Chng 13

TNH CHUYN V CA H THANH

Trong cc bi ton ring bit ko (nn) ng tm, un ngang phng, xon thun tu chng ta trnh by cch xc nh chuyn v (thng qua tnh bin dng) ca cc mt ct ngang. Tuy vy cc phng php trnh by khng mang tnh cht tng qut, bi v i vi cc h thanh phng cng nh khng gian ta cha tnh c, hoc cng nh cha xc nh c chuyn v theo mt phng bt k ngay trong bi ton thanh thng. Trong chng ny chng ta s trnh by phng php tng qut xc nh chuyn v ca thanh v h thanh. 13.1. NGUN L CHUYN V KH D. Ngi u tin pht biu nguyn l ny l Bcnuli, sau l Lagrng hon thin v trnh by trong sch gio khoa gii tch. Sch ny c dch t ting Php sang ting Nga v xut bn ti Matscva nm 1950. Nguyn l nh sau: mt h c cc lin kt hon thin trng thi cn bng ti mt v tr no , iu kin cn v l tng cng ca lc t ln h trong cc chuyn v kh d v cng b l bng khng. Chuyn v kh d l chuyn v v cng b sao cho trong cc chuyn v cc lin kt ca h khng b ph v. Mt lin kt hon thin l mt lin kt m tng cng cc phn lc trong tt c mi chuyn v kh d ca c h l bng khng. Cc trng hp sau y c th xem l nhng lin kt hon thin: 1. Mt cht im hoc mt vt rn lun lun t ln mt mt nhn c nh.V mt nhn nn xem nh khng c lc ma st, phn lc lin kt c phng theo phng php tuyn vi b mt. Cc chuyn v kh d c th xy ra trong mt phng tip tuyn vi mt t v nh vy cng ca cc phn lc trong cc chuyn v l bng khng. 2. Cc lin kt l bt ng, ngha l cc lc lin kt khng gy nn cng. 3. Khp ni gia cc vt th. Khp ny to nn cc phn lc ngc chiu, nn cng ca chng trong cc chuyn v kh d 1 l bng khng (hnh 13.1). Ta hy p dng nguyn l trn cho mt vt th n hi. V d c mt h n hi c biu din nh hnh 13.2. Gi ds l mt phn t v cng b tch ra bi hai mt ct [1-1] v [2-2] cch nhau mt khong cch ds. H c xem nh mt tp hp cc phn t n hi ds. Di tc dng ca ngoi lc P v cc phn lc ti A v B, th trn cc mt ct [1-1] v [2-2] xut hin cc thnh phn ni lc. By gi ta gy cho h mt chuyn v kh d. Mt chuyn v nh vy c th c c bng cch t mt h mi no to cho h mt trng thi bin dng mi hay lm cho h bin dng bng nhit .

39

q
N B

ds
1 1 2 2 B

A Hnh 31.1: Khp ni gia cc vt th c phn lc ngc chiu nhau

Hnh 13.2:H n hi theo nguyn l chuyn v kh d Ta nhn thy cng kh d y khng ch c cng Ang do ngoi lc to nn m cn c cng kh d An do ni lc to nn. Do ta c: Ang+An= 0 (13-1) V l biu thc ca nguyn l chuyn v kh d p dng vo mt h n hi. 13.2. CNG THC MOHR XC NH CHUYN V Trc ht ta hy cp n bi ton phng. Bi ton t ra nh sau: Cho khung phng chu lc nh hnh 13.3. i hi ta phi tnh chuyn v theo phng K ca trng tm mt ct qua D. ds
C Pm 1 1 H A 2 2 D K B Mm Qm 1 1 2 Mm

Nm

Nm

ds

Qm

Hnh 13.3: Tnh chuyn v cho mt khung phng Ta gi trng thi chu lc hnh 13.3 l trng thim, tc ngoi lc cng nh ni lc ca h u mang ch s m nh du. Chng ta coi chuyn v theo phng K do lc trng thi m gy ra nn c k hiu l km. D nhin Pm cng gy ra chuyn v cho mi v tr ca h. Nh vy, nu xt mt phn t ds no gii hn bi hai mt ct [1-1] v [2-2] s b tc dng bi ni lc Nm, Qm, Mm (hnh 13.4) Cc thnh phn ni lc ny to nn chuyn v tung i gia hai mt [1-1] v [2-2] , cc chuyn v c trnh by nh sau: 1. Chuyn v dc theo chiu trc: N ds ds m = m (13-2) EF 2. Chuyn v gc tng i (hnh 13.5): 40

Hnh 13.4: S ni lc trn mt phn t

M m ds (13-3) EJ 3. Chuyn v trt tng i gia hai mt ct (hnh 13.6): m = tb ds Trong : tb- Gc trt t i trung bnh. Gi tr gc trt t i t l vi ng sut tip do Qm gy nn trn cc mt ct. Ta c th tnh tr s ng sut tip trung bnh vi Q cng thc: tb = m F Trong : - l h s iu chnh ng sut do Qm gy ra phn b khng u trn mt ct.V d: vi mt ct hnh ch nht : =1,2 32 Vi mt ct trn: = 27 F Vi mt ct ch I: = F F lng long Trong : F- Din tch ton phn; Flng- Din tch ca lng ch I. Q ds T ta c: m = tb ds = m (13-4) G GF By gi ta hy tng tng to nn mt trng thi K bng cch b tt c cc ngoi lc trng thi m v t vo phng K mt lc PK (hnh 13.7). PK v cc phn lc RK gy nn cc thnh phn ni lc NK, QK v MK trn cc mt ct [1-1] v [2-2], nh hnh 13.8.
d m =

ds
C 1 1 2 D 2

PK B NK MK QK 1 1 2 MK

NK

ds

QK

Hnh 13.7: To trng thi K V h l mt h cn bng nn cng ca ngoi lc v ni lc ca h trong bt k mt chuyn v kh d no cng phi bng khng. Ta hy chn ngay trng thi bin dng ca trng thi m nh l cc chuyn v kh d. Cng ca ngoi lc khi l PKkm ; cn cng ca ni lc th ta cha tnh c, nhng ta phi c : PKkm+An=0 (13-5) Ta ch rng cc phn lc RK ti A v B khng sinh cng v cc gi ta bt ng. tnh cng An ta n phn t ds. Ta thy rng: cc thnh phn ni lc NK, QK v MK trn cc mt ct [1-1] v [2-2] i vi phn t c th xem nh cc ngoi lc

Hnh 13.8: S ni lc trn cc mt ct

41

tc dng ln ds. Phn t c cc chuyn v kh d l dsm , m v dm . Cng ca ngoi lc lc ny l: dA ng = N K ds m + Q K m + M K d m Theo nguyn l chuyn v kh d , ta phi c: N K ds m + Q K m + M K d m + dA n = 0 (13-6) Ta a cc gi tr (13-2), (13-3), (13-4) vo (13-6), ta c: N Nm Q Q M Mm (13-7) dA n = K ds + K ds + K m ds EJ EF GF i vi mt thanh, hoc mt h thanh th cc thnh phn MK, Mm, NK ,Nm ,Qk, Qm , c th v thng l hng s hoc hm s lin tc sut chiu di ca thanh hoc h thanh. Nn cng ca ni lc ca thanh hoc h thanh s l tng cc tch phn ca tng on m trong mi on phi m bo hm s lin tc hoc hng s. V vy cui cng tng qut ho bi ton, ta c cng thc tnh cng ni lc ca ton h s l: M Mm N Nm Q Q A n = K ds + K ds + K m ds (13-8) EJ EF GF Thay (13-8) vo (13-5), ta c: Q Qm M Mm N Nm PK Km = K ds + K ds + K ds (13-9) EJ EF GF Nu em chia hai v cho PK hay ni mt cch khc i trong trng thi k ly lc P K =1/mt n v, th t ta c cng thc chuyn v Km: Q Qm NK Nm MK Mm ds Km = (13-10) ds + K ds + GF EF EJ Trong : M K , N K , Q K l cc thnh phn ni lc trong h do P K = 1 gy nn. Cng thc c gi l cng thc Mohr. i vi bi ton khng gian, khi trn cc mt ct ngang c y su thnh phn ni lc, th cng thc Mohr c dng nh sau: M yK M ym M zK M zm M xK M xm dz + dz + dz + Km = EJ x EJ y EJ z
Q yK Q ym Q Q xm N zK N zm dz (13-11) dz + xK dz + GF GF EF Trong : dz- di ca phn t; dz=ds v cc thnh phn ni lc c biu din nh hnh 13.9. Trn y ta tm chuyn v thng theo phng K. Tt c mi im ta va chng minh cng s hon ton ng khi ta cn tm gc xoay ca mt ct ngang no ca h th ta thay P K = 1 bng mt m men mk=1 ti ni cn tnh gc xoay, sau tm cc i lng ni lc M K , N K , Q K nh trn v a vo cng thc Mohr v thc hin cc php tnh c gc xoay ti .T c th suy rng ra khi ta cn tm chuyn v thng tng i ca h hay gc xoay tng i ca hai mt ct ti hai im bt k no ca h, khi ta s to nn trng thi k bng cch t hai lc tp trung hai chiu trc i +

42

nhau hay hai m men ngc chiu c gi tr l 1, ri sau cng lp li qu trnh tnh ton nh lm. K hiu Km tu theo trng hp, s c ngha l gc xoay ca mt ct ngang, dch gn hay dch xa ca hai trng tm hai mt ct v gc xoay tng i ca hai mt ct. MK = 1
Mx C Qx My Nz Qy Mz D B

x
A

Hnh 13.10: To trng thi K tnh gc Hnh 13.9: S xoay gia hai mt ct ni lc V d: tm gc xoay ca mt ct D, ta to ra trng thi k nh trn hnh

13.10. tm dch gn gia hai im D v H, ta to nn trng thi k nh trn hnh 13.11 PK = 1

C D B C D H A

MK = 1
B

PK = 1 H
A

MK = 1

Hnh 13.11: To trng Hnh 13.12: To trng thi K tm dch thi K tnh gc xoay gn gia hai im gia hai mt ct tnh gc xoay tng i gia hai mt ct ngang qua D v H, ta to trng thi k nh hnh 13.12 13.3. MT S NH L QUAN TRNG 13.3.1. nh l v cng tng h (cn gi l nh l Beti). nh l pht biu nh sau: Cng ca ngoi lc trng thi m trn chuyn v ca trng thi k l bng cng ca ngoi lc trng thi k thc hin trn chuyn v ca trng thi m. Thc vy, t biu thc (13-9), ta lun c:
PK Km = Pm mk = Q Qm N Nm MK Mm ds (13-13) ds + K ds + K GF EF EJ

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13.3.2. nh l v chuyn v n v: Nu hai trng thi m v k u l cc trng thi do lc n v tc dng theo phng m v phng k gy nn, khi cc chuyn v km v mk l cc chuyn v n v v c k hiu km v mk . Tht vy, cn c vo biu thc (13-13) khi PK = Pm = 1 , th:

MK Mm Q Qm NK Nm ds + ds + K (13-14) ds EJ EF GF Do ta c th pht biu nh l ny nh sau: Chuyn v n v theo phng k do lc mt n v theo phng m gy nn l bng chuyn v theo phng m do lc mt n v tc dng theo phng K gy nn. nh l ny c gi l chuyn v n v tng h MaxWell. nh l ny gip ta n gin nhiu khi gii cc h siu tnh. V d 1: Cho mt dm chu lc nh trn hnh v 13.13. Xc nh vng v gc xoay ti A (b qua nh hng ca lc ct ). cng EJ=const. Bi gii: Ta xem trng thi cho ca dm q 1 l trng thi m. H trc to c chn nh hnh z v. Gi z l honh ca mt ct [1-1]. M men A z 1 un Mm trn mt ct c tr s l: l z2 M m = q (a) 2 tnh vng A, ta to nn trng thi k Hnh 13.13: Dm chu lc nh hnh 13.14. M men trn mt ct [1-1] l: M K = l z (b) y ta b qua nh hng ca lc ct, cn lc dc Nz l bng khng. Do chuyn v thng ng ti A s c tr s l: 4 l l M Mm q l z3 1 km = YA = K dz = q dz = 8EJ x EJ x 2 EJ x 0 0 tnh gc xoay ti A, ta to nn trng thi k nh hnh 13.15, khi ta c: M K = 1 l M Mm Vy: dz km = A = K EJ x 0 Km = mK =
z2 1 ql A = q dz = 2 EJ x 6EJ x 0
l

PK = 1
z

1 1 z

MK = 1
z

1 1 z

Hnh 13.14: To trng thi K tnh vng ti A 44

Hnh 13.14: To trng thi K tnh gc xoay ti A

Cc kt qu nhn c trn y l nhng tr s dng, iu c ngha l vng v gc xoay cng chiu vi P K v M K . V d 2: Cho gin chu lc nh hnh 13.16. Tm chuyn v thng ng ti A. Cc thanh cng lm bng mt vt liu v cng c mt ct nh nhau, cc thanh 2, 3, 4 v 6 u c chiu di bng a. C 4 Bi gii: Ta xem trng thi cho ca h l D trng thi m. Tr s lc dc trong cc thanh c c 5 1 bng ln lt tch cc nt A, B, C nh sau: 1 2 3 N m = P 2 , N m = P , N m = 0 0
5 6 N4 m = 2P , N m = P 2 , N m = P E B A 6 2 tm chuyn v thng ng ti A ta b lc P v P thay vo mt lc PK = 1 .Tr s ni lc trong cc Hnh 13.6: Mt gin thanh s l: chu lc 3 N1 2 ; N2 k = k = 1 ; N k = 0
5 6 N4 k = 2 ; N k = 2 ; N k = 1 y m men un v lc ct bng khng, nn chuyn v thng ng ti A s l: l N Nm ds km = YA = K EF 0

45

P 2 2 a 2 P la 2P 2 2 2 a P 2 2 a 2 P l a + + + + EF EF EF EF EF Pa = 10 + 4 2 EF Kt qu dng chng t l chuyn v xung di, tc l cng chiu vi PK . 13.4.PHNG PHP NHN BIU CA VRSAGHIN. Khi mt ct ngang ca thanh khng i trn tng on, khi cc thnh phn cng thc Mohr (13-1) c th vit nh sau: YA =

km

= G (z ) f (z )dz
i =1 0

li

(13-15)

G(z)

Nu trong lun lun c mt hm s bc nht, th cc tch phn s c thc hin mt cch n gin. O z l dz By gi ta gi s trn mt on di t 0 li no m Z f(z) l mt hm s bc nht v G(z) c th l mt ng cong no (xem hnh 13.17). Nh vy ta c th biu din: f(z)=az+b (13-16) em thay (13-16) vo (13-15) v tnh tch phn O F(Zc) l l cho mt on t 0 li , sau s suy rng ra cho tng qut cc tch phn, ta s c: Hnh 13.17:Phng I = (az + b ) G (z )dz (13-17) php nhn biu ca Vrsaghin

45

Trong : tch G(z)dz l vi phn din tch d ca biu thc G(z). Ta c th vit (13-17) di dng: I = (az + b ) G (z )dz = a zd + b d (13-18)

Trong :

l din tch ca biu thc G(z) t 0 li v

zd l m men

tnh ca biu G(z) i vi trc tung (trong chng c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang). Tr s ny c th tnh vi biu thc: zd = Z c

Trong : Zc- Honh trng tm ca . Vy biu thc (13-18) c th c vit li dui dng: I = aZ c + b = (aZ c + b ) (13-19) Trong : aZc+b=f(Zc) l tung ca biu thc f(z) ti honh Zc ca biu thc G(z) v (13-19) s l: (13-20) I=f(Zc) Cui cng thc hin mt tch phn no theo Mohr m mt phng trnh biu din ni lc l bc nht th tch phn c tnh bng din tch ca biu kia nhn vi tung ca biu bc nht ny ng vi trng tm C ca biu kia (biu ng cong). V d 3: Tm vng ti B v gc xoay ti A ca dm chu lc nh hnh 13.18 (b qua nh hng ca lc ct) Bi gii: Ta hy tm gc xoay ti A. q To nn trng thi k hnh 13.19. V b qua nh hng ca lc ct, nn gc xoay ti A s A C B c tnh vi biu thc: l l l MK Mm 2 2 km = A = dz EJ x 0 Hnh 13.18: Mt dm Cc biu thc Mm v M K c biu ch l c din nh hnh 13.20 Theo php nhnVrSaghin,ta c: MK = 1 2 ql 2 1 1 ql 3 A = l = 3 8 2 EJ x 24EJ x l Ch : Hnh 13.19: To trng 2 ql 2 l : l din tch ca biu Mm thi K 3 8 ql (ng cong). 1 2 : l tung ng vi trng tm C a 8 (M m ) C (ca biu Mm) ly trn biu M K (ng thng). l l Du : v hai biu m men nm v 2 hai pha. b) M
K

Hnh 13.20: Biu Mm 46

Kt qu mang du m (v hai biu c th cng khc nhau), iu c ngha l gc xoay ti A c chiu ngc li vi chiu M K chn. tm vng ti B, ta to nn trng thi k (hnh 13.21a). Biu m men M K c biu din trn hnh 13.21b.V thc hin php nhn biu theo VrSaghin ca hai biu Mm (hnh 13.20a) v biu M K (hnh 13.21b) PK = 1 C y ta nhn thy trong hai on AB a) A B v BC biu M K c biu din bng cc ng thng khc nhau, v vy tnh biu thc tch phn ta cng chia biu b) theo hai thnh phn t A n B v t B n ( MK C. Do Mm v M K iu l nhng biu i xng, cho nn ta c th thc hin nhn 1 biu cho mt na v sau nhn i, ta Hnh 13.21: To trng thi s c kt qu: K tnh vng ti B (a) 2 2 ql l 5 l 1 v biu Mk (b) km = YB = 2 3 8 2 8 4 EJ x = 5 ql 2 384 EJ x

V d 4: Tm vng ti B ca dm chu lc nh hnh 13.22a (b qua nh hng ca lc ct ) Bi gii: Biu m men trng thi m c biu din trn hnh 13.22b. tnh chuyn v ti B, ta to ra trng thi k nh hnh 13.23a, biu m men c biu din trn hnh 13.22b. q a)
A l m
P l 3 P l 3

P
C
l 3

b)

A 2

C 1 C

c)

A 3

Hnh 13.22: ravng cdi a m ch u l c Chng ta c th chia hnhTm 13.22b lm ba n d tch 1, 2 , 3 nh trn hnh (a); Biu m men trng thi m(b); 11.22c v thc hin php nhn biu vi M K nh trn hnh 13.23b. Chia din tch tnh ton (c)

47

Tuy nhin ta nhn thy ngay php nhn biu VrSaghin gia hai biu Mm v M K l phc tp, v kh xc nh c trng tm din tch Mm trong khong AC. trnh s phc tp , ta c th xem biu Mm trong khong nh tng cng ca mt biu bc nht v mt ng bc 2 (hnh 13.24a,b). iu cng ging nh chng ta xem rng trng thi m l tng cng ca hai trng thi: trng thi ch c mt mnh lc P tc dng (hnh 13.24a) v trng thi ch c mt mnh lc q tc dng (hnh 13.24b). Vi cch ta c th thc hin c php nhn mt cch d dng: M Mm 1 km = YB = K ds = (1 y1 + 2 y 2 + 3 y 3 ) EJ x EJ x
1 Pl l 2 l 1 Pl 2 l 2 ql 2 1 l 1 = 2 8 3 3 3 + 2 3 l 3 3 3 8 l 2 3 EJ x 3 4 4Pl ql = 41EJ 72EJ x

Ch : Tng t nh trn, nu gp biu trong on AC l ng thng IK ct qua trc honh (hnh 13.25), th ta c th xem biu l tng ca cc biu biu din bi cc ng AKC v KIC.

I A K C

Hnh 13.25: Khi AC ct V d 5:Tm chuyn v ngang ti A v trc honh gc xoay tng i gia hai mt ct ti gi ta A v C ca khung chu lc nh hnh v (hnh 13.26a). Gi thit b qua nh hng ca lc dc v lc ct n chuyn v ca khung. Bi gii: Ta xem trng thi chu lc ca khung l trng thi m. Biu Mm c biu din nh trn hnh 13.26b. tm chuyn v ngang ti A ta to trng thi k nh trn hnh 13.27. Chuyn v ngang ti A s l:
km = YA =
0 2 l

MK Mm dz EJ x

1 ql 2 2 ql 2 5 1 l l l l YA = + 2 2 3 3 2 8 EJ x 3ql 4 YA = 8EJ x

48

(nhn biu Mm hnh 11.26b vi biu hnh 13.27)

l

a) q

ql 2 b) 2

EJx=con st

ql 2
B

(Mm)

ql 2 Hnh 13.26: Khung chu lc (a); Biu Mm (b) Mun xc nh gc xoay tng i gia hai mt ct B v C ta to nn trng thi K nh trn hnh 13.28 v ta c : 1 ql 2 2 ql 2 1 BC = l + 2 2 3 2 EJ x 7 ql 3 12 EJ x (nhn biu Mm trn hnh 13.26b vi biu trn hnh 13.28) BC = PK = 1 A
1 1 1 1 A 1 C

MK = 1

MK
B 1 1

MK MK = 1
B 1

Hnh 13.27: To trng Hnh 13.28: To trng thi k tnh thi k xc nh chuyn v ngang ti A gc xoay ti B v C V d 6: Vi khung chu lc trn y, hy tm chuyn v ngang ti D l im gia ca AB. Bi gii: To nn trng thi K nh hnh 13.29, ta nhn thy php nhn biu Vrsaghin trong on AB tr nn phc tp v ta phi chia biu thnh hai phn trn hai on AD v DB m trng tm mi phn ta iu cha xc nhn.

49

 trnh kh khn , ta xem biu Mm trn on AB nh tng hai biu (hnh13.30). 1 2 PK = 1

1

ql 2 2
=

A
D

1 2 MK ql 2 4

+D

ql 2 B 8

ql 2 B 8

1 2 Hnh 13.29: To trng Hnh 13.30:Phn tch biu thi K M Vi cch , ta c th thc hin php nhn VrSaghin d dng: l M Mm km = YD = K dz EJ x 0
ql 2 l 2 l 2ql 2 l 1 2 l ql 2 2ql 2 1 l l + + 2 + 8 2 2 2 + 1 2 2 3 2 8 2 2 3 2 = 2 EJ x 2 ql l 5 l 3 8 2 8 2 4 89 ql YD = 384 EJ x Khi s dng phng php VrSaghin cn ch nhng iu sau y: 1. Nu hai biu do ti trng v trng thi k (do P K sinh ra) u l ng bc nht c th ta c th tnh din tch biu ny nhn cho tung biu kia ng vi trng tm ca biu ly din tch. 2. Nu ch c mt biu bc nht th tung phi ly ti biu ng vi trng tm ca din tch biu kia (biu ng cong). 3. Nu cc biu c dng phc tp v khng lin tc th ta chia ra tng on sao cho mi on l hm s lin tc d tnh c din tch v cng nh d xc nh c trng tm ri cng li. d tnh trng thi m ta v biu ng vi tng ti trng v thc hin php nhn vi tt c cc biu M K ri cng li. 4. Trong php nhn, nu hai biu Mm v M K cng pha th kt qu mang u +. iu cng c ngha l chuyn v ng nh chiu P K chn. Nu kt qu mang du , th chuyn v ngc li so vi chiu P K chn v bin dng theo chiu ngc li. Bng 13.1 gii thiu cch tnh din tch v xc nh trng tm ca mt s hnh. Bng 13.1 l = hl 3 Bc 2 C l zc Zc = l 4 l
h

50

zc l
C

Bc 3

zc

Bc n

zc

Bc 2
l

CU HI T HC:

l hl 4 l Zc = l 5 l = hl (n + 1) l Zc = l (n + 2) 2l = hl 3 3 Zc = l 8 =

13.1. Khi nim v cng kh d ? 13.2. Cng thc Mohr xc nh chuyn v ? 13.3. Nhng nh l rt ra t cng thc Mohr ? 13.4. Cch nhn biu VrSaghin v thun li ca n ? 13.5. Nhng ch khi s dng phng php nhn biu VrSaghin ?

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