LAB MANUAL

"RESEARCH METHODOLOGY"

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Batch 2020-23

SUPERVISED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

DR. EISHA KHAN Devatava Zutshi
(Assistant Professor) (36115501721)

NEW DELHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

61, TUGHLAKABAD, NEW DELHI-62

P.G. 1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical titled “Research methodology- Lab”

submitted by Devatava Zutshi to New Delhi Institute of Management, Guru
Gobind Singh Indraprastha University in partial fulfilment of requirement for
the award of the Bachelor of Business Administration degree is an original piece
of work carried out under my guidance and may be submitted for evaluation.

The assistance rendered during the study has been duly acknowledged. No part
of this work has been submitted for any other degree.

Place: New Delhi Faculty Guide:

Date: Dr. Eisha Khan

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is not
different. Regardless of the source, I wish to express my gratitude to those who
may have contributed to this work, even though anonymously.

I would like to pay my sincere thanks to my Research Methodology-Lab

faculty Dr. Eisha Khan, under their guidance I was able to complete my
Practical successfully. I have been fortunate enough to get all the support,
encouragement and guidance from her needed to explore, think new and initiate.

My final thank goes out to myself who was always encouraged to persevere
through this entire process.

Devatava Zutshi

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 S.NO. Page. No.
INDEX

01. Introduction- SPSS

1.2 Types of SPSS

1.3 Applications of SPSS

02. Research Hypothesis &

Questionnaire construction

03. Excel (Data Manipulation)

04. Data in SPSS

05. Descriptive statistics

5.1 Frequency tables & Histograms

5.2 Crosstab & chi square Test

5.3 Independent sample T-test

5.4 One-way ANOVA

Correlation
5.5

P.G. 4
 Introduction
SPSS stands for “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences”. It is an IBM
tool. This tool firstlaunched in 1968. This is one software package. This
package is mainly used for statistical analysis of the data.
SPSS is mainly used in the following areas like healthcare, marketing, and
educational research,market researchers, health researchers, survey
companies, education researchers, government, marketing organizations,
data miners, and many others.

It provides data analysis for descriptive statistics, numeral outcome

predictions, and identifying groups. This software also gives data
transformation, graphing and direct marketing features to manage data
smoothly.

Features of SPSS

 The data from any survey collected via Survey Gizmo

gets easily exported to SPSS fordetailed and good
analysis.
 In SPSS, data gets stored in. SAV format. These data mostly
comes from surveys. Thismakes the process of
manipulating, analyzing and pulling data very simple.
 After getting data in the magic of SPSS starts. There is no end
to what we can do withthis data.
 SPSS has a unique way to get data from critical data also.
Trend analysis, assumptions,and predictive models are some of
the characteristics of SPSS.
 SPSS offers you in-depth statistical capabilities for analyzing the
exact outcome.
 SPSS helps us to design, plotting, reporting and presentation
features for more clarity.
P.G. 5
 Types of SPSS
It has two types of views those are Variable View and Data View:

Variable View
Name: This is a column field, which accepts the unique ID. This helps in
sorting the data. Forexample, the different demographic parameters such as
name, gender, age, educational qualification are the parameters for sorting data.
The only restriction is special characters which are not allowed in this type
Label: The name itself suggests it gives the label. Which also gives the ability
to add special characters.
Type: This is very useful when different kind of data’s are getting inserted.
Width: We can measure the length of characters.
Decimal: While entering the percentage value, this type helps us to decide
how much oneneeds to define the digits required after the decimal.
Value: This helps the user to enter the value.
Missing: This helps the user to skip unnecessary data which is not required
during analysis.
Align: Alignment, as the name suggests, helps to align left or right. But in this
case, for ex. Leftalign.
Measure: This helps to measure the data being entered in the tools
like ordinal, cardinal,nominal.
The data has to enter in the sheet named “variable view”. It allows us to
customize the datatype as required for analyzing it.

To analyze the data, one needs to populate the different column headings
like Name, Label,Type, Width, Decimals, Values, Missing, Columns,
Align, and Measures.
These headings are the different attributes which, help to characterize the data
accordingly.
P.G. 6
 Data View
The data view is structured as rows and columns. By importing a file or
adding data manually,we can work with SPSS.

Opening Data Files

SPSS has its own data file format. Other file formats it easily deals with
include MS Excel, plaintext files, SQL, Stata and SAS.Web analytics
data -often downloaded as Excel files- can easily be opened and further
analysedin SPSS.

Editing Data
In real world research, raw data usually need some editing before they can
be properly analysed. Typical examples are creating means or sums as new
variables, restructuring data ordetecting and removing unlikely
observations. SPSS performs such tasks -and more complex ones with
amazing efficiency. For getting things done fast, SPSS contains many
numericfunctions, string functions, date functions and other handy
routines.

Tables and Charts

All basic tables and charts can be created easily and fast in SPSS.
Typical examples are demonstrated under Data Analysis. A real
weakness of SPSS is that its charts tend to be uglyand often have a
clumsy layout. A great way to overcome this problem is developing and
applying SPSS chart templates. Doing so, however, requires a fair
amount of effort and expertise

Inferential Statistics
SPSS contains all basic statistical tests and multivariate analyses such as
 Crosstab Test
P.G. 7
  Chi-square test
 ANOVA Test
 Correlations and other association measures;
 Regression
 Non-parametric tests
 Factor analysis
 Cluster analysis

Some analyses are available only after purchasing additional SPSS options
on top of the mainprogram. An overview of all commands and the
options to which they belong is presented inOverview All SPSS
Commands

Saving Data and Output !

SPSS data can be saved as a variety of
file formats, including;MS Excel, Plain
text (.txt or .csv), Stata, OSAS

The options for output are even more elaborate: charts are often copy-
pasted as images in png format. For tables, rich text format is often used
because it retains the tables' layout, fonts andborders Besides copy-pasting
individual output items, all output items can be exported in one go pdf,
HTML, MS Word and many other file formats.

P.G. 8
 APPLICATIONS OF SPSS
SPSS is widely used in the social and behavioral sciences. It is also used
by health researchers,market researchers, survey companies, education
researchers, government, etc. Various windows can be opened when
using SPSS such as data editor, output navigator, pivot table editor, chart
editor, text output editor, and syntax editor. The data editor is a
spreadsheet in which variables can be defined and entered into the data.
Each row corresponds to a case while each column represents a variable.
This window opens automatically when SPSS is started. The output
navigator window displays the statistical results, tables, and charts from
the analysis. Output displayed in pivot tables can be modified in many
ways with the pivot table editor.

It is possible to modify and save high-resolution charts and plots by the

editor for a certain chart in an output navigator window. Text output
not displayed in pivot tables can be modifiedwith the text

output editor. SPSS contains all basic statistical tests and multivariate
analyses such as t-tests,chi-square tests, ANOVA, correlations and
regressions, non-parametric tests, cluster analysis, etc.

The typical workflow of SPSS software is as follows:-

• Opening data files in SPSS file format or others
• Editing data such as computing sums and means over columns or rows of

data
• Creating tables and charts containing frequency counts or
summary statistics over casesand variables
• Running inferential statistics such as one-way ANOVA, two-
way ANOVA, regression,correlation, factor analysis, etc.
• Saving data and output in different file formats

P.G. 9
 02). (i) Research Hypothesis
Step I: Firstly, you are required to give a relevant & suitable
topic to your researchthat determines It’s purpose.

Amul

Step II: Point out some specific objectives of your research.

 To analyze the customer satisfaction on amul products

Step III: Create a hypothesis either H0 (Null) OR H1 (Alternate) based
upon theObjectives & selective choice of your assumption.

02) (ii) Questionnaire construction (using Google

form)
P.G. 10
 Step I: Firstly, login to the Gmail & Click on Google form

P.G. 11
P.G. 12
 Step II: Customize the form accordingly, as per your research purpose

Step III: Create link and share the form to respective Participant.

 Final Output (URL link of

research form
 https://forms.gle/uSxgR3uq4jfX6DE38 )

P.G. 13
 03. Excel (Data manipulation with IF condition)
Step I: Open Google form and click on the green Excel Icon

Step II: After transferring the Respective responses/Data, use IF

condition to Manipulate it interms of Numbers.

P.G. 14
 Step III: Save the file into the system in Excel format. This
file will be used in SPSSfor analysis later.

P.G. 15
 04.SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences)
A. Steps to Install SPSS for windows-
 Go to the official website of IBM (www.ibm.com) &
download IBM SPSS fromany browser.
 After downloading the file, Install it in your system
 Open the SPSS software

(IBM SPSS interface)

B. Analyzing obtained data/responses

in SPSS(Descriptive statistics)-
After downloading SPSS in computer, the EXCEL data is being
transferred to SPSS so,it can be analyzed & express in Info-
graphics terms.

Techniques/Tests to be used for analysis;

i. Frequency tables & Histograms
ii. Crosstabs & chi square

P.G. 16
 iii. Independent sample T-test
iv. One-way ANOVA
v. Correlation
Step I: Open SPSS and go to the file explorer, select the
saved EXCEL file whichconsists manipulated research
responses of Google form.

Step II: Once after transferring the data, the data will be
classified into two types-Data view & Variable view by the
SPSS.

P.G. 17
 Data view

P.G. 18
 Variable view

i. Frequency tables & Histograms :-

Step I: Go to analyze option at the top of Interface and select Descriptive

statistics, then click onFrequencies option.

P.G. 19
P.G. 20
 Step II: Afterwards a new pop-up will get open, Drop down all the variables of left
side to Variablecolumn at right side.

Step III: For special formatting, select STATISTICS option (1), and apply required
outputs i.e, Mean,Median, Mode, std. deviation and so on.
Then got to the CHARTS section (2) underneath STATISTICS option, and select
the suitable charttype as per research.

(1)

P.G. 21
 (2)

{Frequencies & Histograms (Output)} –

(1) Age

Age group
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid LESS THAN 15 77 96.3 96.3 96.3
15-25 3 3.8 3.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

P.G. 22
 Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the Age frequency of this research.
Hence, the highest participants belongs to( Less than 15) age group having
96.3% participation, 3.8%People from the (15-25) age group

(Mean= 1.04, Std. deviation=.191, and N=80 respectively)

P.G. 23
 (2)
Gender
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid MALE 49 61.3 61.3 61.3
FEMALE 31 38.8 38.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the Gender frequency of this research.
The highest participants are male with 61,3% participation rate, and
afterwards female with38.8% participation rate.]

(3)

Location
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid DELHI NCR 67 83.8 83.8 83.8

P.G. 24
 FARIDABAD 10 12.5 12.5 96.3
DWARKA 3 3.8 3.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the Weight frequency of this research.
The maximum numbers of participants belongs to (Delhi ncr )with 83.8% ,
andafterwards 12.5% participants from (Faridabad) 3.8% participants from
(Dwarka)

P.G. 25
 (4)
According to you which is the most preferred milk after Amul milk?
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid MOTHER DIARY 65 81.3 81.3 81.3
COUNTRY DELIGHT 12 15.0 15.0 96.3
COW MILK 3 3.8 3.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows

“Which is the most preferred milk after Amul milk.
There are 81.3% participants who prefer Mother dairy, afterwards
participants who prefer Country delight 15.0% .participants 3.8% who
prefer Cow milk ].

(5)
You are buying amul milk due to its ;

P.G. 26
 Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid PRICE 48 60.0 60.0 60.0
QUALITY 7 8.8 8.8 68.8
TASTE 25 31.3 31.3 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “”.
There are 45.5% participants that do not have breakfast away from their
home, afterwards 31.8% participants who have breakfast for (1-2) times a
week away from home, 18.2% peopleprefer for (whole week) and 4.5%
participants prefer for (4-6) times a week as per the table]

(Mean= 1.71, Std. deviation=.917, and N=80 respectively)

P.G. 27
 (6)

How frequently do you buy milk ?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid DAILY 70 87.5 87.5 87.5
2-3 DAYS 5 6.3 6.3 93.8
4-6 DAYS 2 2.5 2.5 96.3
WEEKLY 3 3.8 3.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How
many times a week,people have Lunch away from their home”.
There are 87.5% participants that prefer lunch (1-2) times a week away
from their home, afterwards 27.3% participants like to have lunch for
(Whole week) away from home, 13.6%people prefer for (2-4) times
and 4.5% participants prefer for (4-6) times a week as per the table]

(Mean= 1.22, Std. deviation=.675, and N=80 respectively.

P.G. 28
 (7)

Do you want more amul parlour to be set up in your locality ?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid LESS THAN 1KG 60 75.0 75.0 75.0
1 TO 2KG 20 25.0 25.0 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How
many participants wants amul parlour ”.
75.0 % participants want more amul parlour afterwards 25.0%
participant don’t want as per the table].
(Mean= 1.25, Std. deviation=.436, and N=80 respectively)

(8)

Are you satisfied with the taste and quality of the milk?

P.G. 29
 Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid YES 75 93.8 93.8 93.8
NO 5 6.3 6.3 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

P.G. 30
 Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Satisfied
with the taste and Quality of the milk

There are 98.3% participants are satisfied , afterwards 6.3% participants

are not satisfied the taste and quality of milk asper the table].

(Mean=1.06 , Std. deviation=.224, and N=80 respectively)

(9)
At what time of the day do you like to have milk?
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid IN MORNING 53 66.3 66.3 66.3
IN AFTERNOON 26 32.5 32.5 98.8
IN EVENING 1 1.3 1.3 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

P.G. 31
 Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “At
what time of the day do you like to have milk ”.
Overall 66.3% participants have milk in morning, afterwards 32.5%
participants have milk in afternoon , and 1.3% participants have milk in
evening as per the table]

(Mean= 1.35, Std. deviation=.506, and N=80 respectively)

P.G. 32
 (10)

How many Glase

Frequ Perce Valid Cumulativ

ency nt Percent e Percent
Val 1-2 3 13.6 13.6 13.6
id 2-4 10 45.5 45.5 59.1

4-8 5 22.7 22.7 81.8

More 4 18.2 18.2 100.0
than 8
Total 22 100.0 100.0

s of water, do you
intake
in a
day ?

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that

shows “Number of glasses of waterintake by participants in a
day”
Overall 54.5% participants are purely Non-vegetarian, afterwards 36.4%
participants are notnon-vegetarian, and 9.1% participants prefer non-veg
rarely as per the table]
(Mean= 2.45, Std. deviation=.963, and N=80 respectively)

ii. Crosstab & chi square Test :-

Step I: Go to Analyze Option in SPSS (1), select Descriptive statistics (2)

and click on crosstabs(3).
P.G. 33
 A new pop will open, Put factor of Research in Row section &
other variables in Columnsection.

1
4

2
5

Step II: Once after doing Step I, Click on Statistics & select chi square
(4). Then click on Cellsbutton beneath Statistics, and select row &
columns (5).

Step III: Press OK to proceed.

P.G. 34
 {Crosstab & chi square Analysis (Output)} -

Case Processing
Summary Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Age group * Location 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
Age group * According to you which is the most preferred 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
milk after Amul milk?
Age group * You are buying amul milk due to its ; 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
Age group * How frequently do you buy milk ? 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
Age group * Do you want more amul parlour to be set up in your 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
locality ?
Age group * Are you satisfied with the taste and quality of the 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
milk?
Age group * At what time of the day do you like to have milk? 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
Gender * Location 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
Gender * According to you which is the most preferred milk 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
after Amul milk?
Gender * You are buying amul milk due to its ; 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
Gender * How frequently do you buy milk ? 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
Gender * Do you want more amul parlour to be set up in your 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
locality ?
Gender * Are you satisfied with the taste and quality of the milk? 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%
Gender * At what time of the day do you like to have milk? 80 100.0% 0 0.0% 80 100.0%

P.G. 35
  Age *Group*location

Crosstab
Crosstab
Count
Location
DELHI NCR FARIDABAD DWARKA Total
Age group LESS THAN 15 65 9 3 77
15-25 2 1 0 3
Total 67 10 3 80

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 67 respondents belongs to delhi , 10 belongs to
faridabad , & 3 belobgs to dwarka.

In (dehli ncr) category- 65 participants belongs to (less than 15) age

group, whereas 2 participants belongs to (15-25) age group
In (faridabad) category 9 participants belongs to (less than 15) age
group, whereas 1 participant belongs to (15-25) age group
In (dwarka) category- 3 participants belongs to (less than 15) age
group, whereas no participant belongs to (15-25) age group

P.G. 36
 Chi-Square Tests Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 1.308 2 .520
Likelihood Ratio 1.099 2 .577
Linear-by-Linear Association .233 1 .629
a.
N 4ofcells
Valid(66.7%)
Cases have expected count less 80
than 5. The minimum expected
count is .11.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .247 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .247 > 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be accepted.

Age *

Crosstab
Count
According to you which is the most preferred milk
after Amul milk?
MOTHER COUNTRY
DIARY DELIGHT COW MILK Total
Age group LESS THAN 15 63 11 3 77
15-25 2 1 0 3
Total 65 12 3 80

P.G. 37
 Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 65 respondents belongs to delhi , 12 belongs to
faridabad , & 3 belobgs to dwarka.

In (mother dairy) category- 63 participants belongs to (less than 15)

age group, whereas 2 participants belongs to (15-25) age group
In (country delight) category 11 participants belongs to (less than 15)
age group, whereas 1 participant belongs to (15-25) age group
In (cow milk) category- 3 participants belongs to (less than 15) age
group, whereas no participant belongs to (15-25) age group

Chi-Square Tests Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square .897 2 .639
Likelihood Ratio .840 2 .657
Linear-by-Linear Association .145 1 .704
a.
N 4ofcells
Valid(66.7%)
Cases have expected count less 80
than 5. The minimum expected
count is .11.
a. 11 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .27.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .322 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .322 > 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be accepted.

Age *

P.G. 38
 Crosstab
Crosstab
Count
You are buying amul milk due to its ;
PRICE QUALITY TASTE Total
Age group LESS THAN 15 45 7 25 77
15-25 3 0 0 3
Total 48 7 25 80

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 48 respondents belongs to delhi , 7 belongs to
faridabad , & 25 belobgs to dwarka.

In (price) category- 45 participants belongs to (less than 15) age

group, whereas 3 participants belongs to (15-25) age group
In (quality) category 7 participants belongs to (less than 15) age
group, whereas no participant belongs to (15-25) age group
In (taste) category- 25 participants belongs to (less than 15) age group,
whereas no participant belongs to (15-25) age group
.

Chi-Square Tests Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 2.078a 2 .354
Likelihood Ratio 3.143 2 .208
Linear-by-Linear Association 1.883 1 .170
N of Valid Cases 80

P.G. 39
 a. 3 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .26.
a. 11 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .095 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .095 > 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be accepted.

P.G. 40
 Age group * How frequently do you buy milk ?

Crosstab
Count
How frequently do you buy milk ?
DAILY 2-3 DAYS 4-6 DAYS WEEKLY Total
Age group LESS THAN 15 67 5 2 3 77
15-25 3 0 0 0 3
Total 70 5 2 3 80

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 70 respondents belongs to delhi , 5 belongs to
faridabad , 2 belongs to faridabad & 25 belobgs to dwarka.

In (daily) category- 67participants belongs to (less than 15) age group,

whereas 3 participants belongs to (15-25) age group
In (2-3) category 5 participants belongs to (less than 15) age group,
whereas no participant belongs to (15-25) age group
In (4-6) category- 2 participants belongs to (less than 15) age group,
whereas no participant belongs to (15-25) age group
In (weekly) category- 3 participants belongs to (less than 15) age
group, whereas no participant belongs to (15-25) age group

Chi-Square Tests

P.G. 41
 Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square .445 3 .931
Likelihood Ratio .818 3 .845
Linear-by-Linear Association .347 1 .556
N of Valid Cases 80
a. 7 cells (87.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .08.
A. 14 cells (93.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .931which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .931 > 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be accepted.
Age group * Do you want more amul parlour to be set up in your locality ?

Crosstab
Count
Do you want more amul parlour to be
set up in your locality ?
LESS THAN
1KG 1 TO 2KG Total
Age group LESS THAN 15 59 18 77
15-25 1 2 3
Total 60 20 80

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic Significance (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-
Value df sided) sided) sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 2.886a 1 .089
Continuity Correctionb 1.039 1 .308
Likelihood Ratio 2.411 1 .120
Fisher's Exact Test .153 .153
Linear-by-Linear 2.850 1 .091
Association

P.G. 42
 N of Valid Cases 80
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .75.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .089 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .089 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 13.6 % participants in (Never) category,
50% Participants in (1-2) category, 4.5 % participants in (4-6) category,
31.8% participants in (whole week) category.
Crosstab
Count
Are you satisfied with the taste and
quality of the milk?
YES NO Total
Age group LESS THAN 15 72 5 77
15-25 3 0 3
Total 75 5 80

In (4-6) category- 25 participants belongs to (less than 15) age group,

whereas no participant belongs to (15-25) age group

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic Significance (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-
Value df sided) sided) sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square .208 1 .649
Continuity Correctionb .000 1 1.000

P.G. 43
 Likelihood Ratio .395 1 .530
Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .822
Linear-by-Linear .205 1 .651
Association
N of Valid Cases 80
a. 3 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .19.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .649 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .649 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

P.G. 44
 Age group * At what time of the day do you like to have milk?

Crosstab
Count
At what time of the day do you like to have milk?
IN MORNING IN AFTERNOON IN EVENING Total
Age group LESS THAN 15 53 23 1 77
15-25 0 3 0 3
Total 53 26 1 80

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 6.474 2 .039
Likelihood Ratio 6.990 2 .030
Linear-by-Linear Association 5.150 1 .023
N of Valid Cases 80
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .04.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .039which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value =
.039 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

Gender * Location

Crosstab
Count
Location
DELHI NCR FARIDABAD DWARKA Total

P.G. 45
 Gender MALE 42 6 1 49
FEMALE 25 4 2 31
Total 67 10 3 80

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 1.050 2 .592
Likelihood Ratio 1.019 2 .601
Linear-by-Linear Association .717 1 .397
N of Valid Cases 80
a. 3 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 1.16.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .592 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .592 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

Gender * According to you which is the most preferred milk after Amul milk?

Crosstab
Count
According to you which is the most preferred milk
after Amul milk?
MOTHER COUNTRY
DIARY DELIGHT COW MILK Total
Gender MALE 40 6 3 49
FEMALE 25 6 0 31
Total 65 12 3 80

Chi-Square Tests
P.G. 46
P.G. 47
 Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 2.540 2 .281
Likelihood Ratio 3.567 2 .168
Linear-by-Linear Association .198 1 .656
N of Valid Cases 80
a. 3 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 1.16.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .281 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .281 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

Gender * You are buying amul milk due to its ;

Crosstab
Count
You are buying amul milk due to its ;
PRICE QUALITY TASTE Total
Gender MALE 30 3 16 49
FEMALE 18 4 9 31
Total 48 7 25 80

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.109a 2 .574
Likelihood Ratio 1.077 2 .584
Linear-by-Linear Association .000 1 .983
N of Valid Cases 80

P.G. 48
 a. 2 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 2.71.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .574 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .574 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

Gender * How frequently do you buy milk ?

Crosstab
Count
How frequently do you buy milk ?
DAILY 2-3 DAYS 4-6 DAYS WEEKLY Total
Gender MALE 44 2 1 2 49
FEMALE 26 3 1 1 31
Total 70 5 2 3 80

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 1.171 3 .760
Likelihood Ratio 1.137 3 .768
Linear-by-Linear Association .122 1 .727
N of Valid Cases 80
a. 6 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .78.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .560which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value =
.760 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the

P.G. 49
 groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

Gender * Do you want more amul parlour to be set up in your locality ?

Crosstab
Count
Do you want more amul parlour to be
set up in your locality ?
LESS THAN
1KG 1 TO 2KG Total
Gender MALE 41 8 49
FEMALE 19 12 31
Total 60 20 80

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic Significance (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-
Value df sided) sided) sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.074a 1 .024
Continuity Correctionb 3.950 1 .047
Likelihood Ratio 4.978 1 .026
Fisher's Exact Test .034 .024
Linear-by-Linear 5.010 1 .025
Association
N of Valid Cases 80
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 7.75.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .024which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value =
.024 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

P.G. 50
 Gender * Are you satisfied with the taste and quality of the milk?

Crosstab
Count
Are you satisfied with the taste and
quality of the milk?
YES NO Total
Gender MALE 48 1 49
FEMALE 27 4 31
Total 75 5 80

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic Significance (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-
Value df sided) sided) sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.824a 1 .051
Continuity Correctionb 2.194 1 .139
Likelihood Ratio 3.802 1 .051
Fisher's Exact Test .071 .071
Linear-by-Linear 3.776 1 .052
Association
N of Valid Cases 80
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.94.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .051 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value
= .051 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

Gender * At what time of the day do you like to have milk?

Crosstab

P.G. 51
 Count
At what time of the day do you like to have milk?
IN MORNING IN AFTERNOON IN EVENING Total
Gender MALE 34 14 1 49
FEMALE 19 12 0 31
Total 53 26 1 80

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 1.421 2 .491
Likelihood Ratio 1.759 2 .415
Linear-by-Linear Association .272 1 .602
N of Valid Cases 80
a. 2 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .39.
Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .491which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value =
.491 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesiswill be rejected.

T-Test

Independent Sample T-test :-

Step I: Choose the “Analyze” section at the top of SPSS interface, go to “compare
means” optionand select Independent Sample T-test.

Step II: Put all the scale variables or Dependent value in “Test Variable”
section, and drag thenominal factor of research in “grouping variable” which
consist of two groups only.

P.G. 52
 Step III: press OK to proceed

P.G. 53
 {Independent Sample T-test (Output)} -

Group Statistics
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
SATISFACTION MALE 49 3.5918 .93359 .13337
FEMALE 31 4.0323 .87498 .15715

Independent Samples Test

Levene's
Test for
Equality
of
Variance
s t-test for Equality of Means
95%
Confidence
Significanc Interval of
e the
Mean Std. Error Difference
One- Two- Differenc Differenc
F Sig. t df Side Side e e
dp dp Lower Upper
SATISFACTIO Equal .69 .40 - 78 .019 .038 -.44042 .20918 - -
N variance 5 7 2.10 .8568 .0239
s 5 7 7
assumed
Equal - 67.04 .018 .036 -.44042 .20612 - -
variance 2.13 1 .8518 .0290
s not 7 3 1
assumed
Interpretation;

01- The Sig.(Significant) value of scale variable one is .407 which is higher
than 0.05 i.e., (Sig.
= .407> 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference
among the groups andtherefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis will be

P.G. 54
 accepted.

Independent Samples Effect Sizes

95% Confidence Interval
a
Standardizer Point Estimate Lower Upper
SATISFACTION Cohen's d .91150 -.483 -.938 -.026
Hedges' correction .92038 -.479 -.929 -.025
Glass's delta .87498 -.503 -.967 -.032
a. The denominator used in estimating the effect sizes.
Cohen's d uses the pooled standard deviation.
Hedges' correction uses the pooled standard deviation, plus a correction factor.
Glass's delta uses the sample standard deviation of the control group.

One-way ANOVA-

Step I: Go to Analyze section in SPSS, open Compare means and select One-way
ANOVA.

Step II: Put all the scale variables or Dependent value in “Dependent List”
section, and drag thenominal factor of research in “Factor” section on the basis of
which research is to be concluded.

P.G. 55
 Step III: press OK to proceed

{One-way ANOVA (Output)} -

P.G. 56
 Descriptives

95% Confidence
Intervalfor
Std. Mean Mini Maxi
N Mean Deviation Std. Lower mum mum
Error Bound Upper
Bound
In a day, how 10- 14 1.93 .829 .221 1.45 2.41 1 3
many times you 20
include Salad in 21- 6 2.17 .753 .307 1.38 2.96 1 3
your Meals? 30
31- 2 2.00 .000 .000 2.00 2.00 2 2
40
Total 22 2.00 .756 .161 1.66 2.34 1 3
A healthy lifestyle 10- 14 1.7857 .89258 .23855 1.2704 2.3011 1.00 4.00
depends upon 20
Multiple factors 21- 6 1.6667 1.21106 .49441 .3957 2.9376 1.00 4.00
rather than diet? 30
31- 2 1.5000 .70711 .50000 -4.8531 7.8531 1.00 2.00
40
Total 22 1.7273 .93513 .19937 1.3127 2.1419 1.00 4.00

P.G. 57
 ANOVA
SATISFACTION
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1.034 2 .517 .590 .557
Within Groups 67.453 77 .876
Total 68.488 79

ANOVA Effect Sizesa,b

95% Confidence Interval
Point Estimate Lower Upper
SATISFACTION Eta-squared .015 .000 .086
Epsilon-squared -.010 -.026 .063
Omega-squared Fixed-effect -.010 -.026 .062
Omega-squared Random-effect -.005 -.013 .032
a. Eta-squared and Epsilon-squared are estimated based on the fixed-effect model.
b. Negative but less biased estimates are retained, not rounded to zero.

P.G. 58
Interpretation;

One-way ANOVA was performed to compare the effect sizes of two variables on
different Age group
Since, Sig,(significant) value of Variable one is .086 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (Sig.
value = .086< 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the groups
and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis will be rejected..
 Since, Sig,(significant) value of Variable one is .557 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (Sig.
value = .557 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and
therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis will be rejected.

5. Correlation

Step I: Choose the “Analyze” section at the top of SPSS interface

(1) , go to “Correlate” option

(2) and select “Bivariate”
(3) Step II: Put all the scale variables or Dependent value in “Variables”
section (4), and select “Pearson” as Correlation coefficient
(5), also “Two-tailed” as Test of significance (
6). Then select “Flag significant correlations” at the bottom
(7). Step III: press OK to procee

Step III: press OK to proceed

P.G. 59
 61

P.G. 60
 4

Correlations
At
Do wh
you at
want Are tim
Accord mor you e of
ing to You How e satisfi the
you are much amul ed day
which buyi amou parlo with do
is the ng nt of ur to the you
most amu How milk be taste like
preferr l freque do set and to
ed milk milk ntly do you up in qualit hav
Age after due you purch your y of e
Locati gro Gen Amul to its buy ase local the mil
on up der milk? ; milk ? daily? ity ? milk? k?
Spearm Locatio Correlat 1.000 .08 .074 -.021 - -.074 .123 - -.113 -
an's rho n ion 4 .044 .091 .03
Coeffici 5
ent
Sig. (2- . .45 .516 .851 .695 .516 .279 .424 .316 .75
tailed) 6 9
N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

P.G. 61
 Age Correlat .084 1.0 -.022 .067 - -.074 -.046 .190 -.051 .28
group ion 00 .158 1*
Coeffici
ent
Sig. (2- .456 . .847 .554 .163 .512 .683 .092 .653 .01
tailed) 2
N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Gende Correlat .074 - 1.00 -.002 .007 .081 -.203 .252* .219 .09
r ion .02 0 1
Coeffici 2
ent
Sig. (2- .516 .84 . .983 .951 .474 .071 .024 .051 .42
tailed) 7 1
N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Accord Correlat -.021 .06 -.002 1.000 .102 .007 -.077 .078 .130 -
ing to ion 7 .11
you Coeffici 8
which ent
is the Sig. (2- .851 .55 .983 . .367 .950 .498 .490 .250 .29
most tailed) 4 6
preferr N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
ed milk
after
Amul
milk?
You Correlat -.044 - .007 .102 1.00 .025 .037 .011 .048 -
are ion .15 0 .14
buying Coeffici 8 7
amul ent
milk Sig. (2- .695 .16 .951 .367 . .825 .745 .924 .675 .19
due to tailed) 3 2
its ; N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
How Correlat -.074 - .081 .007 .025 1.000 .139 - .218 .14
freque ion .07 .028 0
ntly do Coeffici 4
you ent
buy Sig. (2- .516 .51 .474 .950 .825 . .218 .803 .052 .21
milk ? tailed) 2 5
N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

P.G. 62
 How Correlat .123 - -.203 -.077 .037 .139 1.000 .100 .005 .02
much ion .04 1
amoun Coeffici 6
t of ent
milk do Sig. (2- .279 .68 .071 .498 .745 .218 . .377 .964 .85
you tailed) 3 3
purcha N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
se
daily?
Do you Correlat -.091 .19 .252* .078 .011 -.028 .100 1.00 .209 -
want ion 0 0 .04
more Coeffici 1
amul ent
parlour Sig. (2- .424 .09 .024 .490 .924 .803 .377 . .063 .71
to be tailed) 2 7
set up N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
in your
locality
?
Are Correlat -.113 - .219 .130 .048 .218 .005 .209 1.000 -
you ion .05 .07
satisfie Coeffici 1 3
d with ent
the Sig. (2- .316 .65 .051 .250 .675 .052 .964 .063 . .51
taste tailed) 3 7
and N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
quality
of the
milk?
At Correlat -.035 .28 .091 -.118 - .140 .021 - -.073 1.0
what ion 1* .147 .041 00
time of Coeffici
the ent
day do Sig. (2- .759 .01 .421 .296 .192 .215 .853 .717 .517 .
you tailed) 2
like to N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
have
milk?
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

P.G. 63
 Interpretation;

Correlation is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are
linearly related (meaning they change together at a constant rate). It’s a common tool for
describing simple relationships without making a statement about cause and effect.

Correlations are also tested for statistical significance.

Correlations are useful for describing simple relationships among data. For example,
imagine that you are looking at a dataset of campsites in a mountain park. You want to
know whether there is a relationship between the elevation of the campsite (how high up
the mountain it is), and the average high temperature in the summer.

For each individual campsite, you have two measures: elevation and temperature. When you
compare these two variables across your sample with a correlation, you can find a linear
relationship: as elevation increases, the temperature drops. They are negatively correlated.

P.G. 64
 REFERENCE
S
https://www.educba.com/what-is-spss/

https://forms.gle/uSxgR3uq4jfX6DE38

https://www.ibm.com/in-en/products/spss-statistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amul

P.G. 65