AGGREGATE Aggregate: Classification and properties of aggregate, grading of Wggregate, testing of ageregate, classification, properties, tests and function of sand. Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic materials that normally consist of stone or stone-like solids. Aggregates can be used alone (in road bases and various types of fil) or ean be used with cementing materials (such as Portland cement or asphalt cement) to form composite materials or concrete, It is inevitable that a constituent occupying such a large percentage of the ‘mass should have an important effect on the properties of both the fresh and hardened products. AAs another important application, aggregates are used in asphalt cement concrete in which they occupy 90% or more of the total volume. Once again, aggregates can largely influence the composite properties due to its large volume fraction. Classification of Aggregate ASTM CLASIFICATIONS: PECK and HANSON, Aggregates can be divided into several categories according to different eriteria a) In accordance with size: Coarse aggregate: Aggregates predominately retained on the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve. For mass concrete, the maximum size can be as large as 150.mm, Fine aggregate (sand): Aggregates passing No (4.75 mm) sieve and predominately retained on the No. 200 (75 jim) sieve. ) In accordance with sources Natural aggregates: This kind of aggregate is taken from natural deposits without changing their nature during the process of produetion such as crushing and grinding. Some examples in this category are sand, crushed limestone, and gravel. Manufactured (synthetic) aggregates: Thisisa kind of man-made materials produced as a main product or an industrial by-product. Some examples are blast furnace slag, lightweight ag; (e.g: expanded perlite), and heavy weightaggregates (e.g. iron oe or erushed steel). ¢).1n accordance with unit weight Light weight aggregate: The unit weight of aggregate is less than 1120 kg/m3. The corresponding concrete has a bulk density less than 1800 kg/m3. (cinder, blast-furnace slag, volcanic pumice), Normal weight aggregate: The aggregate has unit weight of 1520-1680 kg/m3. The conerete made with this type of aggregate has a bulk density of 2300-2400 kg/m3. Heavy. weight aggregate: The unit weight is greater than 2100 kg/m3. The bulk density of the corresponding conerete is greater than 3200 kgim3. A typical example is magnesite limonite, a heavy.iron ore, Heavy weight concrete is used in special structures such as radiation shields, Properties of Aggregate a Gyut 1AGGREGATE odd Conditions t The moisture condition of aggregates refersto the presence of water in the pores and on the surface of aggregates. There are four different moisture conditions: i ‘CE2103 a) Qven Dry (OD) This condition is obtained by keeping aggregates at temperature of 110°C for a period of time long enough to reach a constant weight. b) Air Dry (AD) : This condition is obtained by keeping aggregates under room temperature and humidity. Pores inside the aggregate are partly filled with water. a ° ) Saturated Surface Dry (SSD): In this situation the pores Of the aggregate are fully filled with i ‘water and the surface is dry. This condition can be obtained by ' immersion in water for 24 hours following by drying of the surface with wet cloth, 4) Wet (W) The pores of the aggregate are fully filled with water and the i surface of aggregate is covered with a film of water { p { e { e es 4 Sorurated oD AD SSD.AGGREGATE CE-2103 Moisture content (MC) calculations a) Relative to oven dry condition MC(oD ) = Ws — Wor j 9996 ‘oD where Weck = weight of aggregates in stock Won = weight of oven dry aggregates b) Relative to saturated surface dry condition Fcc — Wes. 1 999% MC(SSD) Wssp where Wstock = weight of aggregates in stock Wssp = weight of aggregates in SSD condition ) _ Absorption capacity Absorption = Wsso Wor} gq26 Ww. Wop To make conerete, aggregates are mixed with water and cement. Since concrete properties at both the fresh and hardened states are strongly, affected by the water content, it is very important to ensure that the right amount of water is added to the mix. In designing concrete mix, the moisture content under SSD condition is used as reference because that is an equilibrium condition at which the aggregates will neither absorb water nor give up Water to the paste and Specific Gravity Density (D): Density is the substance’s mass per Unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is p, although the Latin letier D'can also be used, Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: SI unit: Kilogram per‘cubic meterCE-2103 AGGREGATE Bulk Density: the volume includes the pores inside a single aggregate. BD can be either BD... or BD, , according to the moisture condition of aggregate when it is weighed. weight Vous + V pores Specific gravity (SG): mass of a given substance divided by unit mass of an equal volume, (itis the density ratio of a substance to water). BD= of water Depending on the definition of volume, the specific gravity canbe divided into absolute specific gravity (ASG) and bulk specific gravity (BSG). : c dite aliMiggcludes the B : alse Gute al Meoltides the By density of water Pa and . In practice, the BSG value is the realistic one to use since the effective volume that aggregate occupies in concrete includes its internal pores. The BSG of most rocks is in the range of 2.5 to 2.8. Unit Weight (UW) (except for pores inside every aggregate, the bulk volume includes the spacing among aggregate particles). The unit weight is defined as weight per unit bulk volume for bulk aggregates. Besides the pores inside each aggregate, the bulk volume also includes the space among the collection of particles. According to the weight measured at different conditions, the unit weight can be divided into UW (SSD) and UW (OD).CE-210: AGGREGATE ) he empty spaces in The fundamental principle of Brading is that the smaller Pa Bee ee concrete, Be between larger particles. Dense and well-graded aggregates are desir oduce a well-packed the space between larger particles is effectively filled by smaller particles to Hi Ie op -sralted structure. Gap-grading is a kind of grading which lacks one or more interne ae 3 petit aggregates can make good concrete when the required workability is relatively lo Fann are used in high workability mixes, segregation may become a problem. For the uniform grac 4 2 only a few sizes dominate the bulk material. The open graded contains too much small partic 7 Both British Standards (B.S.) and American Standards of Testing and Measurements (ASTM) provide grading limits (which are essentially upper and lower bounds of the grading curve) that can be used in practice. As long as the grading curve lies within the recommended grading limits, the aggregate can be employed. Fineness Modulus ineness Modulus is an empirical formula obtained by taking the sum of the |cumulative a See : percentages of sand retained on the following standard sieves, 3", 1", +, ; 5 No. 8, No. 16, No. 30, No.30, No.50, and No.100 and dividing the sum by 100. = I ‘Cumulative Retained Percentage Fineféss Modulus= pbctuatlitig detateed Pescatane If two or three different vatieties of sand aré mixed together, the combined fineness modulus of the mixed sample can be determined as: = 2 co z Wal-aradea] z Orion J [Neeanss es 20 Dense 20 10 10 1 On oor ‘O00 Grain diameter, mm Five Types of Gradation ma Fi¢ mgFoy Feom = mt may 6AGGREGATE Where, Foom= Combined Fineness Modulus F; and F2 = Fineness Modulus of sample land 2 respectively ml and m2 =amount of sample land 2 respectively Example (M A AZIZ page 85)