A level

id
sh
AZ level
AS level -

Ra
=
100 marks
40 marks 1hr15min
* Pa :
Theory →

an
planning & Analysis
*
* p, : mud →
ps :

sh
60 marks 1hr15min
PL :
theory →
I

Ka
P} : Practical → 40 marks 2 hours 30 marks

by
ics
ys
www.kaohanrashid.com
Ph

David sang
Ahmet Physics by

{
•

" "
a
Mike Cwndell
.
E
E

& Volz
AT
C

Pacific Physics
Volt
N
LE
EL

•
C

Jim Breithaupt
EX
M

Understanding Physics by
G
IN

o
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO
 Physical Quantities, Units and Measurements

measured /
Physical Quantities :
Quantities that can be
quantified
that
Non -

Physical Quantities : Quantities cannot be measured .

feelings pain , ,
taste
, spirituality

7- Basic Physical Quantities

SI Basit Units
1.
length meter ( m )

2. Mass
kilogram 1kg )

id
sh
3. Time second (s)

Ra
an
4.
Thermodynamic Kelvin Ik )

sh
Temperature

Ka
by
5. Electric Current Ampere ( A )
ics
ys
Luminous
Intensity ( ed )
Ph

6. Candela

7. Amount
of Substance moles ( mot )

Quantities made
upof base
quantities are called Derived
E
E

Quantities their units

AT
C

and are called Derived Units

N
LE

.
EL
C
EX
M
G

Force Newton
IN

>
U
SS
RS

Joules
Energy
PU

>
R
FO
LA

Power Walt
ER

>
N
RT
PA
C

"
"
R
U

Units terms
Representing derived in
of SI Units
YO

Base

1 . Area unit less 2 .

Volume
I
A- lxb
-
A = IN A -_2Ñrh V=L✗bxh V=Ñr2h
=m✗m = 1m12 = ( m )/ m ) = mxmxm mtxm
=

= m2 = m2 = m2 = m3 = m3

3.
Density 4 .
Speed 5. Acceleration
d-
Dvp
v= a =

t at

my
-_

-1
= Me = MS

I
¥-3
s
=

' -1-1
MS
-

=
= Ms
-3

kgm
-2
= = Ms
60 Force 7 . Pressure

f- P= F P=
= ma
" pgh
=
kg.ms A-
kgm-3.ms
-2

ma_ m
=
.
=

☒
kgms
-2
=

A -3+1+1

kgm
-2
=
s
-2
=

kgms
kgmi 's
-2

m2 Pa =

kgm -2s
' -2
=

Pa 's
-2

kgni
__

id
sh
Ra
Work
8. 9 .

Energy

an
sh
W= F ✗ S
Ep mgh Ek =

Izmir
-

Ka
-

= ma ✗ s

by
kgms-2.me =
kfoms-2.hr =

Kg / Ms -15
ics
= ys .

kgmts Kym's
-2 -2

kgm's I
Ph

I = -2 -_
=

10 . Power 11 .
Charge 12 .
Voltage
E
E

It V
wt
F- I
AT
C

q
-
N

- -
-
LE
EL

q
C
EX
M

e- As
G

=F÷ Fog
IN

-
=
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA

Kgm }
-2

May
ER

=
=
N
RT

As
PA
C
R
U

=kgm2s -3A
"
UH
YO

kgms-2.hr
=

UH =kgm{ s
-3

13 .
Resistance

R= I
I
-1
=
Kgm} -3A
A
-2
D=
Kgm } -3A
 Determining SI Units
of unknown variables in
equation
① Q MCAT ②
R=p¥
-
-

Q heat energy
:

m :
mass R : resistance

c :
specific heat
capacity p
:
resistivity
DT :
change in temp . 1 :

length
C =
Q A : cross-sectional area
-2
} -3A
MIT # =

kgm
tgmts
Rft
-2

id
p=
=

sh
tf k o

Ra
m2
=
kgm } -311--2 .

an
Mfs -2K
"
e. =
m

sh
kgm } -3A
-2

f.
=

Ka
by
③ ics
④
4m÷Y Kathy
F- F-
-
ys
-
Ph

F. force F :

fore
m
, Mu : mass q, q,
:
charges
r : distance r : distance
constant K constant
4 : :
E
E
AT
C
N
LE

FI
EL

G-
nI÷ k=
C

-
EX
M
G
IN

,
qin
U
SS
RS

-2
m2
PU

tgms
R

= .
FO

m2
LA

-2

tg Kg Kgms
ER

= .
N

.
RT

As As
PA
C

o
R
U

miss -2kg
-1
YO

=
-2
3s -4A
=
Kgm
Proving that a variable has no units

① P =

Kp v2 P -
-

I ② P=kpAv3
A

P :
pressure =kgm P :
power A : area

p
:
density ma
's -2 p
:
density V:
velocity
v :

speed Prove
=Kgm-
unit less Prove
K is unit less .
.
K is . .

K =
P K = P

F PA V3

-3

kgm 's -2
kgm's
-

= =

kgm-3.hr?fms-1)3--Kgm-1s-2
kgm -3.1ms -112

id
sh
Ra
-3
=
Kgm 's

an
kgm-3.hn 's
-2

kgm 1m35
" -

3)

sh
Ka
=kgm =Kgm}-3-

by
kgm
kgmzs.sk ics
ys
1<=1
Ph

= 1

③ Re
-9¥
-

4¥
E

g-
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL

Re Reynold 's number

C

:
EX
M

constant )
G

( unit
less
kgm-3.ms
'
IN

= M
U
SS

•
RS
PU

y
:
density 1
R
FO
LA

velocity µ Kgm 's -1

ER

v : =
N
RT

diameter
PA
C

d.

of viscosity
R
U

µ coefficient
YO

find the units

of µ
Homogenous Equations
'
}
exp
1 =
exp
2 +
exp e.
g. s= ut +
Eat p = + gz
t g-
↳ same units v2 -
u2= zas

1-2
41T¥
1. = 2 . V=

v :
velocity S :
displacement
F- time L :
length a : acceleration
acceleration
g grau
:

"
.

52 msn.fm
:'-)
M¥g2
=

id
1=(5-2)+2

sh
"
MS

Ra
52 = 52

an
Homogenous ! ms -1=151

sh
Non
Homogenous

Ka
by
¥
P=

kgm.ms#--kgmp-'as-2P:pressure.g:grav.acc
3. P =
+ gi ics
=

g
ys
Ph

p
:
density z :
height
v.
velocity
E

( Ms 12 -11ms 2) 1m12
E

Klgm -152
AT
C

- '
N

-
LE

=
EL

-3
C

klgm
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS

t t"
} m3s -2
-
PU

-2 -2
-

m s = m +
R
FO
LA
ER
N

his -2 m3 ,
RT

MZS -2=1 -2
PA
C

+
R
U
YO

Non !
-

Homogenous

Finding unknown
powers over variables using SI Base Units

"
1 Ek
21mV
E-
mgh
=
. =

kg.ms?mkgm2s-2- kg.1ms-yx- kgm2s-2kgm2s-2- kgmxs-

=

"

Nfo { °

2 = N -
2 = -
N

✗ = 2
 "v 't
P=¥p"d"vZ
D=
tgp
2. 3 .

P P d diameter
pressure power
: : :

p
:
density p
:
density v.
speed
v.
speed
find ngyandz

kgm-is-2-lkgm-3flms-ijtkgmts-3-lkgm-35.fm/Y.(ms-yZ
kgm-ts-2-kgkm-k.mys-ykgmZS-3-kgxm-H.MY .
mzs
-2

kgm-ts-2-kgfm-3x-ys-ykgms-3-kgx.ph -3×+9+2.5-2
KI .
I .
Or I .

1¥

id
Mo
;=

sh
1 = N -
2= -

y -1=-3×+4 ,,
2=-3×+9+2

Ra
-1=-311 )+y 2=-3 / 1) + -1131
y=2 y

an
g-
2 I 2=-3/-1 y -131

sh
.

-3=-2

Ka
2=3 y=2

by
ics
4.
T=2Ñl"gY
ys
Ph

F- time
period
L: length
acceleration
g- grau
.
E
E
AT
C
N
LE

" Y
EL

s= M 1ms 2)
C

-
EX
M

.
G
IN
U
SS
RS

"
MYS -2g
PU

S =
m .
R
FO
LA
ER
N

"
-18g -2g
RT

mis m
PA
C

-
.
R
U
YO

{ ☐
Nfo
1- =

-2g O=n+y
0=71-1-2
y=
-12
Lz
a-
Instruments
Idp )
Range Precision
1.
Length
Trundle Wheel several meth 1cm

Measuring Tape several meter 0.1cm

Meter rule 1m 01cm

Vernier 20 -25cm 0.01cm ( 0.1mm )

Caliper
Micrometer Screw -2.5cm 0.001cm ( Oootmm )
Gange

id
sh
Ra
an
Weight
' ' '

f
1 ' ' ' '
2. Mass 3 .

sh
Ka
0 Electronic balance o Newton meter

by
0 Hm
o Beam balance
ics Spring balance
0.1cm
Compression balance
°
ys
Ph

Time Electric current

4. 5. Temperature 6.
•

Stopwatch liquid in glass -

• -

Ammeter
Clock
Thermocouple
°
• •

• CRO • Resistance •
Galvanometer
E
E

Multimeter
AT
C

thermometer
N

•
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G

Voltage Resistance Volume

IN

1. 8 9
U

.
SS

.
RS
PU
R
FO

Ohmmeter
LA

Voltmeter
Measuring cylinder
ER

• • °
N
RT

multimeter Multimeter Gas syringe

PA
C

• • .
R
U
YO

0420

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 1420 )

>
X-axis slide control
translates graph along x-axis

x-axis
•

Time
Voltage
>
axis base
>
settings
14ms / division )
I
14ms / cm ) 1cm

Graphical "

Klem →
representation
Lf
>

of
wane
signals

<

Time axis '

Y-axis

>
Y-

ojain settings
Y-axis slide control IN / division )
<

translates CZV / cm )
-

graph along y-axis

•

Determining the
information from a CRO using settings .

f
¥
=
12 -

8-
4- 50 =
I
o -

T
1- =L

50
1- = 0.02s
120ms )

id
sh
Ra
an
sh
Ka
by
ics
ys
Ph
E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C

f- f-
EX
M
G
IN

✓
U

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
SS
RS

1- =
2×5 so
PU

f- 1-
R
FO

F- 10ms =
LA
ER

10×10-3
N
RT

=
PA
C
R
U

f--1001-12
YO

8.5 waves -
60ms

x
-
1s

1Mff%%• 8-5×1=>1×(60×103)

%¥o
"
< >
.
6×1 0ms = 60ms

✗ =
141.66
1401-12
 Precision vs
Accuracy
•
Precision means how
close the
valves are to one another .

°
It can be
improved by giving
in
your of
answer more no .

decimal
places
(
o e -

g
- 4.9 , 4.7
,
4.8 , 5.0, 4.9 , 4.7 precise )

4.5 , 2- 6
,
7.6
,
3.1 ,
2.1
,
6.8 f imprecise )

id
sh
• Occurs due to random errors in the

Ra
experiment .

an
sh
is how close the values are
Accuracy

Ka
•

to the true value

by
.

ics
•
Difference between the obtained value
ys
true value
Ph

and is called error .

e. true value to
g.
• =

9. 6 11.0 10.8 , 9.0, 10.2 ,

10.5 ( accurate)
, ,
E

( inaccurate)
E

9. 0,7-5,6-5 5.5 5.4 , 3.1 , 7.9

AT
C
N

,
LE

,
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS

+ ☒
PU
R
FO

+
LA

✗ X•✗
ER

• • •

✗ ×
N

✗ .
RT
PA
C
R

+
U
YO

N n N n N n N n

A
'

1 I >
' .
:
i 1 >
:
I >
✗
T
se je ,
.
Xt
µ Xt µ

Neither Precision Precise Precise but &

Not
Accuracy
accurate accurate Precision both
Nor
Accuracy but is not

X :
value
values
N no
of
:
.
Error

Error = obtained true

types of
error

value value 1.
Systematic Error 2. Random Error

1.
Systematic Error

introduced method
fault
The error due to in
apparatus
☐

of experiment equations
or used .

all the values either

It causes to be
greater or less
o

than the true value .

id
sh
it cannot removed and
Hence be
by repeating
•

Ra
averaging

an
.

sh
To remove
systematic error ,
find the cause
of
error

Ka
•

it
and eliminate or add
/ subtract the error
from

by
obtained value
ics
. ys
Apparatus
Ph

Method
of < >

experiment
°

Wrong counting of
°
Wrong marking on the
oscillations
apparatus
systematic
E
E

Wrong placement of
AT
C

error zero error

N

o o
LE
EL

"
meter wee while When instrument does not
C
EX
M
G

height
IN

read when
measuring zero even
U
SS
RS
PU

no measurement is
R
FO

Parallax
LA

error such ✓
"

being taken
ER

•
N

.
RT

that all readings Equation

PA
C
R
U

taken from wrong equation

YO

were o

level at bottom
eye e.
9 .

1-2=4 ✓

- - g
-
read !

r
T=uñgI ✗
Random Error
N
small
n
°
Error introduced due to variations in
external random
conditions like
temperature

andom
,
error
wind human reaction time
speeds or .

This
☐

type of errorthecauses values to

large
about mean value
fluctuate
Values obtained are both higher
.

as
error
, >
well as smaller than the True value .
x

The reduced
by repeating
• error can be
Y ^
the
experiment several times and

taking

id
average
+
an . + •

sh
•

Ra
me.
° Random errors reduce precision in

an
the results as
they create a scatter + points due

sh
•

in data
+
to random

Ka
.

error

by
in
ics
ys

Uncertainty
Ph

°
It is the doubt that occurs in the
result / obtained value due to random
errors
E

.
E
AT
C
N
LE

scatter
EL

creates
The
of data
uncertainty
C

•
EX
M
G
IN

in our answers
U
SS
RS

.
PU
R
FO
LA

value
Uncertainty Max min value
ER

=
-
°
N
RT

2
PA
C
R
U
YO

N= 4.0, 4.2, 4.8 4.3 4.1 4.7 4.5

e.
g.
°

, ,
, ,
- -

Ax =
4.8 -
4.0 so AK = -10.4
2

+0.4
N =
4.4=10.4 -0-4

4. 0 ← 4.4 →
4.8
 Rules of writing uncertain
ily with
principle value .

4. 4+-0-4
d ↳
principle uncertainty
value

the
1.
Uncertaintyvalue
should not be
greater than
principle
should be either to
2. d.
p .

less
of uncertainty
than d. valve
equal
or
p .

of principle .

4. 4+-0.41 ✗

id
sh
Ra
" " "
the value and
of uncertainty
3. ✗ 10
of principle

an
should be the same

sh
.

Ka
7065×10
'
± 2716×105 ×

by
7.65×1061=0.216×10
'
✗
ics
ys
Ph

"
7. 65×10 1=0.22×106 ✓

Calculations with uncertainties

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL

Example
C
EX
M

①
G

Addition and subtraction The values and

IN

of e
U
SS

, on >
RS

the
PU

s,
for ring are r,
R

t
FO

a + b

/
LA

Da Db
BY follows
+ <
y
>
ER

=
=
as
N
RT

a b
PA
C

y=
R

7=11.73+-0.01 / on
U
YO

a =
4.2 I 0.1 rz= (2.57+-0.01) cm "
"

b= 1.5 ± 0.2 Calculate the value and Dt

of .

if y= a +b
if y a b t :b, hi Dt Dr, Drz
-

+
- - - -
-

4021-1.5 4. 2- 1.5 1- =
2.57-1.73 =
0.01+0.01
y
= =

5.7
y 2.7 t -0.84cm
-

At =
0.02
y= y=
Da Db -10.84 -10.021cm
uncertainty By t
←
= + -

in 0.1 +0.2
y Dy =

0.3
By =

y= 5.7=10.3 9=2.7-+0.3
② Coefficient multiplied with a ③ Multiplication and division
of
variable . variables
of 1)
11 variable with
power
a

} DyY-✗t0=¥x✗0
y
nxa >
by n ✗ Da
y=a×b
-
= -

^-Y%=Da%+Db%
y a-
Anan
by y
g-
-
-
- -
- -

>

-1%1400
{ e-
dz
or C=2ñr
}
☐yY- =

Dad -11¥
Example #I

id
sh
-1

Ra
diameter (d) =/ 14.5 -10.11cm Example #I 1

an
.

sh
the radius 1=114.5-1-0.1)cm
find with
'

along b A- lxb

Ka
-

its actual b= 12.53 -10.021cm

uncertainty

by
.

ics Find I. iii. DAY

dy
Area
Dr
1¥ ti
e- DA
ys
= .
,
Ph

1=14.5 Dr I
0¥ A :( ✗ b
-_
,

-2 14.5×2.53
=

0.05
'
1--7.25 Un Dr = A = 36.685cm

1=(7.25+-0.05)
E

un
E

A =L b
AT
C

Ii
N

✗
LE

,
EL

DAY BLT Db%

C

-1
EX

=
M

.
.
G

#2
Example
IN
U
SS
RS

1¥ ¥ +1¥
PU

'
R
FO

r
LA

If radius
of the circle
ER
N
RT

8=(725+-0.02)
3%1-685=1%-5 ¥%
PA

is
C

cm
R

+
.
U
YO

Find and
the
circumference
actual in it
uncertainty .

DA = 0.543 A- =/ 36.7+-0.5 / cm
'

c=2Ñr DC= 21T Dr

iii. DAY
DJ 100
.
=
✗
C- dltr DC =
21710.02)
C- 211-170251 DC = 0.126cm =
0.543
✗ 100 SO DA%= 1.4802
( = 45.55cm zg.gg, ( 1%1

C- (45.6+-0.1) cm OR
DAY .
= Dl% + Db%
DAY .

=/ ¥ -1%1×100
=/ %! +9%31×100 -

,
DAY .
-_ 104802 = 1%
Example #2
? a
Example #3

t
• -

Curved
Surface
A=2Ñrh
Area D= m_ sphere
V

8=(1.2+-0.1) cm mass 1m ) =
( 10.5=10 .
2)g
h -
-

(14.3+-002) cm
&
'
Volume ( V ) =
(25+-1) cm
}

Find I. A ii. DAY . Iii ,

DA
Find I ,
d Ii ,
Dd % Iii Ad
,

I
, Area IA )
I
102¥
}
D=
Mg =
=
0.42
glom
A- =
dltrh
21T / 1. 2) ( 14.31

id
=

sh
A =
107.82 Unt Ii Dd%=Dm% + ✓%

Ra
,

Dd%=
¥/ ( DIM + ✗ 100

an
Ii DAY = Art + Ah %

sh
. .

:-( ¥ +21-51×100
DAY Ddi
=/ ¥ 100

Ka
.
+ ✗
,

by
DAY .

=/ +
¥/ ,
✗
100
ics Ddt 5.905% = 6%
ys
=
.
Ph

DAY .
=
9.73% = 10%
iii. Dd = 5.905%
of d
Iii DA -9.73% of A
50,90%5-+0-42
-

=
,

'
A =

90,703-0×107.82 so AA= 10.49 Dd 0.0248

glom
E

=
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL

D= 0.42 ± 0.02
C
EX
M

=/ 110 /
G

A 10 cut
IN

±
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO
④ Power over a variable Ii ,
1- =
21T L
> 9=411-4
g 1-
2

"

y=a
>
Dy%=nDa% correct method !
+ =
,, is
( A=1Tr
y=✓I )
"z
g%=DL%+2DT%
'

, u
g
Dy→=n×¥ #
☐T%iDL%+iDg%
y -2 -2
Dg%= # +21,1--1×100
Dy_=n¥
y 2DT%=Dl%+Dg%
2DT% -

DL%=Dg% Dg%=(0¥ -12,9%94×100

,

Example #I WWY Method !

Dg%= 2.744=31 .

diameter (d) =/2.56+-0-01/

id
cm
or >

sh
Iii Dg =
2.74%
of g

Ra
,
Calculate the area

an
1002701
along with its actual
=2;f÷×

sh
uncertainty

Ka
.

0.2814
Dg=

by
A :/Tr DAY
'
= 2Dr%
ics
.

-10.31ms
"

A-
-1112¥ ) DA_ ZDI g=( 10.3
-2
ys
-

=
Ph

A V

1.28 )
2/0.005
"
A = 5.147cm DA_ =

5.147

A- = 0.0402
E
E

=/5.15+-0.04 )cm2
AT
C

A-
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU

Example #2
R

/ ' '
a-
FO
LA

it
ER
N
RT

1- 21T
Ig
PA
C

=
R

-
U
YO

=
-

T =/ 1.55 -10.021s I

1=(62.5+-0.1) cm I
-

the value
Determine
of
i.
glmlilii Dgi ,
.
Iii ,
Dg

1-2=4-1%1
I 415×0.625
,

g=
11.5512

g- 41T¥ 9=10.2701
-

( 103m15 )