7.

2: Simple Elimination Calculus Consider the problem of finding a solution for the following system of equations

y 2y

y 5v x v 4v 2

(1)

with independent variable x and dependent variables y and v. Obviously the system (1) can be solved by eliminating one of the dependent variables that reduces the equation into a single equation in one dependent variable. Let d D , (1) can be rewrite as dx

( D 2 1) y 5Dv 2 Dy (D
2

(2)

4)v 2

There are many ways to eliminate one of the dependent variables, such as by applying the operator 2 D to the first equation of (2) and applying the operator
D 2 1 to the second equation. Thus we have

2 D[( D 2 1) y 5Dv ] 2 D( x) ( D 2 1)[ 2 Dy (D2 4)v] ( D 2 1)( 2)

Subtract one of the equation from the other, for example subtract second equation from the first, we have
(2D)(5D)v ( D 2 1)( D 2 4)v 2Dx ( D 2 1)(2)

10D 2v ( D 2 1)( D 2v 4v) 2 ( D 2 (2) 2) 10D 2v D 4v D 2 (4v) D 2 v 4v D 4v 5D 2v 4v 4 2 0 2

(3)

Therefore we have a single equation with one dependent variable v and independent variable x, that we know to solve. Similarly, the variable v can be eliminated by applying the ( D 2 4) to he first equation and operator 5 D to the second and then subtract. We have

D 4 y 5D 2 y

4 y 4 x.

(4)

From (3), we have

vc a1 cos x a2 sin x a3 cos 2 x a4 sin 2 x

and

v p 1.
The general solution for (3) is
v a1 cos x a2 sin x a3 cos 2 x a4 sin 2 x 1.

(5)

From (4), we have

y b1 cos x b2 sin x b3 cos 2 x b4 sin 2 x x.

(6)

The a' s and b' s will be determined so that (5) and (6) satisfy the original equation and not only equation (3) and (4). Substitute (5) and (6) into the first equation of equation (2), we have
x 2b1 cos x 2b2 sin x 5b3 cos 2 x 5b4 sin 2 x 5a2 cos x 5a1 sin x 10a4 cos 2 x 10a3 sin 2 x x

(7)

Equate the coefficients, we have

2b1 5a2 0 0 b1 b3 5 a2 , 2 2a 4 , 2b2 5a1 0 0 b2 b4 5 a1 , 2 2 a3 .

5b3 10a4

5b4 10a3

The relationship between a' s and b' s can also be determine by substituting (5) and (6) into the second equation of (2). Therefore the set of solutions of equation (2) and hence of (1) are
v a1 cos x a2 sin x a3 cos 2 x a4 sin 2 x +1

5 a2 cos x 2

5 a1 sin x 2

2a4 cos 2 x

2a3b4 sin 2 x

x.

If we use the determinant notation and Crammers rule, from equation (2) we can rewrite equation (3) as

D2 1 2D

5D (D 2 4)

D2 1 2D

x , 2

by interpreting the left hand side as {( D 2 1)[ ( D 2

4)] (5D)(2D)}v and the x(2D).

right hand side as ( D 2 1)(2) (2D) x and NOT as 2( D 2 1) Equation as

D2 1 2D (D 5D
2

y 4)

x 2

5D (D 2 4)

With the right hand side is interpreted as

(D2

4)( x) 5D(2) 4 x.

Another way to solve (2) is first determine equation (3) and hence we solve for v as in (5), and then we try to get an equation that express y in term of v. That is, we try to eliminate all terms involving the derivatives of y in (2). From (2), multiply the first equation by 2 and apply operator D to the second, we have

(2 D 2

2) y 10 Dv

2x

2D 2 y (D3

4 D )v 2

Subtract the first equation from the second, we have

2y D3v 6Dv 2x

Or
y x 1 3 D v 3Dv 2

with v as in (5).

Example 1 Solve

y z
Solution Let D

2y z 4 y 2z

d , then the equation can be written as dx

( D 2) y z 0 4 y ( D 2) z 0

or in the determinant form as

D 4 2 D 1 2 y 0 0 D 1 2 [( D 2)( D 2) 4] 0

and
D 2 4 1 D 2 y D 2 4 0 0 [( D 2)( D 2) 4]z 0.

Hence,
y e 2 x a1 cos 2 x a2 sin 2 x

and
x e 2 x b1 cos 2 x b2 sin 2 x .

Example 2 Solve
w y z w y z y 3z 3y z

Solution

With D

d , the system can be rewrite as dx

( D 1) w y z 0 (1) (2) (3) ( D 1) y 3z 0 3 y ( D 1) z 0

From (2) and (3),

( D 1)( D 1) y 9 y 0 y c1e 4 x c2e
2x

(4)

Substitute (4) in (2), we have

z c1e 4 x c2e
2x

(5)

Substitute (4) and (5) in (1) we have

( D 1)w 2c1e 4 x .

(6)

Solving (6) by any method, we have

wc c3e x and

wp

2 4x c1e . 3

Hence,
w c3e x

2 4x c1e . 3

Example 3 Solve

d 2x dt dx 2 dt
Solution
2

x 2 x

dy 2t dt dy 2y 7 dt

With D

d , the system can be rewrite as dx

( D 2 1) x 2Dy (2D 1) x ( D 2) y 2t 7 (1) (2)

In determinant form, we have

D2 1 2D 1
or

2D x D 2

2t 7

2D D 2

[( D 2 1)( D 2) 2D(2D 1)]x ( D 2)(2t ) 2D(7) [( D3 2D 2 D 2)]x 2 4t

Solve it by undetermined coefficients method or any other method,

x a1et a2e
t

a3e

2t

2t

2.

(3)

Substitute (3) in (1), we have

( D 2 1)[a1et a1et a2e
t

a2e

t t

a3e

2t 2t

2t

2] 2Dy 2t
2t

2t 2Dy 2t 2

4a3e

2t

a1et

a2e

a3e
t

2 2Dy
1

Dy a1e t y a1e t a2 e
t

a2 e

5 a3 e 2
2t

5 a3 e 4

a4 .

(4)

Substitute (3) and (4) in (2), we have

a4 1.

Hence
y a1e t a2 e
t

5 a3 e 4

2t

t 1.