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FLORAL DIVERSITY OF THE SACRED GROVES IN GANGAJALGHATI, BIKNA

AND ONDA BLOCKS OF BANKURA DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

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J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 14(1) : 29-39, 2017 Print : ISSN : 0973-0834
Impact Factor : 0.342 (2015) Online : ISSN : 2454-2601
Received : January, 2017 / Accepted : March, 2017 / Published Online : June, 2017

FLORAL DIVERSITY OF THE SACRED GROVES IN

GANGAJALGHATI, BIKNA AND ONDA BLOCKS OF
BANKURA DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Bulganin Mitra1*, Arna Mazumder1, Priyanka Das1, Imtiaz Imam2

and Argha Sarkar3
1
Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore,
Kolkata- 700053, West Bengal
2
Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Fruit garden,
Risa Colony, Shillong- 793003, Meghalaya
3
Department of Botany, Bankim Sardar College, P.O- Tangrakhali,
South 24 Parganas, Pin- 743329, West Bengal
*Author for correspondence: E-mail: bulganinmitra@gmail.com,

ABSTRACT
Forested patches with single tree to diverse forms of flora protected by the
local people with some customary myths and taboos associated are called sacred
groves (SGs). Removal of biological resources is strictly restricted from these
isolated patches and thus SGs are playing a significant role in the conservation
of biodiversity. Present communication reports on such sacred groves of Blocks
Gangajalghati, Bikna and Onda in Bankura district of West Bengal from
where 37 SGs are reported. Altogether, these 37 SGs hold a total of 46 plant
species belonging to 24 families with various functional values. Of them, 24
are medicinally important, 13 produce timber, 3 are ornamental trees, 2 shade
trees, 9 produce edible fruits, 2 are sacred trees and 20 species belong to the
non-timber product (NTP) genre.

Key words: Sacred groves (SGs), Conservation, Gangajalghati, Bikna,

Onda, NTP
INTRODUCTION
In India, the earliest documented work on sacred groves was by Brandis (1897).
The forerunner works in West Bengal are by Deb and Malhotra (1997, 2001) in
Bankura district of the State. Recent works include that of Mitra (2014), where 31
SGs of the Sonamukhi Block were studied. Mitra et al., (2015) documented 17 SGs
from Barjora (7), Saltora (7) and Chhatna (3) Blocks among a total of 22 Blocks of
Bankura region.

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 J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 14(1)

The Blocks Gangajalghati, Bikna and Onda in Bankura district, one of the semi-
arid districts of West Bengal were chosen as the study sites in this communication.
Present work documents 37 SGs from these 3 Blocks of Bankura district as stated
earlier. Of them, Gangajalghati is represented with 28 SGs followed by Bikna with
4 and Onda with 5. A total of 46 plant species belonging to 24 plant families are
reported from these SGs bearing various economic values, such as medicinal, timber
producing, ornamental, non-timber products (NTPs), fruit producing, etc. (Table 2).
The family Fabaceae holds the maximum number of plant species (8).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study area
Bankura lies in western part of West Bengal and is one of the prominent semi-
arid, tribal inhabitant districts. It is surrounded by plains of Bengal in the east
and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west. To the east and north-east the areas are
low-lying alluvial plains, to the west the surface gradually rises, with rocky hillocks
interspersed. Along northern boundary of the district Damodar river flows. Bankura
district is situated between the latitude 22° 38´ and 23° 38´ North and between
86° 36´ and 87° 46´ of East longitude. The district covers a total area of 6882 km2
approximately. The district is bounded by Burdwan district on the north, Burdwan
and Hoogly districts on the east, West Medinipur district on the south while district
Purulia lies to the west of West Bengal. The study area of the present study includes
three blocks of this district, viz., Gangajalghati, Bikna and onda (Fig. 1).

PURULIA BURDWAN

PASCHIM MIDNAPORE

Fig. 1. Map showing study areas in Bankura district (Blocks Gangajalghati, Bikna and
Onda) of West Bengal

30
Floral diversity of the sacred groves in Gangajalghati.....

Present study was conducted during the year 2010-2012. Plants were identified
in field by the local and forest people and with the help of a published book on flora
of Bankura by Sanyal (1994). Classification is followed after Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group (2016)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fortysix economically important plant species were found in 37 SGs of the three
Blocks as stated earlier. Details about each block are as follows and compiled in
Table 1.
Gangajalghati Block
The areas of the SGs here range from 201 m2 to 6700 m2. Hanspahari-2 and
with Kendbana are the smallest SGs having 201 m2 each and 2 and 6 plant species
respectively while Tapoban Pahar being the largest SG with 6700 m2 holds the lowest
number of plant species (1). Amjuri tops the list in terms of having the highest
number of plant species (10). (Table 1).
Bikna block
The areas of the sacred groves here range from 134 m2 to 2680 m2. The SG named
Kendrabani Majher Para is the largest in area (2680 m2) and holding 7 plant species.
The smallest SG is Kendrabani Nama Para with 134 m2 with 1 plant species, which
happens to be the lowest among all the 4 SGs of this Block.
Onda Block
Bhedua is the largest SG in this block with an area of 2010 m2 and 9 plants
species. The SG named Dipara (2) is the smallest in area and holds 5 plant species.
The areas of the SGs here range from 134 m2 to 2010 m2.
Table 1. Details of the Sacred Groves in the three Blocks of Bankura district

Name of the Sacred Geographical Area m2 Number of Plant species

Grove/ Than/ Deity Position (approx.) plant families (as per Sl. No.
present in Table 2)
Gangajalghati Block
1. Tapoban Pahar N 23°38´962´´, 6700 1 20
Vishnu and Parvati Ma E 087°11´773´´
2. Banagram- N 23°36´424´´, 670 3 5, 15, 36, 38
Nabakalyanpur-1 E 087°11´023´´
Jaher Than
3. Banagram- N 23°36´424´´, 1005 5 15, 24, 36, 37, 38
Nabakalyanpur-2 E 087°11´023´´
Jaher Than
4. Jambani N 23°33´876´´, 670 6 7, 12, 15, 24, 36,
Jaher Than E 087°11´871´´ 38, 40

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 J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 14(1)

Table 1. contd.
Name of the Sacred Geographical Area m2 Number of Plant species
Grove/ Than/ Deity Position (approx.) plant families (as per Sl. No.
present in Table 2)
5. Murgathol N 234.°32´966´´, 335 8 2, 7, 12, 19, 23,
Jaher Than E 087°13´029” 31, 37, 38
6. Dabra N 23°37´128´´, 1005 7 15, 19, 24, 31,
Jaher Than E 087°12´965´´ 36, 38, 42
7. Kendrabanath-l N 23°37´128´´, 670 4 1, 31, 38, 43
Jaher Than E 087°12´963´´
8. Kendbana N 23°42´552´´, 201 6 15, 19, 21, 31,
Jaher Than E 087°09´407´´ 36, 38
9. Bhuinphor- Majhi Para N 23°43´038´´, 335 6 6, 7, 12, 28, 31,
Jaher Than E 087°07´943´´ 38
10. Kulbana N 23°43´556´´, 670 6 8, 12, 15, 28, 36,
Jaher Than E 087°07´314´´ 38, 44
11. Geradhara N 23°42´606´´, 1340 4 5, 15, 31, 38, 40
Jaher Than E 087°06´829´´
12. Balikhoon N 23°42´622”, 1340 7 4, 8, 15, 19, 21,
Jaher Than E 087°06´839” 31, 38
13. Belbani N 23°42´622´´, 536 6 12, 14, 15, 28,
Jaher Than E 087°06´839´´ 31, 38
14. Suyabasa N 23°41´574´´, 2010 4 19, 31, 38, 44
Jaher Than E 087°03´281´´
15. Ramarbhuin N 23°40´656´´, 335 2 38, 45
Jaher Than E 087°40´967´´
16. Kayamati N 23°39´215´´, 670 3 1, 5, 15, 21, 38
Jaher Than E 087°04´620´´
17. Beriathol N 23°36´915´´, 670 7 15, 19, 21, 31,
Jaher Than E 087°04´741´´ 36, 38, 40
18. Hanspahari N 23°35´657´´, 1005 6 7, 10, 14, 28, 31,
Jaher Than E 087°05´159´´ 38, 42
19. Hanspahari-1 N 23°45´278´´, 2680 5 14, 31, 38, 42, 46
Jaher Than E 087°11´653´´
20. Hanspahari-2 N 23°45´272´´, 201 2 15, 25
Jaher Than E 087°11´659´´
21. Deuli N 23°35´655´´, 670 1 1
Jaher Than E 087°05´160´´
22. Malir bagan N 23°45´272´´, 1340 4 15, 19, 24, 36
Jaher Than E 087°11´659´´

32
Floral diversity of the sacred groves in Gangajalghati.....

Table 1. contd.
Name of the Sacred Geographical Area m2 Number of Plant species
Grove/ Than/ Deity Position (approx.) plant families (as per Sl. No.
present in Table 2)
23. Dhatol N 23°42´193´´, 1340 4 7, 15, 19, 42
Jaher Than E 087°14´244´´
24. Radhur Bandh N 23°42´611´´, 2680 2 24, 38
Jaher Than E 087°17´785´´
25. Kallapur- Majhipara N 23°40´998´´, 2680 2 32, 38
Jaher Than E 087°17´957´´
26. Amjuri N 23°41´016´´, 1340 10 3, 9, 19, 21, 22,
Jaher Than E 087°15´859´´ 31, 33, 38, 40, 42
27. Karanjuria-1 N 23°41´530´´, 670 4 1, 15, 20, 24
Jaher Than E 087°15´890´´
28. Karanjuria-2 N 23°41´609´´, 670 4 1, 5, 15, 20
Jaher Than E 087°15´780´´
Bikna
29. Kendrabani Upar Para N 23°35´937´´, 603 6 3, 12, 22, 27, 31,
Jaher Than E 087°03´549´´ 36
30. Kendrabani Majher Para N 23°35´565´´, 2680 7 2, 5,15, 24, 35,
Jaher Than E 087°03´801´´ 41, 42
31. Kendrabani Nama Para N 23°35´215´´, 134 1 15
Jaher Than E 087°03´814´´
32. Karanjora-Bandhgara N 23°37´021´´, 670 5 23, 31, 36, 38, 45
Jaher Than E 87°02´499´´
Onda
33. Kasidanga N 23°00´414´´, 469 8 6, 8, 18, 21, 27,
Jaher Than E 87°11´167´´ 32, 34, 39
34. Hanuman Hir N 23°00´500´´, 335 6 8, 9, 11, 25, 34,
Jaher Than E 87°11´110´´ 37
35. Dipara (1) N 23°00´640´´, 469 5 8, 9, 25, 26, 27
Jaher Than E 87°11´482´´
36. Dipara (2) N 23°00´708´´, 134 5 8, 9, 21, 24, 27
Jaher Than E 87°11´505´´
37. Bhedua N 23°20´099´´, 2010 9 7, 17, 19, 24, 30,
Jaher Than E 87°25´107´´ 31, 36, 37, 38

Altogether, 46 plant species belong to 24 families were recorded by studying the

37 SGs of the three Blocks. The family Fabaceae holds the highest number of plant
species (8). Study revealed Shorea robusta commonly known as Sal is the most
dominant species present in 23 SGs, followed by Butea monosperma, locally known as
Palash (18) and Madhuca indica called Mahua (14). Thirteen species like Alangium
33
 J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 14(1)

salvifolium, Bauhinia variegate, Bombax ceiba, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Dalbergia

sissoo, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Limonia acidissima, Neolamarckia cadamba, Nerium
indicum, Opuntia dillenii, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia bellirica and Vitex glabrata
were found to be present in one SG only out of 37.
The plant species can be categorized under various groups, like non-timber
producing, medicinal, timber producing, edible, sacred, shade, ornamental and
multipurpose as per their utilization pattern. One single plant species may have
one or more economic value. Ficus benghalensis or ‘Bot’ is one of the important shade
tree and sacred tree here. It also has good medicinal properties. Phoenix sylvestris
or ‘Taal’ produces edible fruits, the juice from its sap is also consumed and its dried
leaves are used for handicrafts. Madhuca indica or ‘Mahua’ is considered to be a
key species because it finds its usage in everyday life of the local inhabitants owing
to medicinal properties and ornamental value (Table 2).
Present communication reports 24 species having medicinal value (52.17%), 20
hold NTP producing category (43.47%), 13 are timber producing (28.26%), 9 produce
edible fruits (19.56%), the other includes 7 species (15.21%) under the category of
ornamental, shade and sacred trees (Fig. 2).

Timber

Fig. 2. Plant species and their uses in percentage (%)

Table 2. Plant species reported from SGs of Gangajalghati, Bikna and Onda
Blocks and their economic value
Reported
Botanical name Local name Family Economic value from (No.
of SGs)
1. Acacia auriculiformis Akashmani Fabaceae Medicinal value, 5
A. Cunn. Timber value
2. Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Chakolda/ Rubiaceae Medicinal value, 2
Brandis Chakolta Timber value

34
Floral diversity of the sacred groves in Gangajalghati.....

Table 2. contd.
Reported
Botanical name Local name Family Economic value from (No.
of SGs)
3. Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Bel Rutaceae Medicinal value, 2
Corr. NTP- Fruit
4. Alangium salvifolium Akor Alangiaceae Medicinal value 1
(Linn. f.) Wangerin
5. Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Shirish Fabaceae Medicinal value, 5
Willd. Timber value
6. Annona squamosa Linn. Aata Annonaceae NTP-Fruits 2
7. Anogeissus latifolia (DC.) Dha Combretaceae NTP- Leaves 6
Wallich ex Guill. & Perr.
8. Azadirachta indica A. Juss Neem Meliaceae Medicinal value 6
(NTP - Leaves,
fruit, twig, bark).
9. Bambusa arundinaceae Baansh Poaceae NTP 4
(Retz.) Willd. (Bamboo)
10. Bauhinia variegate Linn. Kanchan Fabaceae Medicinal value 1
11. Bombax ceiba Linn. Simul Bombacaceae NTP- Flower 1
buds and fruits,
Medicinal value
12. Borassus flabellifer Linn. Taal Arecaceae NTP- Fruit and 6
Leaves
13. Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Kasui Phyllanthaceae Medicinal value 4
Juss.
14. Buchanania lanzan Piyal Anacardiaceae NTP-Fruits 3
Spreng.
15. Butea monosperma Palash Fabaceae Medicinal value 18
(Lamk.) Taub.
16. Cassia fistula Linn. Bandarlathi/ Fabaceae Medicinal value 3
Sodhal/
Sonajhuri
17. Caesalpinia pulcherrima Krishnachura Fabaceae Ornamental 1
(L.) Sw.
18. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sisu Fabaceae Timber value 1
ex DC.
19. Diospyros melanoxylon Kend Ebenaceae Timber value, 10
Roxb. NTP- Leaves
20. Eucalyptus tereticornis Eucalyptus Myrtaceae NTP- Leaves 3
Smith.

35
 J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 14(1)

Table 2. contd.
Reported
Botanical name Local name Family Economic value from (No.
of SGs)
21. Ficus benghalensis Linn. Bot Moraceae Shade tree, 7
Sacred tree,
Medicinal value
22. Ficus hispida Linn. f. Dumur Moraceae Sacred tree 2
23. Ficus religiosa Linn. Aswathwa Moraceae Sacred tree, 2
Medicinal value
24. Glycomis pentaphylla Sheora Rutaceae Ornamental, 9
auct. Pl. Timber value,
Medicinal value
25. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gamar Lamiaceae Timber value, 2
Medicinal value
26. Holarrhena Kurchi Apocynaceae Medicinal value 2
antidysenterica (Heyna
ex Roth) A. DC.
27. Holoptelea integrifolia Challa/ Chiral Ulmaceae Timber value 6
(Roxb.) Planch
28. Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Lohajang Rubiaceae Timber value, 4
Smith Medicinal value
29. Lagerstroemia parviflora Sidha Lythraceae Timber value 1
Roxb.
30. Limonia acidissima Linn. Kayet Bel Rutaceae NTP- fruit 1
31. Madhuca indica Gmelin Mahua Sapotaceae Medicinal value 14
(NTP- fruit)
32. Mangifera indica Linn. Aam Anacardiaceae NTP-Fruits 2
33. Neolamarckia cadamba Kadam Rubiaceae Medicinal value 1
(Roxb.) Bosser
34. Nerium indicum Mill. Karabi Apocynaceae Ornamental 1
Gard.
35. Opuntia dillenii (Ker- Fani manasa Cactaceae Medicinal value 1
Gawl.) Haw.
36. Phoenix sylvestris (Linn.) Khejur Arecaceae NTP- Fruit and 12
Roxb. leaves
37. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Kusum Sapindaceae Medicinal value 3
Oken
38. Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Sal Dipterocarpaceae Timber value, 23
NTP- leaves
39. Strychnos nux-vomica L. Kuchila Loganiaceae Medicinal value 2

36
Floral diversity of the sacred groves in Gangajalghati.....

Table 2. contd.
Reported
Botanical name Local name Family Economic value from (No.
of SGs)
40. Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Jaam Myrtaceae NTP-Fruits 4
Skeels
41. Tamarindus indica Linn. Tentul Fabaceae Medicinal value, 1
NTP- fruit
42. Terminalia arjuna Arjun Combretaceae Medicinal value 6
Wt. & Arn. (NTP- Bark)
43. Terminalia bellirica Bahara Combretaceae NTP-Fruits 1
(Gaertn.) Roxb.
44. Terminalia chebula Hartaki Combretaceae NTP- Bark & 2
(Gaertn.) Retz. Fruit
45. Terminalia tomentosa Ason Combretaceae Timber value 2
Wight & Arn.
46. Vitex glabrata R. Br. Bhadu Lamiaceae Timber value 1

Bankura district of West Bengal represents a blend of different cultures and

traditions. Hinduism is the dominantly practiced religion in these Blocks of Bankura.
Other religious communities residing here include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santhal,
Sarin, Kheri, etc. Thirtyseven SGs are reported from these Blocks holding as few
as 1 species of plant to as high as 10 in a sole sacred grove. Often large areas are
occupied by these SGs, indicating the potential as a nature conserver which can
comprise a great diversity of flora and fauna as well Figs. 1-3.

Fig. 1. Gangajalghati

Fig. 2. Bikna Fig. 3. Onda

37
 J. Environ. & Sociobiol. : 14(1)

An interesting observation was made in Gangajalghati block. The Amjuri SG, with
an area of 1340 m2 harbours 10, the highest number of plant species flaunting a high
floral diversity among all the 37 SGs. It is also to be noted that a high diversity
among plant families corresponding to these 10 plant species is also found in this
SG amounting to as high as 9 families. Whereas the SG with largest area 6700 m2,
Tapoban Pahar holds only a single species that is Eucalyptus tereticornis, revealing
low species diversity. Moreover, among all the 37 SGs, the two smallest SGs each
bearing an area of 201 m2 named Hanspahari-2 and Kendbana contain 2 and 6
plant species respectively, which is more than that of Tapoban Pahar (Table 1). This
indicates that large area will not always necessarily hold large plant diversity. Bikna
Block holds as high as 7 plant species belonging to 5 families and Onda Block holds
9 species belonging to 8 families in a relatively smaller area. Not only species wise,
but also family wise these Blocks are very diverse again. Among all the 37 SGs,
the family Fabaceae is the most dominant family as it holds the maximum number
of plant species (8) (Table 2).
Sacred groves are the old-fashioned way of conserving the biodiversity of a place
by the local inhabitants where the elimination of any organism from that place in any
manner is forbidden (Ganesan et al., 2007). Herein the non-timber products (NTPs)
come into play for designing a strategy towards sustainable forest management.
NTPs are considered to be secondary forest products other than timber, basically
obtained from fallen or withered part of the tree, be it leaves, fruits, seeds, roots,
stem or bark. This can be treated as a new avenue towards conservation of forest
patches. Sal is the dominant tree in these Blocks, followed by Palash and Mahua
(Table 2). These trees are abundant and well conserved in the SGs of this region.
Also these SGs are conserving plant species which are very scarce in this Block.
Along with this floral diversity a large faunal diversity is associated ranging from
microscopic life forms like soil micro arthropods to large mammals. The protection
of biodiversity depends on the protection of these sacred groves (Negi, 2005).
Involvement of the local people in forest management and conservation programs
is the new inclination these days. The sacred groves involve the direct input by the
local inhabitants (Anthwal et al., 2006). This is one of the informal ways to eradicate
man and nature conflict. Declination of the forest patches due to urbanization and
anthropogenic pressure has put these SGs to risk (Chakraborti et al., 2016). Extra
care should be taken to keep this traditional practice of sacred groves alive.
CONCLUSION
The practice of sacred groves is limited to very few regions, especially in rural
and small areas, but this concept should be made widespread and popular in order
to protect the ancient, rare, endangered or even endemic species of both flora and
fauna. This communication serves to draw attention towards issues related to
conservation of the sacred groves in Bankura district of West Bengal. The current
status of the SGs in semi-arid regions of West Bengal is also well focused in this

38
Floral diversity of the sacred groves in Gangajalghati.....

study where anthropogenic influences have already begun to disturb the ecological
balance reducing the forest covers and serenity of the nature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are grateful to the Dr. Kailash Chandra, Director, Zoological Survey of
India, for giving necessary permission to carry out the study. Thanks are also due
to Sri K. C. Gopi, Additional Director, Zoological Survey of India, for his support.
Authors are thankful to the local people of the Bankura districts for sharing helpful
information and helping to carry the study smoothly.
REFERENCES
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. “An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV” (PDF),
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181(1): 1–20.
Anthwal, A., Sharma, R. C. and Sharma, A. 2006. Sacred Groves: Traditional way
of conserving plant diversity in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. The Journal
of American Sciences, 2(2): 35-38.
Brandis, D. 1897. Indigenous Indian Forestry : Sacred Groves. Indian Forestry,
Oriental Institute Woking, 12-13.
Chakraborti, U., Biswas, O., Das, A. K., Roy, S., Das, P. and Mitra, B. 2016. Studies
on Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees along the Eastern bank of river Hoogly of
North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Indian Forester, 142(2): 156-166.
Deb, D. and Malhotra, K. C. 1997. Interface between biodiversity and tribal cultural
heritage. Journal of Human Ecology, 8: 157-163.
Ganesan, S., Ponnuchamy, M., Kesavan, L. and Selvaraj, A. 2009. Floristic composition
and practices on the selected sacred groves of Pallapatty village (Reserved
forest), Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 8(2): 154-162.
Mitra, B. 2014. Insect faunal diversity in the Sacred Groves of Sonamukhi Block,
Bankura district, West Bengal, India. J. Environ. & Sociobiol., 11(1): 79-88.
Mitra, B., Das, P., Ghosh, S. and Mishra, P. 2015. Sacred Groves of Barjora, Chhatna
and Saltora Blocks of Bankura district, West Bengal. Indian Forester, 141(8):
861-865.
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