Materials Science and Engineering

Properties 1st Edition Charles Gilmore

Solutions Manual
Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/materials-science-and-engineering-properties-1st-edition-charles-gilmore-soluti
ons-manual/
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

Chapter 7 Making Strong Materials Homework Solutions

Concept Questions

1. In metals, at temperatures below half of the melting temperature, plastic strain is due to
dislocation motion.

2. To increase the room-temperature yield strength of a metal containing dislocations, it

is necessary to introduce obstacles to dislocation motion.

3. Strain-hardening results from plastic strain.

4. Edge dislocations whose tangent and Burger’s vector are not on a most closely packed
plane are immobile.

5. The increase in tensile and shear yield strength due to the strain hardening of metals is
proportional to the dislocation density to the 1/2 power.

6. A(n) Frank-Read source produces new dislocations when a segment of a dislocation is

pinned at two ends on a slip plane and the resolved shear stress reaches a critical value.

7. A recovery anneal is when a strain-hardened metal is heated to an elevated

temperature and the ductility is increased, but no new grains form.

8. If a strain-hardened metal is heated to an elevated temperature and new grains form,

this process is recrystallization.

9. If a crystal contains only two edge dislocations with Burger’s vectors of opposite signs,
and they come together on the same slip plane the resulting number of dislocations is
equal to zero.

10. As a result of an anneal, the dislocation density is decreased.

11. The yield strength of metals is proportional to the negative 1/2 power of the grain
diameter.

12. When edge dislocations on a close-packed plane in a grain cannot slip in an adjacent
grain with differently oriented close-packed planes, dislocations form a(n) pile-up at a
grain boundary.

13. A steel with a small grain size has a higher yield strength than the same steel with a
larger grain size.

14. Dispersion strengthening is when small hard particles are added to a ductile metal.

115
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

15. In dispersion-strengthened metals, the strength and elastic modulus of the alloy are
proportional to the volume fraction of the dispersion.

16. One disadvantage of dispersion-strengthened metals at high temperatures is that the

dispersion and the matrix are not in equilibrium with each other, and as a result the
matrix and dispersion may react with each other.

17. Metal alloys dispersion strengthened with oxide particles are usually produced by
powder metallurgy techniques.

18. In solid-solution strengthened metals, substitutional and interstitial solid-solution

atoms interact with edge dislocations in the metal.

19. A large substitutional atom is attracted to the region of an edge dislocation that has
tensile strains.

20. The increase in strength due to solid-solution strengthening is proportional to the 1/2
power of the atom fraction of solute atoms.

21. The concentration of solid-solution atoms at a stationary edge dislocation is greater

than the average concentration of solid-solution atoms in the solid, and this results in the
upper yield point in low-carbon steels.

22. Strengthening by cooling a solid solution and forming small particles of a new phase
is called precipitation hardening.

23. The increase in yield strength of a precipitation-hardened alloy is inversely

proportional to the spacing between the particles.

24. The first step in the precipitation-hardening process is the solution treatment to
produce a uniform distribution of solute atoms in the grains.

25. The second step in the precipitation-hardening process is to quench the alloy to
maintain a uniform distribution of atoms in the grains at low temperature.

26. The third step in the precipitation-hardening process is to age or heat the alloy to
form the precipitate.

27. During precipitation-hardening, at peak strength the precipitate changes from

coherent to incoherent.

28. Residual or internal stresses result from strains that are not due to applied external
forces.

29. Whiskers have one screw dislocation up the center of the whisker.

116
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

30. In brittle ceramics, the fracture strength is lower than the yield strength.

31. Polycrystalline MgO is brittle at room temperature because to maintain continuity

with plastic strain in a polycrystalline material, there must be at least 5 active slip
systems.

32. In brittle materials, the easiest way to increase the fracture strength is to decrease the
size of cracks and pores.

33. In partially stabilized zirconia (ZrO 2 ), the addition of materials such as MgO or CaO
lowers the temperature of the martensitic transformation of the tetragonal to the
monoclinic phase.

34. To temper glass, the glass is initially heated to a temperature above the glass
transition temperature but below the melting temperature.

35. In tempered glass, the stress in outer surface is in a state of compression.

36. In chemical tempering of glass, ions larger than Si, such as K and Na, are introduced
into the surface.

37. One method of strengthening the ceramic Si 3 N 4 is by producing a(n) acicular

microstructure.

38. The theoretical and observed tensile yield strength of whiskers is approximately equal
to 1/10 of the elastic modulus.

39. A carbon nanotube is one or more sheets of graphite wrapped into a cylinder
terminated at the ends.

40. A sheet of graphite that is one atom layer thick is called graphene.

41. Side branches on a polymer decrease the density, crystallinity, yield strength, and
elastic modulus.

42. An increase in crystallinity in a polymer increases the yield strength.

43. To orient the LCMs of a polymer, it must be rapidly deformed just above the glass
transition temperature and below the melting temperature.

44. If two polymers mix in the liquid state, this is called a(n) alloy.

45. A(n) plasticizer is a material added to a polymer to lower the glass transition
temperature.

117
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

46. The chlorine atoms on PVC polymer LCMs increase the amount of permanent-dipole
bonding between LCMs.

47. The LCMs of PMMA cannot easily slide past each other at room temperature,
because of steric hindrance.

48. PEEK, along with other polymers, such as PPE, PEK, PSU, and PES, is a high-
performance thermoplastic polymer.

49. LCMs of ABS have mers of PAN, BR, and PS on one polymer chain, resulting in a(n)
copolymer.

50. Thermoset polymers do not melt when heated to a high temperature in the presence of
oxygen.

51. The epoxy resin LCMs are crosslinked with covalent chemical bonds after mixing
with a hardener.

52. In a network thermoset polymer, there is 3-dimensional covalent bonding.

Design-Related Questions

1. Strain hardening is the least expensive process for strengthening metals, because no
expensive alloy elements are added, and it is only necessary to deform the metal with
standard deformation processes.

2. Solid solution strengthening is compatible with designs that require the part to be
heated during fabrication by processes such as welding or hot working.

3. If a precipitation hardened alloy that is aged to peak strength is heated during

processing to produce the part, the strength may be decreased.

4. The requirement to use powder metallurgy techniques makes oxide dispersion

strengthened metals expensive in comparison to other metal strengthening techniques.

5. In developing a precipitation hardened aluminum-copper alloy, what is the maximum

amount of copper in weight percent that can be completely in solution in a solid
aluminum-copper alloy at any temperature? 5 wt. %

6. In selecting a unalloyed alumina material for a design, it would be expected that the
one with the highest density would have the highest tensile strength.

7. The use of polymer blends and alloys in a design impedes the ability to recycle the
material.

118
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

8. Thermoset polymers cannot be melted for processing or recycling.

Engineer in Training-Style Questions

1. Strain-hardening in metals is due to

(a) A reduction in dislocation density due to dislocations running out of the crystals
(b) The creation of immobile dislocations by dislocation reactions
(c) A reduction in dislocation density by dislocation annihilation
(d) Foreign atoms pinning dislocations

2. Which of the following strengthening processes in metals does not require the addition
of foreign atoms or compounds to a pure metal?
(a) Grain boundary
(b) Dispersion
(c) Precipitation
(d) Solid solution

3. Which of the following is not expected to provide solid-solution strengthening?

(a) A large substitutional atom in the tensile strain region of an edge dislocation.
(b) A small substitutional atom in the compressive strain region of an edge dislocation.
(c) A small interstitial atom in the compressive strain region of an edge dislocation.
(d) A small interstitial atom in the tensile region of an edge dislocation.

4. The peak strength in a precipitation-hardened alloy occurs when

(a) The alloy is quenched.
(b) The precipitate is coherent.
(c) The precipitate changes from coherent to incoherent.
(d) The precipitate is incoherent.

5. Which of the following aging treatments of a precipitation-hardened alloy would be

expected to result in the most stable precipitate particles?
(a) As-quenched
(b) Under-aged
(c) Aged to peak strength
(d) Over-aged

6. Which of the following procedures would not increase the fracture strength of a
polycrystalline ceramic?
(a) Decreasing the porosity
(b) Solid-solution alloy additions to increase the yield strength
(c) Creating an acicular microstructure
(d) Mixing ductile steel wires with the ceramic

119
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

7. Which of the following procedures would not be expected to increase the yield
strength of LDPE?
(a) Quenching the LDPE to room temperature from the liquid state
(b) Increasing the crystallinity
(c) Increasing the molecular mass
(d) Decreasing the side branching

8. Which of the following materials is not cross-linked?

(a) Rubber
(b) Epoxy
(c) UHMWPE
(d) Polyester

9. Which of the following processes would you expect to produce small-diameter PE

fibers that have a very high tensile strength?
(a) Draw fibers from a liquid
(b) Draw fibers at a temperature just below the glass transition temperature
(c) Draw fibers at a temperature just above the glass transition temperature
(d) Draw fibers at room temperature

Problems

Problem 7.1: Predict the dislocation density present if polycrystalline copper is work
hardened to a shear yield strength of 500 MPa, using the results of Example Problem 7.1.

Solution:
From Example problem 7.1

τ y = τ 0 + kds G ρ 1/2 , τ 0 = 0   ,=

kds 1.06 ×10−10 m −1
τy = (1.06 ×10−10 m−1 )( 48.3 ×109 Pa ) ρ 1/2 =
0 + kds G ρ 1/2 = 500 ×106 Pa

Solve for ρ1/2

500 ×106 Pa
ρ=
1/2
= 9.8 ×107 m −1
51.2 ×10−1 Pa ⋅ m −1
ρ = 95×1014 m-2

Problem 7.2: Annealed polycrystalline low-carbon iron has a tensile yield strength of
60 × 106 Pa, and a dislocation density of 1 × 1013 m-2. This iron is cold-rolled to a tensile
yield strength of 600 × 106 Pa.
(a) Estimate the dislocation density of the cold-rolled iron.
(b) You must make some assumptions to solve this problem. Justify your assumptions.

120
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

Solution:
σy = σ 0 + kdt G ρ 1/2 =
60 × 106 Pa

Assume that σ 0 is zero because the strength of metals is very low at low dislocation
density. Thus there are two equations

kdt G (1×1013 m −2 )
1/2
1. kdt G ρ11/2 = Pa =
60 ×106 Pa
2. kdt G ρ=
2
1/2
600 ×106 Pa

Dividing equation 2 by equation 1:

ρ 1/2 600 ×106 Pa

= 2
= 10
(1×10 m−2 ) 60 ×106 Pa
13 1/2

ρ 2= (1×1013 m −2 )(102 ) = 1×1015 m −2

Problem 7.3: In Figure 7.4, the time for the fraction of residual strain in iron to drop to
0.6 at 400°C is 137 minutes, and at 450°C it is 15 minutes.
(a) Calculate the activation enthalpy for the recovery of cold work in iron.
(b) Comment on the magnitude of the activation enthalpy for recovery in comparison to
the activation enthalpy for vacancy diffusion in iron, and justify your result.

Solution:
(a) This is a rate theory problem and Equation 4.31 is used to solve for the activation
enthalpy.

T 1 =400°C=673 K, R 1 =1/137 minutes=0.0073 minutes-1

T 2 =450°C=723 K, R 2 =1/15 minutes=0.0667 minutes-1

R
k ln 1
R2
∆H a =
−
1 1
−
T1 T2

Substituting the rate results from temperatures 1 and 2 into Equation 4.31 and inserting
Boltzmann’s constant (k) of 8.62 × 10-5 eV/K·atom allows solution of ΔH a .

R eV 0.0073 min −1
k ln 1 8.62 ×10−5 ln
∆H a =
−
R2
=
− atom ⋅ K 0.0667 min −1
1 1 1 1
− −
T1 T2 673 K 723 K

121
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

eV eV
8.62 ×10−5ln 0.11 8.62 ×10−5 (−2.207)
∆H a =
− atom ⋅ K =
− atom ⋅ K
1.486 ×10−3 K −1 − 1.383 ×10−3 K −1 0.103 ×10−3 K −1
eV eV
−8.62 ×10−5
∆H a = (−2.148 ×104 K) = 1.85
atom ⋅ K atom

(b) The activation enthalpy for recovery of 1.85 eV/atom is less than 2.6 eV/atom for
vacancy diffusion of iron in iron. This is due to diffusion along dislocations and grain
boundaries in the strain hardened metal.

Problem 7.4: Predict the yield strength of the titanium in Figure 7.9 with 4 % pre-strain
if the grain size is reduced to 100 nm.

Solution:
First it is necessary to evaluate the terms σ 0 and k gb in Equation 7.3 using the SI system
of units for the titanium shown in Figure 7.7 with a pre-strain of four percent. In Figure
7.7, σ 0 is the stress when the grain size becomes infinite or when d-1/2 becomes zero or
64 kg (force) per square millimeter. The SI unit is Newtons per square meter and the
conversion factor from kg (force) per square millimeter is

kg
1 f 2 =9.806 MPa
mm

kg f
The value of σ 0 is σ 0 = 64 =628 MPa
mm 2

Analyzing the equation at d-1/2 = 1.25 (microns)-1/2 = 1.25 × 10-3 m-1/2. At the d-1/2 value of
1.25 (microns)-1/2 the yield stress is

= 843 MPa = σ 0 + k gb d −1/2 = 628 MPa + k gb (1.25 ×103 m −1/2 )

kg f
σ y = 86
mm 2
(843 − 628) ×106 Pa 215 ×106 Pa
k gb −1/2
= −1/2
=172 ×103 Pa ⋅ m1/2
1.25 ×10 m 3
1.25 ×10 m
3

−9 −8
d = 100 ×10 m = 10 ×10 m
−4 1/2
d= 3.16 ×10 m
1/2

d −1/2 0.316 ×104 m

=
σ= y σ 0 + k gb d −1/2 =628 ×106 Pa+ (172 ×103 Pa ⋅ m1/2 )( 0.316 ×104 m −1/2 )
σy =
628 ×106 Pa+54.4 ×107 Pa = 1172 MPa.

Problem 7.5: For the titanium with a 2 % pre-strain in Figure 7.9, what grain size would
result in a yield stress of 1000 MPa? You can use the results of Example Problem 7.2 to
determine your answer.

122
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

Solution:
From Example problem 7.2 we know the values of

kg f
σ 0 = 58 =569 MPa
mm 2
k gb =
196 ×103 Pa ⋅ m1/2
σ y = 1000 MPa = σ 0 + k gb d −1/2 = 569 ×106 Pa + (196 ×103 Pa ⋅ m1/2 )( d −1/2 )

Solve for d.

(1000 − 569) ×106 Pa 431×106 Pa

d -1/2
= =2.20 ×103 m −1/2
196 ×10 Pa ⋅ m
3 1/2
196 ×10 Pa ⋅ m
3 1/2

−6
=d 0.21×10 m

Problem 7.6: The room-temperature yield strength of very-low-carbon steel as a function

of the square root of the interstitial solid-solution carbon concentration is shown in Figure
7.12.
(a) Evaluate all of the constants in the equation for the tensile yield strength as a
function of solid-solution chemical composition.
(b) The maximum equilibrium composition of interstitial carbon possible in ferritic
iron is 0.0011 atom fraction (af). If an iron-carbon alloy of this composition could
be produced at room temperature, what should the yield strength be? You must
solve this problem analytically; you can check your result graphically.
(c) If the composition of 0.0011 af of carbon is exceeded, the extra carbon forms iron
carbide. If a specimen is produced with 0.0015 af of carbon, do you expect the
strength to be given by an extension of the line in the figure? Briefly explain your
answer.

Solution:
N
(a) σ 0 = 7 ×107
m2
σ=
y σ 0 + kss c1/ss 2

−2
ss = 1× 10
Evaluating the yield stress at c1/2 af 1/2

σ= σ 0 + kss c1/ss 2
css = 0.0011
N
N 2 N N
σ y = 7 ×10 2 + 8 ×10 1/2 (0.033 af 1/2 ) = 7 ×107 2 +26.5 ×107 2
7 9 m

m af m m
N
σ y =33.5 ×107 2
m

123
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

(c) No, the strength with precipitates should not have the same dependence upon
composition as the solid solution.

Problem 7.7: A dispersion-strengthened cutting tool will be made of a 80 vol %

commercial purity nickel matrix and 20 vol % synthetic diamond. Nickel has an elastic
modulus, given in Table 6.1, of 200 GPa and a tensile fracture strength of 400 MPa, and
synthetic diamond has an elastic modulus of 900 GPa and a tensile fracture strength of
1000 MPa. Estimate the tensile strength and elastic modulus of this alloy.

Solution:
The tensile strength is estimated as

=σ u v=
d σ d + vmσ m 0.20 (1000 MPa ) +0.80 ( 400 MPa ) =200 MPa+320 MPa=520 MPa

The elastic modulus is estimated as

=Ec v=
d Ed + vm Em 0.20 ( 900 GPa ) +0.80 ( 200 GPa ) = 180 GPa+160 GPa=340 GPa

Problem 7.8: In the precipitation-hardened aluminum-lithium alloy in Figure 7.13, the

average spacing measured between precipitate particles is 0.10 × 10-6 m. The shear
modulus of the alloy is 28 × 109 Pa. The tensile yield strength of the alloy as quenched
without any precipitates is 100 × 106 Pa. Aluminum is FCC with a lattice parameter of
0.404 nm. Predict the tensile yield strength of this alloy after formation of the
precipitates.

Solution:
The tensile yield strength of a precipitation hardened alloy is given by

2Gb
σ=
y σ0 +
L

The elastic modulus is G = 28 GPa.

For FCC metals the magnitude of the Burger's vector (b) is the magnitude of a vector of
the type

a
b = [110] =
0.202 × 10−9 m ( 2 ) = 0.286 × 10−9 m.
1/2

2
σ 0 = 100 MPa
2 ( 28 ×109 Pa )( 0.286 ×10−9 m )
σy =100 ×10 Pa + 6

0.10 ×10−6 m
σy =
100 ×106 Pa + 160 ×106 Pa = 260 ×106 Pa

124
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

Problem 7.9: Determine the increase in the open spacing between precipitate particles
that occurs when the 2014 aluminum alloy shown in Figure 7.17 is aged for 1000 h at
149°C (300°F), relative to the value at peak strength that is calculated in Example
Problem 7.5. Assume that the as-quenched yield strength of 100 MPa is the value of σ 0 ,
that the lattice parameter of FCC aluminum is 0.404 nm, and that the shear modulus of
this alloy is equal to that of aluminum given in Table 6.1.

Solution:
The tensile yield strength of a precipitation hardened alloy is given by

2Gb
σ=
y σ0 + .
L

For aluminum from Table 6.1 the alloy shear modulus is equal to 26.1GPa.

For face centered cubic metals the magnitude of the Burger's vector (b) is the magnitude
of a vector of the type

a
b = [110] =
0.202 ×10−9 m ( 2 ) =× 0.286 10−9 m.
1/2

2
σ 0 = 100 MPa

From Figure 7.17 the yield strength after 1000 hours ageing is approximately 320 MPa.
The only unknown is L the open space between the particles.

2 ( 26.1×109 Pa )( 0.286 ×10−9 m )

σy =
320 ×10 Pa =100 ×10 Pa +
6 6

L
14.9 Pa ⋅ m
320 ×106 Pa − 100 ×106 Pa =
L
14.9 Pa ⋅ m
Solving for L:=
L = 0.07 ×10−6 m
220 ×10 Pa
6

The open space between the particles has increased from 0.05 × 10-6 m to 0.07 × 10-6 m or
a 40% increase in aging from peak strength for 1000 hours.

Problem 7.10: An aluminum alloy with 4 wt % copper is to be precipitation-hardened.

The alloy is solution-treated and quenched, and after the quench the shear yield strength
is 38 × 106 Pa. Assume that the copper atoms remain in solid solution after the quench.
The alloy is then artificially aged to a shear yield strength of 180 × 106 Pa. Determine the
spacing between the precipitate particles that could produce this increase in yield
strength. The shear modulus of this alloy is 27 × 109 Pa, the lattice parameter (a) of the
aluminum alloy is 0.404 × 10-9 m, and aluminum is FCC with an atom at each lattice site.

125
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

Solution:
Gb 27 GPa ( b )
τy =
= τ0 +
180 MPa = 38 MPa +
L L
= =
b 0.404 =
nm(s in 45 ) 0.404 nm(0.707) 0.29 nm
27 ×109 Pa ( 0.29 ×10−9 m )
180 MPa − 38 MPa = 142 ×10 Pa = 6

L
7.83 Pa ⋅ m
Solving for L: L = 0.055 ×10−6 m =×
= 5.5 10−8 m
142 ×10 Pa
6

Problem 7.11: Isothermal aging curves in Figure 7.17 show that peak yield strength at
aging temperatures of 450°F (232°C) and 500°F (260°C) occurs in times of 100.6 hours
(4 hours) and 10-0.6 hours (0.25 hours), respectively. Calculate the activation enthalpy for
precipitate formation in this alloy.

Solution:
(a) This is a rate theory problem and Equation 4.31 is used to solve for the activation
enthalpy.

T 1 =450°F=232°C=505 K, R 1 =1/4 hr=0.25 hr-1

T 2 =500°F=260°C=533 K, R 2 =1/0.25 hr=4 hr-1

R
k ln 1
R2
∆H a =
− 4.31
1 1
−
T1 T2

Substituting the rate results from temperatures 1 and 2 into Equation 4.37 and inserting
Boltzmann’s constant (k) of 8.62 × 10-5 eV/K-atom allows solution of ΔH a .

R
k ln 1 0.316 h −1
k ln
∆H a =
−
R2
=
− 3.16 h −1
1 1 1 1
− −
T1 T2 505 K 533 K
eV
8.62 ×10−5 (−2.30)
∆H a =
−
k ln 0.10
=
− atom ⋅ K =
1.98
eV
1.98 ×10 K −1 − 1.88 ×10−3 K −1
−3 −3
0.10 × 10 K −1
atom

Problem 7.12: (a) Calculate the porosity of the alumina materials in Table 7.2, assuming
that the alumina is pure and that any change in density from the theoretical value of 3.97
g/cc is due to porosity. (b) Plot the natural log of the flexural strength and Young’s
modulus as a function of porosity to see if the plots agree with Equations 7.8 and 7.9. (c)
Evaluate the terms σ 0 , E 0 , m, and n. (d) Test your results by comparing calculated values
of σ f and E for a density of 3.42 g/cc to the measured values.

126
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

Solution:
ρt − ρ o ρ
(a) The calculation of porosity comes from the Equation 7.7 P = = 1− o
ρt ρt
Density porosity lnFS lnE
3.42 0.138539 5.690321 5.398127
3.6 0.093199 5.823007 5.620363
3.7 0.06801 5.863592 5.713695
3.9 0.017632 5.937497 5.913463
3.92 0.012594 5.991424 5.955798

Strength vs Porosity

6.05

5.95

5.9
Ln(FS MPa)

5.85

5.8

5.75

5.7

5.65
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Porosity

127
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

Elastic Modulus vs Porosity

5.9

5.8

5.7
Ln(E GPa)

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.3
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Porosity

The two plots are relatively linear; therefore the plots are in agreement with Equations
7.8 and 7.9

(c) From the plots lnσ 0 = 6.0, σ 0 =403 MPa.

∆x 6.0 − 5.68 0.32

=
n = = = 2.13
∆y 0.15 − 0 0.15

lnE 0 =6.0 E 0 =403 GPa

∆x 6.0 − 5.3 0.7

=
m = = = 4.67
∆y 0.14 − 0 0.14

(d) σ f σ 0 exp(
= = −nP) 403 MPa exp − 2.13(0.1385)
= 403 MPa exp − 0.744
σ f = (403 MPa)(0.745) = 300 MPa This is excellent agreement with the experimental
value of 296 MPa.

E= E0 exp(−mP= ) (403 GPa)exp − (4.67)(0.1385)=(403 GPa) exp − 0.646

E = (403 GPa)(0.524) = 211 GPa This is reasonable agreement with 221GPa.

128
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

Problem 7.13: A polymer blend will be 75 % PVC and 25 % vol fraction LDPE, to
provide additional ductility to the PVC. Estimate the elastic modulus, tensile strength,
and elongation to failure of the proposed blend if the LDPE and PVC have the following
properties:

LDPE: E=0.2 GPa, σ u =10 MPa, and ε f =500%

PVC: E=3.0 GPa, σ u =50 MPa, and ε f =30%

Solution:
Assume that all of the properties sum as the volume fraction rule of mixtures.

E =vPVC EPVC + vLDPE ELDPE =0.75(3.0 GPa)+0.25(0.2 GPa)

E = 2.25 GPa + 0.05 GPa = 2.3 GPa

σ u =vPVCσ uPVC + vLDPEσ uLDPE =0.75(50 MPa)+0.25(10 MPa)

σ u = 35 MPa + 2.5 MPa = 37.5 MPa

ε f =vPVC ε fPVC + vLDPE ε fLDPE =0.75(30%) + 0.25(500%)

ε f = 22.5% + 125% = 147.5%

129
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 7: Making Strong Materials

130
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.