HEAT TRANSFER

(ME 411)

Fall 2010

Chapter 2

Kazem M. Osaily

kazemosaily@hotmail.com

Department of Mechanical Engineering PPU

 Heat Source Systems
1D Conduction with heat generation
1. PLANE WALL

∂ 2T q
+ =0
∂x 2
k
q
Boundary Conditions: T0
T = Tw @ x = ±L Tw
Tw
General solution:
L x
q 2 L
T ( x) = − x + C1 x + C2
2k
q 2
where C1 = 0; C 2 = Tw + L
2k
The temperature distribution is then :

q 2 *1
T ( x) = ( L − x 2 ) + Tw
2k

To determine the centerline temperature we have

q 2 *2
T ( x = 0) = T0 = L + Tw
2k
 T − Tw x2
 =1− 2
 T0 − Tw L
*1 & *2 
 T − T0 x 2
 = 2
 Tw − T0 L
2. Cylinder with Heat Source

∂ 2T 1 ∂T q
+ + =0
∂r 2
r ∂r k
R
Boundary Conditions:
T = Tw @ r=R

dT
=0 @ r=0 (Continuous temperature distribution)
dr
General solution:
q 2
T (r ) = − r + C1 ln r + C2
4k
q 2
where C1 = 0; C 2 = Tw + R
4k
The temperature distribution is then become:

q *1
T (r ) = ( R 2 − r 2 ) + Tw
4k
To determine the centerline temperature we have

q 2 *2
T (r = 0) = T0 = R + Tw
4k

 T − Tw r2 T
 =1− 2
*1 &  T0 − Tw R T0
*2 
 T − T0 r2
 = 2
 Tw − T0 R r=0 r
3. Hollow Cylinder with Heat Source

∂ 2T 1 ∂T q
+ + =0
∂r 2
r ∂r k

Boundary Conditions: ro ri
T = Ti @ r = ri

T = To @ r = ro

General solution:
q 2
T (r ) = − r + C1 ln r + C2
4k
q 2 2
Ti − To + (ri − ro )
C1 = 4k
where ln(ri / ro )
q 2
C 2 = To + ro − C1 ln ro
4k
 Heat Source with Convection
1D Convection with heat generation
Find temperature at the center of the wire, T0.

q = hA(Tw − T∞ ) = RI 2 = P Tw
I=200A
r
Where: ρ = 70 µΩCm
L=1m
ρL
R= = 0.099Ω ( Electrical Re sis tan ce)
A T∞ =110 o C h=4000 W/m2 oC

q = 0.099 × 200 2 = 3960W

q = 3960 = 4000 × π(3 ×10 −3 ) ×1× (Tw −110) Tw=215 oC

 We know that:

q 2
T (r = 0) = T0 = ro + Tw
4k
Where:
q q 3960
q = = 2 = = 560 . 23 × 10 6
W / m 3

V πr L π (1.5 ×10 −3 ) 2 ×1

560.23 ×10 6
T(r = 0) = T0 = × (1.5 ×10 −3 ) 2 + 215
4(19)

T0 = 231.6 oC Temperature at the center of the wire..

 Conduction-Convection Systems (Fins)

t << L 1D heat transfer qconv.

Energy balance:

q x = q x +dx + dq conv. qcond.

dT
q x = −kA
dx

dT d 2 T
q x +dx = −kA( + 2 dx)
dx dx
d 2 T hP
dq conv. = hPdx(T − T∞ ) 2
− (T − T∞ ) = 0
dx kA
 Changing variable:

θ = (T − T∞ )

d 2 θ hP
2
− θ=0
dx kA
Physical situation:

Case1 : Fin is very long, that is T | x= l = T∞

Case2 : Fin is of finite length, that is q cond. | x= l = q conv. | x= l

Case3 : Fin is insulated at the end, that is q cond. | x= l = 0

CASE 1: (Fin is very long)

d θ hP
2 Boundary conditions:
2
− θ=0 θ = θ0 @ x=0
dx kA
θ=0 @ x=L ≈∞
General solution:

θ = C1e −mx
+ C 2e mx
Where: m=
hP
kA

C1 = θ 0 ; C2 = 0

θ = θ 0e −mx
CASE 2: (Fin is of finite length)

d θ hP
2 Boundary conditions:
2
− θ=0 θ = θ0 @ x=0
dx kA
dθ
-kA = hAθ @ x=L
General solution: dx

hP
θ = C1e −mx
+ C 2e mx
Where: m=
kA

h
cosh m(L − x) + sinh m(L − x)
θ mk
=
θ0 cosh mL +
h
sinh mL
mk
CASE 3 (Fin is insulated at the end)

Boundary conditions:
d θ hP
2

2
− θ=0 θ = θ0 @ x=0
dx kA
dθ
=0 @ x=L
dx
General solution:

hP
θ = C1e −mx
+ C 2e mx m=
Where: kA

θ cosh m(L − x)
=
θ0 cosh mL
 Heat loss from fins
All the heat loss must be conducted into the fin base.
dT dθ
q = −kA | x= 0 = −kA | x= 0
dx dx

Case 1:(fin is very long) q = hPkAθ 0

h
sinh mL + cosh mL
Case 2:(fin is of finite length) q = hPkAθ 0 mk
h
cosh mL + sinh mL
mk

Case 3:(fin is insulated at the end) q = hPkAθ 0 tanh mL

 Fin Efficiency
actual heat transferred
Definition: η f =
maximum possible heat transferred

For the case 3 we have:

hPkAθ 0 tanh mL tanh mL

ηf = =
hPLθ 0 mL

Where: P=(2z+2t) and A=zt

Assume z >> t
hP h(2z + 2t) 2h 2h 3 / 2
mL = L= L≅ L mL = L
kA k(zt) kt kA m

A m = Lt = profile area of the fin

Types of fins

Radial fin

Circular-rod fin

Rectangular fin
Evaluation of fin efficiency for different fin types.

Rectangular fins:

A m = L c t; Lc = L + t /2

Triangular fins:

A m = L c t / 2; Lc = L

Circumferential fins:

A m = (r2c − r1 )t; r2c = r1 + L c ; Lc = L + t /2

 Heat transfer from the finned surfaces

Total heat transfer: q = qu +qf

q u : Heat transfer from the original surface

q f : Heat transfer from the surface are of all fins

Consider following definitions

Su : Original surface area

Sf :Surface area of all fins

h u : Convection heat transfer coeff. from the surface Su

h f : Convection heat transfer coeff. from the surface Sf

Heat transfer from the original surface:

q u = h u Su θ 0 θ 0 = T0 − T∞

Fin efficiency:
qf qf
ηf = = q f = h f S f ηf θ 0
q f(max .) h f Sf θ 0

Total heat transfer from the surface with fins:

q = q u + q f = (h u Su + h f Sf ηf )θ 0

Assume: hu = hf = h

Sf S = Su − Sf
q = h[1− (1− ηf )]Sθ 0 &
S
 Overall surface efficiency
q total
Definition: ηo =
q max.

Sf
h[1− (1− ηf )]Sθ 0
S Sf
ηo = =1− (1− ηf )
hSθ 0 S
 Thermal contact resistance
q T1 T3 q
A T2A T2B B

T1
∆x A ∆x B
T2A

T2B
T3
Thermal
contact
Rc
resistan T1 RA T2A T2B RB T3
ce

T1 − T3
q=
∆x A 1 ∆x hc = Contact coefficient
+ + B
k AA h cA k BA