EE-120

BEE
OPEN ENDED LAB
INSTRUCTOR: RASHID
SYED M KAZIM
TC-22075
 WHAT IS DC MOTOR?
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current
power. In an electric motor, the operation is dependent upon
simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor
generates a magnetic field, when this is then placed in an
external magnetic field, it will encounter a force proportional to
the current in the conductor and to the strength of the external
magnetic field. It is a device that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy. It works on the fact that a current-carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force that
causes it to rotate with respect to its original position. Practical
DC Motor consists of field windings to provide the magnetic flux
and armature which acts as the conductor.
The input of a brushless DC motor is current/voltage and its
output is torque. Understanding the operation of the DC motor
is very simple from a basic diagram is shown below. DC motor
basically consists of two main parts. The rotating part is called
the rotor and the stationary part is also called the stator. The
rotor rotates with respect to the stator.

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 CONSTRUCTION OF DC MOTOR:
The construction of the DC motor is shown below. It is very
important to know its design before knowing it’s working. The
essential parts of this motor include armature as well as stator.

The armature coil is the rotating part whereas the stationary

part is the stator. In this, the armature coil is connected toward
the DC supply which includes the brushes as well as the
commutators. The main function of the commutator is to
convert the AC to DC which is induced in the armature. The
flow of current can be supplied by using the brush from the
motor’s rotary part toward the inactive outside load. The
arrangement of the armature can be done in between the two
poles of the electromagnet or permanent.

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DC Motor Parts:
In DC motors, there are different popular designs of motors
that are available like a brushless, permanent magnet, series,
compound wound, shunt, otherwise stabilized shunt. In
general, the parts of dc motor are the same in these popular
designs but the whole operation of this is the same. The main
parts of dc motor include the following.
Stator
A stationary part like a stator is one of the parts in DC motor
parts which includes the field windings. The main function of
this is to get the supply.
Rotor
The rotor is the dynamic part of the motor that is used to create
the mechanical revolutions of the unit.
Brushes
Brushes using a commutator mainly work as a bridge to fix the
stationary electrical circuit toward the rotor.
Commutator
It is a split ring that is designed with copper segments. It is also
one of the most essential parts of dc motor.
Field Windings
These windings are made with field coils which are known as
copper wires. These windings round approximately the slots
carried through the pole shoes.
Armature Windings
The construction of these windings in the DC motor is two
types like Lap & Wave.
Yoke
A magnetic frame like a yoke is designed with cast iron or
steel sometimes. It works like a guard.

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE:
An electrical machine that is used to convert the energy from
electrical to mechanical is known as a DC motor. The DC motor
working principle is that when a current-carrying conductor is
located within the magnetic field, then it experiences a
mechanical force. This force direction can be decided through
Fleming’s left-hand rule as well as its magnitude.
If the first finger is extended, the second finger, as well as the
left hand’s thumb, will be vertical to each other & primary
finger signifies the magnetic field’s direction, the next finger
signifies the current direction & the third finger-like thumb
signifies the force direction which is experienced through the
conductor.

F = BIL
Where,

‘B’ is the magnetic flux density,

‘I’ is current

‘L’ is the conductor’s length in the magnetic field.

Whenever an armature winding is given toward a DC supply,

then the flow of current will be set up within the winding. Field
winding or permanent magnets will provide the magnetic
field. So, armature conductors will experience a force because
of the magnetic field based on the above-stated principle.
The Commutator is designed like sections to attain uni-
directional torque or the path of force would have overturned
each time once the way of the conductor’s movement is
upturned within the magnetic field. So, this is the working
principle of the DC motor.

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 APPLICATIONS
The DC series motor produces high starting torque. And this
motor operates at various speeds. The speed of the DC series
motor is inversely proportional to torque.

Hence, the DC series motor is suitable for the application in

which high starting torque is required.

DC series motor widely used in the below listed applications.

• Electric traction
• Cranes
• Rapid transits system
• Conveyers
• Diesel-electric locomotive
• Elevators
• Hoists
• Trolley cars

Consequently, we had a summary of what is DC motor. It is a

machine that changes the form of direct current electrical
energy input to an output of mechanical energy. We also
analyzed its construction, working, types,and uses.

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