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GEOMETRY &
TRIGONOMETRY
Quarter 1, Week 3 – Module 3
Mathematical Sentences

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Geometry & Trigonometry – Grade 8
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Mathematical Sentences

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OIC Principal: Freddierick C. Apuli

Subject Area Coordinator: Marianne B. Dorilag

Development Team of the Module

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Editor: SIXTO O. ORZALES

Reviewer: MARIANNE B. DORILAG

Layout Artist: MARK A. VALLADOLID, PhD

Bitano, Legazpi City

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For Teaching Purposes only
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 GEOMETRY & TRIGONOMETRY (QUARTER 1)
MODULE 3

Mathematical Sentences

I. INTRODUCTION:

Image from pinterest.com

Any kind of reasoning in Mathematics is built on the basis of

mathematical statement.

When dealing with mathematical sentences or statements, it is

necessary to go back to the basic concept of Mathematics. We know that when
we solve problems, we either arrive at a correct answer or a wrong one. This is
also true with mathematical sentences or statements which can either be true
of false.

This module will help you understand what mathematical sentences are
and the types of mathematical sentences. This will also allow you to develop
an understanding of key concepts of open and closed sentences, compound
sentences, as well as the different types of compound sentences which include
negation, conjunction, disjunction, and conditionals.

It is expected that after going through this module, you should be able to
define mathematical sentences, determine the types of mathematical
sentences, and write mathematical sentences following the rules for each type.

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II. OBJECTIVES:

After performing the activities in this module, you should be able to:
• define and explain a mathematical sentence.
• enumerate the types of mathematical sentences.
• discuss the different types of compound sentences.

III. PRE-TEST:

Find out how much you already know about this module. Encircle the
letter of the correct answer.

1. ____________ is one in which a fact or complete idea is expressed.

A. Inductive reasoning C. Mathematical sentence
B. Declarative sentence D. Logical reasoning

2. What is TRUE about an open sentence?

A. It is a Mathematical sentence which can be judged to be true or false.
B. It is a sentence which consists a variable.
C. Is also called statement which is a declarative sentence that is either true
or false.
D. Because a Mathematical sentence states a fact, many of them can be
judged “True” or “False”.

3. Which of the choices below describes a closed sentence?

A. It is a Mathematical sentence which can be judged to be true or false.
B. It is a sentence which consists a variable.
C. Is also called statement which is a declarative sentence that is either true
or false.
D. Because a Mathematical sentence states a fact, many of them cannot be
judged “True” or “False”.

4. A ____ is formed when two or more thoughts are connected in one sentence.
A. mathematical sentence C. compound sentence
B. closed sentence D. declarative sentence

5. Compound sentences are formed by any of the following EXCEPT ___.

A. and C. not
B. or D. if and only if

6. Which of the following means denial of the statement?

A. conjunction C. disjunction
B. negation D. conditional

7. What is the symbol used for a conjunction?

A. ↔ C. ≫
B. ^ D. ˅

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8. It consists of two or more statements connected by the word OR.
A. conjunction C. disjunction
B. negation D. conditional

9. A statement of the form “if p, then q” is called a ________________.

A. conjunction C. disjunction
B. negation D. conditional

10. Which of the following shows a negation?

A. p → q C. p ˅ q
B. p ˅ q D. ~p → ~q

How did you find the test? Check if you have the correct answers. Refer
to page 16 of this module. If all your answers are correct, you did a great job.
You have already in mind some ideas related to the lessons. You may still
browse through the contents of this module to enrich your knowledge.

If you got a low score, just relax. Don’t feel sad and worried. This module
is really intended for you to learn and know more about the lesson on
Mathematical Reasoning. This will help you learn and master the important
concepts that you can use in dealing with problems in real-life situations.

Are you ready? You can now start learning.

IV. LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

Aside from developing computational and problem-solving skills, the

study of Mathematics has also the goal to develop one’s ability to think critically.
Previously, you have learned that this is logic or the study of critical thinking or
reasoning.

Basically, reasoning is based on the ways on how we put sentences

together. Let us start our examination of logic by defining what types of
sentences we will be using.

What is a mathematical sentence?

A mathematical sentence is one in which a fact or complete idea is

expressed. Because a Mathematical sentence states a fact, many of them can
be judged “True” or “False” Is also called STATEMENT which is a declarative
sentence that is either true or false.

DEFINITION Mathematical Sentence

A mathematical sentence, also called mathematical statement,

statement, or proposal, is a sentence that can be identified as
either true or false.

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 Questions and phrases are not mathematical sentences since they
cannot be judged to be true or false.

Illustrative Examples:

For example, "6 is a prime number " is a mathematical sentence or

simply statement. Of course, " 6 is a prime number " is a false statement!

6 + 8 = 2 × 7 ( This is a true statement )

9 + 1 = 0 + 11 ( This is a false statement )

If an integer n is odd, then 2n is an even number. (This is a true

statement)

A stop sign is not in the shape of an octagon. (This is a false

statement)

“Some parallelograms” is NOT a mathematical sentence because it is

only a phrase.

“Are quadrilaterals squares?” is NOT a mathematical sentence

because it is a question.

Activity 1: Sunny & Stormy Day!

State whether the following are mathematical sentences/statements or
not. Color the shape corresponding to your answer and provide an explanation.

YES NO EXPLANATION
1. An isosceles triangle has two
congruent sides.

2. 10+4=15

3. Did you get that one right?

4. All triangles

5. December has 70 days.

6. Did you buy a car?

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 YES NO EXPLANATION

7. 4 + 5 = 3 x 9

8. Honda manufactures the world’s

best automobiles.

9. Tomorrow is Thursday.

10. I am telling a lie.

Types of Mathematical Sentences

There are two types of mathematical sentences:

An open sentence is a sentence which contains a variable.

• "x + 2 = 8" is an open sentence -- the variable is "x."
• "It is my favorite color." is an open sentence-- the variable is "It."

The truth value of these sentences depends upon the value replacing
the variable.

A closed sentence, or statement, is a mathematical sentence which can

be judged to be true or false. A closed sentence, or statement, has no
variables.
• "Garfield is a cartoon character." is a true closed sentence, or
statement.
• "A pentagon has exactly 4 sides." is a false closed sentence, or
statement.

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is formed when two or more thoughts are

connected in one sentence.

Words such as AND, OR, IF...THEN, and IF AND ONLY IF allow for the
formation of compound sentences, or statements. Notice that more than one
truth value is involved in working with a compound sentence.

Illustrative Examples:
Try to form a compound sentence with the following:
1. (Today is a vacation) (I sleep late)
2. (You can call me at 10:00) (You can call me at 2:00)
3. (You are going to the beach) (You should take your sunscreen)
4. (A triangle is isosceles) (It has two congruent sides)

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Answers:

1. Today is a vacation and I sleep late.

2. You can call me at 10:00 or you can call me at 2:00.
3. If you are going to the beach, then you should take your sunscreen.
4. A triangle is isosceles if and only if it has two congruent sides.

Activity 2: Make Me Compound!

Transform the following to compound sentences. Use and, or, if…then,
if and only if. Write your answer in the space provided.

(A square is a rectangle) (Diameter is a chord) (A triangle is equilateral)

(It is also a rhombus) (It passes through the (It has three equal sides
center of the circle) and angles)

(Radius of 5 units) (A trapezoid is a (A regular polygon is

(Diameter of 10 units) quadrilateral) convex)
(It has four sides) (It is both equilateral
and equiangular)

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Types of Compound Sentence/Statement

1. Negation (~𝑝)

The negation of a statement is the denial of the statement.

It is represented by the symbol ~.

The negation is frequently formed by inserting the word NOT.

Examples:

p: Today is Thursday then ~𝑝?

The negation would be ~𝑝: Today is not Thursday

If today is Thursday, p is true and ~𝑝 is false. Similarly, if today is not

Thursday, p is false and ~𝑝 is true. A statement and its negation have always
opposite truth-values. That is, when one is true, the other is false. A simple
statement such as “Today is Thursday” is no longer simple if we say, “Today
is not Thursday” or “It is false that today is Monday.”

1. The medicine is effective.

“The medicine is not effective.”

2. The medicine is not effective.

“The medicine is effective.”

3. Some medicines are effective.

“No medicines is effective.” Or “It is not the case that at least one
effective medicine exists.”

4. All medicines are effective.

“It is not the case that all medicines are effective” or “there exists
a medicine that is not effective” or “Some medicines are not
effective.”

2. Conjunction (p˄q)

A conjunction consists of two or more statements connected by the word

and. We use the symbol ˄ to represent the word and; thus the conjunction “p
˄ q” represents the compound statement “p and q.”

Consider the statement “Logic is easy and Algebra is difficult.” This is a

compound statement because it is made up of two sentences:

- Logic is easy.
- Algebra is difficult.

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 We can express the following compound statements in symbolic form.
1. Logic is easy and Algebra is difficult. (p ˄ q)
2. Logic is easy and Algebra is not difficult. (p ˄ ~q)

3. Disjunction (p ˅ q)

A disjunction consists of two or more statements connected by the word

or. We use the symbol ˅ to represent the word or. Thus, the disjunction “p ˅ q”
represents the compound statement “p or q.”

Consider the statements

p : Carlo is honest
q : Gabriel is honest
p˅q : Carlo is honest or Gabriel is honest.

The statement “Carlo is honest or Gabriel is honest” can be symbolized

as “p ˅ q.” In here, it is possible that both Carlo and Gabriel are honest. In this
example, or includes the possibility that both things may happen. This is the
case when we have the inclusive or. If the statement does not include the
possibility that both may happen, we are working with exclusive or. In our
study, “p or q” means “p or q or both.”

4. Conditionals (p → q)

Any statement of the form “If p, the q” is called a conditional (or an

implication); p is called the hypothesis (or premise) of the conditional, and q is
called the conclusion of the conditional.

The conditional “if p, then q” is represented by the symbols “p → q” (p

implies q).

Consider the statements

p : I exercise regularly.
q : I am healthy.

p→q: If I exercise regularly, then I am healty.

When we use conditionals in our everyday speech, we often omit the

word “then.” For example, the statement, “If I exercise regularly, then I am
healthy.” can simply be stated as, “If I exercise regularly, I am healthy.”
Alternatively, the conditional “If p, then q” may be phrased as “q if p.” (“I am
healthy if I exercise regularly.”)

The table below summarizes the logical connectives and symbols

discussed:

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 Logical Connectives

Statement Symbol Read as…

Negation ~ not
Conjunction ∧ and
Disjunction ∨ or
Conditional implication → if… then…

Activity 3: Let’s Wrap Up!

A. Identify whether or not the following are statements. Encircle your choice.

1. Ferdinand Marcos was the best President. (statement, NOT)

2. Who was the first Filipina Miss Universe? (statement, NOT)
3. Today is Friday. (statement, NOT)
4. Nobody loves me. (statement, NOT)
5. The day that immediately follows Tuesday is Thursday. (statement, NOT)

B. Write a sentence that represents the negation of each statement.

1. The poem is original.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Some cameras are priced under ₱5,000.00.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. All carabaos are four-legged animals.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. Bong is good.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. Mary went swimming.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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C. Identify each of the following sentences as a simple statement or compound
statement. Classify each compound as a negation, conjunction, disjunction, or
conditional.

Simple or If compound,
Statements
Compound what type
1. Today is Ash Wednesday.

2. It is false that Robin is in

class.
3. If Aris went swimming, then
Julius went diving.
4. Both Jojit and Aaron are
members of the council.
5. Either Ruffy is here, or he did
not come to school.

D. Let p denote Music is easy and q denote Algebra is difficult. Write each of
the following in symbolic form.

Statements Symbolic form

1. Music is not easy and Algebra is difficult.
2. It is false that music is not easy.
3. If Algebra is difficult, then music is easy.
4. Neither Algebra is difficult nor music is easy.
5. Music is not easy or Algebra is difficult.

E. Let p denote I like Science and q denote I like Math. Write each of the
following statements in words.

Symbolic form Statement

1. p˄q

2. p˅q

3. p → ~q

4. p ˅ ~q

5. ~p ˅ q

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V. POST-TEST
Check how far you’ve learned in this module by answering the items
given below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the choices given below can be used to distinguish mathematical
sentences?
A. They are sometimes phrases that can be connected to other phrases.
B. These are interrogative sentences that ask questions.
C. These are sentences which can be judged as true of false.
D. These are phrases that may or may not contain variables.

2. A sentence having a variable is called ____________.

A. mathematical sentence C. closed sentence
B. open sentence D. declarative sentence

3. Which is TRUE about a closed sentence?

A. Because a Mathematical sentence states a fact, many of them cannot be
judged “True” or “False”.
B. It is a sentence which consists a variable.
C. Is also called statement which is a declarative sentence that is either true
or false.
D. It is a Mathematical sentence which can be judged to be true or false.

4. When two or more thoughts are connected in one sentence, this is called __.
A. mathematical sentence C. closed sentence
B. compound sentence D. declarative sentence

5. Which of the following cannot be used to form compound sentences.

A. not C. and
B. or D. if and only if

6. The denial of a statement is called _______________.

A. disjunction C. conjunction
B. conditional D. negation

7. What of the following shows a conjunction?

A. p ↔ q C. p≫q
B. p ∧ q D. p˅q

8. When two or more statements are connected by the word OR, they become
A. disjunction C. conjunction
B. negation D. conditional

9. A statement in the form p → q is called a ________________.

A. conjunction C. disjunction
B. conditional D. negation

10. A negation can be illustrated in which of the choices below?

A. p → q C. ~p → ~q
B. p ˅ q D. p ˅ q

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VI. ASSIGNMENT / ENRICHMENT

Define and give examples of the following:

A. Conditional Statement
B. Converse
C. Inverse
D. Contrapositive

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ANSWER KEY:

PRE-TEST

1. C 6. B

2. B 7. B

3. A 8. C

4. C 9. D

5. C 10. D

ACTIVITY 1: SUNNY & STORMY DAY!

YES NO EXPLANATION
1. An isosceles triangle has two Yes, because is a
congruent sides. TRUE statement.

Yes, because is a
2. 10+4=15 FALSE statement.

No, because it is a
3. Did you get that one right? question.

No, because it is a
4. All triangles phrase.

Yes, because it is a
5. December has 70 days. FALSE statement.

No, because it is a
6. Did you buy a car? question.

Yes, because it is a
7. 4 + 5 = 3 x 9 FLASE statement.

Yes, because it can be

8. Honda manufactures the world’s judged as TRUE or
best automobiles. FALSE.
Yes, because it can
9. Tomorrow is Thursday. either be TRUE or
FALSE.
Yes, because it can
10. I am telling a lie. either be TRUE or
FALSE.

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ACTIVITY 2: MAKE ME COMPOUND!

(A square is a rectangle) (Diameter is a chord) (A triangle is equilateral)

(It is also a rhombus) (It passes through the (It has three equal sides
center of the circle) and angles)

A square is a If a diameter is A triangle is

rectangle and a chord, then it equilateral if
it is also a passes through and only if its
rhombus. the center of has three equal
the circle. sides and
angles.

(Radius of 5 units) (A trapezoid is a (A regular polygon is

(Diameter of 10 units) quadrilateral) convex)
(It has four sides) (It is both equilateral
and equiangular)

A regular
A radius of 5 If a trapezoid is polygon is
units or a quadrilateral, convex if and
diameter of 10 then it has four only if it is both
units. sides. equilateral and
equiangular.

ACTIVITY 3: LET’S WRAP UP!

A.
1. Statement
2. NOT
3. Statement
4. Statement
5. Statement
B.
1. The poem is not original.
2. Not all cameras are priced under ₱5,000.00
3. It is not the case that at least one carabao is a four-legged animal.
4. Bong is not good.
5. Mary did not go swimming.

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C.
1. Simple
2. Simple
3. Compound, Conditional
4. Simple
5. Compound, Disjunction

D.
1. ∼p ∧ q
2. p
3. q→p
4. ∼q ∨ ∼p
5. ∼p ∨ q

E.
1. I like Science and I like Math.
2. I like Science or I like Math.
3. If I like Science, then I do not like Math.
4. I like Science or I do not like Math.
5. I do not like Science or I like Math.

POST-TEST

1. C 6. D

2. B 7. D

3. D 8. A

4. B 9. B

5. A 10. C

ASSIGNMENT / ENRICHMENT

Answers may vary.

Conditional Statement
A conditional statement, symbolized by p q, is an if-then statement in
which p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion.

Examples:
1. If a polygon has exactly four sides, then it is a quadrilateral.
2. If triangles are congruent, then they have equal corresponding angles.

Converse
The converse of the conditional statement is “If q then p.”

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Example:

Parallel lines never meet. Postulate

If two lines are parallel, then they are lines that never meet. Conditional
Statement
If two lines never meet, then they are parallel. Converse

Inverse
The inverse of the conditional statement is “If not p then not q.”

Example:

If it rained last night, then the sidewalk is wet. Conditional Statement

If it did not rain last night, then the sidewalk is not wet. Inverse

Contrapositive
The contrapositive of the conditional statement is “If not q then not p.”

Example:

Adjacent angles share a common side. Postulate

If angles share a common side, then they are adjacent. Conditional
Statement
If they do not share a common side, then angles are not adjacent. Converse

REFERENCES:

Exploring Mathematics: Geometry by Orlando A Oronce and Marilyn O.

Mendoza

https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/mathematical-reasoning/mathematical-
statement/#:~:text=So%20a%20statement%20which%20is,is%20called%20a
%20mathematical%20statement.

https://www.aplustopper.com/types-of-
sentences/#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20types%20of,the%20variable%2
0is%20%E2%80%9Cx.%E2%80%9D

https://www.math-dictionary.com/mathematical-
sentence.html#:~:text=A%20mathematical%20sentence%2C%20also%20call
ed,mathematical%20sentence%20or%20simply%20statement.

https://tutors.com/math-tutors/geometry-help/conditional-converse-statements

https://www.thoughtco.com/converse-contrapositive-and-inverse-
3126458#:~:text=The%20converse%20of%20the%20conditional,not%20P%2
0then%20not%20Q.%E2%80%9D

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