions) that

maximizes its rewards over time.

❖ Example of Reinforcement Learning

In a manufacturing unit, a robot uses deep reinforcement learning to

identify a device from one box and put it in a container.

The robot learns this by means of a rewards-based learning system,

which incentivizes it for the right action.

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 CHAPTER 4

Case Study
A case study for an AIML internship could involve the development of a
chatbot for a specific industry or organization. Here is an example of a
potential case study:

Title: Developing a Chatbot for a Retail Company Background:

A retail company is looking to improve its customer service by
implementing a chatbot that can assist shoppers with product
recommendations and help them complete purchases. The chatbot will be
integrated into the company's website and will be available 24/7 to provide
assistance to customers.

Objective:
The objective of this project is to develop a chatbot using AIML that can
understand and respond to customer queries related to products, pricing,
and promotions in a natural and conversational manner. The chatbot should
be able to provide personalized product recommendations and help
customers complete their purchase.

Methods:
Research and analysis of customer queries and the products offered by the
retail company. Development of AIML scripts for the chatbot using natural
language processing techniques. Integration of the chatbot into the
company's website. Testing and evaluation of the chatbot's performance.

Results:
The chatbot was able to understand and respond to customer queries related
to products, pricing, and promotions in a natural and conversational
manner. The chatbot was able to provide personalized product
recommendations based on customer preferences and purchase history. The

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chatbot was able to assist customers in completing their purchases. The
chatbot received positive feedback from customers and improved the
company's customer service.
Conclusion:
The chatbot developed using AIML was able to improve the customer
service of the retail company by providing personalized product
recommendations and assistance with purchases. The chatbot's ability to
understand and respond to customer queries in a natural and conversational
manner was well received by customers.

This is just one example of how AIML can be used in a specific industry.
You could also develop a case study for other industries such as healthcare,
education, or finance. The key is to identify a specific problem or
opportunity in the industry and propose a solution using AI ML.

Conclusion
This internship has introduced me to Machine Learning. Now, I know that
Machine Learning is a technique of training machines to perform the
activities a human brain can do, albeit bit faster and better than an average
human-being. Today we have seen that the machines can beat human

33
champions in games such as Chess, AlphaGO, which are considered very
complex. I have seen that machines can be trained to perform human
activities in several areas and can aid humans in living better lives.
Machine Learning can be a Supervised or Unsupervised. If have lesser
amount of data and clearly labeled data for training, opt for Supervised
Learning. Unsupervised Learning would generally give better performance
and results for large data sets. have a huge data set easily available, better
to go for deep learning techniques. I also have learned Reinforcement
Learning and Deep Reinforcement Learning. now I know what Neural
Networks are, their applications and limitations.

Finally, when it comes to the development of machine learning models of

my own, I looked at the choices of various development languages, DES
and Platforms. Next thing that I need to do is start learning and practicing
each machine learning technique. The subject is vast, it means that there is
width, but if I consider the depth, each topic can be learned in a few hours.
Each topic is independent of each other. I need to take into consideration
one topic at a time and implement the algorithms in it using a language
choice of mine. This is the best way to start studying Machine Leaming.
Practicing one topic at a time, very soon I would acquire the width that is
eventually required of a Machine Learning expert.

References

1. Hu, J.; Niu, H.; Carrasco, J.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., "Voronoi-Based Multi-Robot

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 Autonomous Exploration in Unknown Environments via Deep
Reinforcement Learning Archived 2020-11-16 at the Wayback Machine"
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2020.
2. Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi, Mohsen; Hugh, Earl; Tulpan, Dan; Sulik, John;
Eskandari, Milad (2021). "Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Plant
Breeding:
Predicting Yield From Hyperspectral Reflectance in Soybean ?". Front.
Plant Sci. 11:
624273. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.624273. P MC 7835636. PMID
33510761.

3. Jump up to:a b c d Bishop, C. M. (2006), Pattern Recognition and Machine

Learning, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-31073-2

4. Machine learning and pattern recognition "can be viewed as two facets of the
same

field."[5]: vii

5. Friedman, Jerome H. (1998). "Data Mining and Statistics: What's the

connection?".
Computing Science and Statistics. 29 (1): 3–9.

6."What is Machine Learning?". www.ibm.com. Archived from the original on

2021-08-
13. Retrieved 2021-08-15.

7. Zhou, Victor (2019-12-20). "Machine Learning for Beginners: An

Introduction to Neural Networks". Medium. Archived from the original on
2022-03-09. Retrieved 202108-15.

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