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NAME:
THIS MODULE BELONGS TO:

GRADE & SECTION:

GEOMETRY &
TRIGONOMETRY
Quarter 1, Week 7 – Module 7
Proving Theorems
Mathematical Statements

MARK A. VALLADOLID, Ph.D.

Subject1Teacher
Geometry & Trigonometry – Grade 8
Quarter 1 – Module 7: Proving Theorems

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Development Team of the Module

Writer: MARK A. VALLADOLID, PhD

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 GEOMETRY & TRIGONOMETRY (QUARTER 1)
MODULE 7

Proving Theorems

I. INTRODUCTION:

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/VpSUwWX1vvngAzcBA

Over 2000 years ago there was an amazing discovery about triangles:

When a triangle has a right angle (90°) ...

... and squares are made on each of the three sides, ...
... then the biggest square has the exact same area as the other two squares
put together!

It is called "Pythagoras' Theorem" and can be written in one short

equation:

a2 + b2 = c2

In Mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem, is a fundamental relation in

Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle. The theorem, is
named for the ancient Greek thinker Pythagoras.

This module will help you understand how to use the different properties
of equality and congruence in order to prove conditions in Geometry. This will
give you and understanding of how to make proofs and use existing properties,
theorems, postulates, etc. in order to prove given geometric statements.

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 It is expected that after going through this module, you will have a better
understanding of some of the most important concepts in Geometry. This will
also help you develop the skills in creating statements and reasons which are
used to prove conditions.

II. OBJECTIVES:

After performing the activities in this module, you should be able to:
• Name the different properties of equality and congruence.
• Apply the different properties in proving problems in Geometry.

III. PRE-TEST

Find out how much you already know about this module. Encircle the
letter of the correct answer.

1. If a = b and b = c, then
A. a > c
B. a < c
C. a = c
D. None of the above

2. If DE = ED then it is a _____.
A. Reflexive property of equality
B. Symmetric property of equality
C. Addition Property of equality
D. Reflexive property of congruence

3. According to the Right Angle Congruence Theorem, all _____ angles are
congruent.
A. Right
B. Acute
C. Obtuse
D. None of the above
3𝑏 18
4. If 3b = 18, then 3 = 3 or b = 6. What property makes the statement true?
A. Division Property of Equality
B. Substitution property of equality
C. Symmetric property of equality
D. Addition Property of equality

5. We need to explicitly state that BD = BD. This idea that something is

congruent to itself is called the:
A. Reflexive property of equality
B. Symmetric property of equality
C. Addition Property of equality
D. Transitive property

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6. In parallelogram ABCD, angle ABD is congruent to angle BDC because if we
have parallel lines and a transversal, we know that:
A. Alternate interior angles are congruent
B. same-side interior angles are congruent
C. corresponding angles are congruent
D. exterior angles are congruent

7. What property is illustrated in: If ∠A ≅ ∠B, ∠B ≅ ∠C then ∠A ≅ ∠C.

A. Reflexive Property of Congruence
B. Symmetric Property of Congruence
C. Transitive Property of Congruence
D. Addition Property of Congruence

8. Using the distributive property, 4 (a + b) = _________.

A. 4a + b
B. b + 4a
C. 4a + 4b
D. 4 + a + b

9. Supply a valid proof for the given hypothesis: if OM bisects ∠LON then
A. ∠LOM ≅ ∠NOM
B. ∠LOM ≅ ∠LON
C. ∠MON ≅ ∠NOL
D. m∠LON = m∠LOM + m∠MON

10. The method of proof by contradiction is:

A. direct proof
B. formal proof
C. indirect proof
D. two column proof

How did you find the test? Check if you have the correct answers by
looking at the answer key at the back of this module. If all your answers are
correct, you did a great job. You have already in mind some ideas related to the
lessons. You may still browse through the contents of this module to enrich your
knowledge.

If you got a low score, just relax. Don’t feel sad and worried. This module
is really intended for you to learn and know more about the lesson. This will
help you learn and master the important concepts that you can use in dealing
with problems in real-life situations.

Are you ready? You may now start learning.

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IV. LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

Proving Theorems

In proving theorems, the properties of equality and congruence are the

bases for reasoning.

CONCEPT Properties of Equality

Addition Property of Equality (APE)

For all real numbers a, b, c and d, if a = b and c = d,
then a + c = b + d

Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE)

If a = b and c = d, then a – c = b – d.

Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE)

If a = b, then ac = bc

Division Property of Equality (DPE)

If a = b then a/c = b/c

Substitution Property of Equality

If m∠A = 60, m∠B = 60 then m∠A = m∠B

Distributive Property
a(b + c) = ab + ac

CONCEPT Properties of Congruence

Reflexive Property
AB ≅ AB

Symmetric Property
If ∠A ≅ ∠B then ∠B ≅ ∠A

Transitive Property
If ∠A ≅ ∠B and ∠B ≅ ∠C then ∠A ≅ ∠C

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 Aside from the properties of equality and congruence, you should be
equipped with the knowledge about undefined terms, definitions, and
postulates in geometry. These are necessary to successfully support the
statement of a proof.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Justify each statement by giving the Property of Equality or Property of

Congruence used.

1. If TX = BK, then BK = TX
2. 8(m + n) = 8m + 8n
3. If CT = 12 and PR + CT = 20, then PR + 12 = 20.
4. m∠HIT = m∠HIT
5. If ∠S ≅ ∠P, ∠B ≅ ∠S, then ∠P ≅ ∠B

Answers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What is a Proof?

A proof is a logical argument in which each statement you make is

supported/ justified by given information, definitions, axioms, postulates,
theorems, and previously learned proven statements.

Writing Proofs

When writing a proof, it is important to justify each logical step with a

reason. You can use symbols and abbreviations, but they must be clear enough
so that anyone who reads your proof will understand them.

Remember:
• Postulate is a statement that is accepted without proof.
• Theorem is a statement accepted after it is proved deductively.

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In proving theorems you have to follow these steps:
• Read and understand the theorem
• Label the hypothesis as given and the conclusion as Prove
• Draw the figure and label the parts correctly.
• Write the proof which consists of the statements and reasons.

Proofs can be written in different ways

Study carefully the parts, especially the proof. How do we derive the
statements and the reasons.

Try the flow chart form using the same example.

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Illustrative Examples:

1. Use the two-column proof to prove the statement below.

STATEMENT REASON

When a justification is based on more than the previous step, you can
note this after the reason, as in Example 1 Step 3.

2. Use the two-column proof to prove the statement below.

STATEMENT REASON

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3. Completing a Two-Column Proof

4. Completing a Two-Column Proof

Writing a Two-Column Proof

Use the given plan to write a two-column proof.

Given: 1 and 2 are supplementary, and

1  3
Prove: 3 and 2 are supplementary.

Plan: Use the definitions of supplementary and congruent angles and

substitution to show that m3 + m2 = 180°. By the definition of supplementary
angles, 3 and 2 are supplementary.

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Answer:

Activity 1: Let’s Prove!

A. Name the property illustrated below.

B. Use the given property to complete each statement.

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C. Complete the table of proofs below. Choices are provided below.

Definition of complementary angles Given Substitution

Sum of the angles for a triangle Substitution Property of Equality

D. Fill in the blanks with the correct justification.

V. POST-TEST

Check how far you’ve learned in this module by answering the items
given below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. When writing a geometric proof, which angle relationship could be used alone
to justify that two angles are congruent?
A. supplementary angles
B. linear pair of angles
C. adjacent angles
D. vertical angles

2. Which of the following is a statement that is NOT TRUE of a theorem?

A. A theorem is any statement that you can prove.
B. Once you have proven a theorem, you can use it as a reason in later
proofs.
C. It is a statement whose logical argument should be supported by
justifications.
D. It is a statement that is accepted without proof.

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3. Refer to the two-column proof below.
Given: 1 and 2 are
supplementary, and
1  3
Prove: 3 and 2 are
supplementary.

Which of the following is the correct reason to be written in No. 4?

A. Reflexive Property of Congruence
B. Substitution Property of Equality
C. Transitive Property of Equality
D. Symmetric Property of Congruence

4. Which of the following are the correct reasons for the two-column proof
given the following:
Given: 1 and 2 are
complementary,
and 2 and 3 are
complementary.
Prove: 1  3

A. Reflexive Property of =, Transitive Property of ≅

B. Reflexive Property of ≅, Subtraction Property of =
C. Subtraction Property of =, Reflexive Property of =
D. Reflexive Property of =, Subtraction Property of =

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5. What property is illustrated in: If ∠A ≅ ∠B, ∠B ≅ ∠C, then ∠A ≅ ∠C ?
A. Reflexive Property
B. Symmetric Property
C. Transitive Property
D. Addition Property

6. What property is illustrated in: If m∠A = 80, m∠B = 80 then m∠A = m∠B ?
A. Reflexive Property
B. Symmetric Property
C. Transitive Property
D. Substitution Property

7. What property is illustrated in: If ∠A ≅ ∠B and ∠B ≅ ∠C then ∠A ≅ ∠C ?

A. Reflexive Property
B. Symmetric Property
C. Transitive Property
D. Substitution Property

For Nos. 8-9, refer to the given below.

8. Which of the following can be used as a reason for the first line?
A. Symmetric Property of Equality
B. Congruent Complements Theorem
C. Segment Addition Postulate
D. Right Angle Congruence Theorem

9. Which of the following can be used as a reason for the second line?
A. Substitution Property
B. Subtraction Property of Equality
C. Multiplication Property of Equality
D. Simplify

10. Which property is illustrated in p = q and q = −1, so p = −1.

A. Reflexive Property
B. Symmetric Property
C. Transitive Property
D. Addition Property

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VI. ASSIGNMENT/ENRICHMENT
A. For each condition, write a statement or a justification that would result from each
condition.
Condition Statement or Justification
1 ∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles.
2 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑋 + ̅̅̅̅
𝑋𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵
3 ∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary.
4 ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 add up to 900.
5 X is between ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷.
6 ∆𝑋𝑌𝑀 is an isosceles triangle.
7 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶
8 Line 𝑚 is parallel to line 𝑛.
∠1 ≅ ∠2; they are inside and alternate.
9 ∠1, ∠2, ∠3, and ∠4 are angles of a square.
10 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶, ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷

B. Analyze the proof given below by two students. Determine whether or not they are
correct.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

C. Construct a two-column proof to prove the given below. Provide an illustration to show
the figure.

REFERENCES:

Holt McDougal Geometry

Grade 8 Mathematics Learning Module

https://www.mathsisfun.com/pythagoras.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem

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 Check your Progress!
Let’s see how far you’ve learned in this
module. After checking all the activities, write
your scores in the table below and assess your
progress in learning.

NAME: GRADE & SECTION:

GEOMETRY & TRIGONOMETRY

Quarter 1, Week 7 – Module 7
Proving Theorems

TITLE OF ACTIVITY TOTAL POINTS SCORE

1 Pre-Test 10
2 Practice Exercise 1 5
3 Activity 1: Let’s Prove 28
4 Post-Test 10
5 Assignment/Enrichment 20

How do you feel about your performance?

Choose the emoticon corresponding to how you feel about your
performance in this module. Write your thoughts below the emoticon.

HAPPY SAD JUST AVERAGE OVERWHELMED

_______________________________________
Signature over Printed Name of Learning Facilitator

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