The information’s sources are regardless to

English language and literature

department of Kütahya Dumlupınar
üniversitesi
The notes and scripts are regardless and
linklessly to survey of English Literature by
instructing of ALI BELENLI

Prepared by MASIHULLAH AMIRI with

investigations of HIZEM MITLAK
2nd WEEK
Prehistoric Britain is the period in British history before the Roman conquest in AD 43. It is divided into
five main periods:

Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age): Humans first arrived in Britain during the Palaeolithic period, around
800,000 years ago. They were hunter-gatherers who lived in caves and made tools from flint.
Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age): The Mesolithic period began around 10,000 years ago, when the climate
improved and Britain became more habitable. Mesolithic people continued to hunt and gather, but they
also began to develop new technologies, such as fishing and pottery.
Neolithic (New Stone Age): The Neolithic period began around 4500 years ago, with the introduction of
farming. Neolithic people built permanent settlements and began to develop new technologies, such as
pottery and metalworking.
Bronze Age: The Bronze Age began around 2500 years ago, with the introduction of bronze metallurgy.
Bronze Age people built hillforts and other defensive structures, and they developed new forms of art and
decoration.
Iron Age: The Iron Age began around 800 years ago, with the introduction of iron metallurgy. Iron Age
people built hillforts and other defensive structures, and they developed new forms of social organization.
During prehistoric Britain, there were a number of different cultures that inhabited the islands. Some of
the most notable cultures include:

Neolithic Wessex culture: This culture was centered in southern England and is known for its megalithic
monuments, such as Stonehenge and Avebury.
Bronze Age Wessex culture: This culture was a successor to the Neolithic Wessex culture and is known
for its hillforts and bronze artifacts.
Iron Age Celtic culture: This culture was widespread throughout Britain and is known for its hillforts,
oppida (large fortified settlements), and coinage.
Prehistoric Britain is a fascinating period of history, and it has left behind a wealth of archaeological
evidence. From the cave paintings of Creswell Crags to the monumental stone circles of Stonehenge, the
remains of prehistoric Britain provide a glimpse into the lives of our ancestors.
When you think about it, oral form oral literature is the oldest
literature
Right before writing I was people, other people, telling tales of
each
other, and of course, poetry. Verse four is again the oldest form of
language. Why do you think here's Roman only? Even Josephine is
the
first form to emerge. Is it because people didn't know what to
write? But
so they didn't know how to write, but they knew how to compose
.poetry
It was verbal. I guess it had more important things to like, survive
in
rather than writing novels. Well, Bell is approximately 3300 lines.
You
were saying something. I was saying it was, you know, transferred
from
,generation. Verbally. Yeah, it was. They were constantly, of course
passing it to the next generation, yes. But why? Is it the first point
to
originate? Yes, it's not easy to remember. Yes, you are. You have
something very important there. Every simple reason their verse is
easier
to remember. It rhymes the meter. It knows, right? We might think
about
remembering songs, memorizing them right. It's easier. And poetry
is not
almost is not always, particularly these old poems. They are not
symbolic
most of the time. Of course they have symbols, Of course they have
metaphors in them, but they are not as abstract as today's poetry.
.God
But you see, they're not telling tales. Bevel is a tale of a man, a geek
hero
fighting against monsters and people. Battle of Brunenburg or
Battle of
Mountain? It's about echo Saxons fighting against the Vikings
dying or
Page 2 of 3
killing. Pretty simple topic when you think about it, but any
narrated
from mouth to mouth versus easier to remember. As simple as
.that
Sometimes you need to think simple, particularly when you think
about
the beginning of things. Those things got a lot more complex as
time
passed, and it's Abu Saxon poetry. It passed from generation to
generation through narration. And of course, most of the time you
do
not know the authors, you do not know the poets. There are a few
names and we are going to talk about them, but almost all of them
came
after Christianity because Christianity came writing and it's
.writing
People started to write down their names under their works. But
not
always. There are a lot of works. A lot of works are very important
works
when you think about it that you do not know the quarter of and
the
most important of them in the middle in the legal sense is. So
coming at
the green light, it's one of the best romances and we don't know
who
The point is we referred him as the Gawain poet in the Academy.
So
that's the interesting part here. And of course he can divide on the
Saxon poetry into two two periods, Pagan periods, Christian
periods and
Pagan. As I have told you pretty much about the heroism, the doom
and
gloom of these people. On the other hand, Christianity it's a little
bit
more complex. So there are four very important manuscripts about
the
that brought us the about as we use as our sources for all English
poetry for manuscripts, manuscript name, yes, any others, but not
in the
sense that they were having no there was like schools and papers
and
papers. Paper was a very expensive thing in the medieval periods,
very
expensive. And it was not the paper as we know of it. The thing
that
Page 3 of 3
people that people use to write on were primarily made out of
,leather
huge leather. And that was this saying, I don't know how true or
not, but
probably quite true. In order to have a Bible, you need to slaughter
almost 100 sheeps, sheeps over 600 sheeps or something like that.
A lot
of sheeps are required just for one Bible leather bound, so in order.
So
that means having a boot means that you're rich. Madrid, today we
are
going through a very similar period. if you cant afford to buy a
book people assume that you are
you are a rich person . i dont know that they are wrong . did you
? cheak the nortorn prices
and you know what i mean . its almost thousand
there are four manuscripts the first one london manu the second
Exeter Manuscripts, Exeter Book it's also called. Then you have
Versenli
Italian. Then you have the Oxford manuscripts. Almost all of the
Old
English texts are in these manuscripts, so they are very important,
and I
usually ask this question in the midterms. 4 manuscripts 4.
,London
Oxford. OK, and this was found, This one was found in Italy in a
cathedral. This is the way it's called. Very interesting, isn't it? And
many
secrets are very interesting things. By the way, British Library has
a very
important and beautiful project and they're digitizing these
.manuscripts
You can see them online. You're not going to understand a word of
.it
But still, they're beautiful in themselves. First, first, they are not
easy to
understand because the language is different, writing is different,
and
also it's damaged most of the time. I mean we are talking about
papyruses or pepper eye or papers that has been around for more
than
years. So they're old, very old and works like Bewulf poems 1000
like
Judith and other different poems. Battle of Golden Vixit, Wanderer
and
Wikipedia. They're found in these manuscripts recently. Exeter
Exeter is
one of the most important ones, by the way. And of course, the
London
manuscript. It's also known as Cotton Italius or the Cotton
Manuscript
because of the older his last name was Cotton. It included Beowulf,
and
by a very, very lucky coincidence, we are a man of devil and the
noble
fans. We'll talk about it next year. So, as I've told you, heroic poetry
Page 2 of 3
celebrates war, bravery, loyalty of soldiers. And the style of this
heroic
Pagan poetry is severe and solid. So they include bloodshed. They
include
gory details because it was a reality for them. I mean, they saw
bloody
bodies lying on the battlefield, decapitated, their arms were
covered or
the guts were out. Not a nice scene, right? But they were talking
about
this so that the readers would know what would happen to them if
they're not strong enough, they are not careful enough on the
battlefield. So this they were also sort of didactic in that district
they
were talking about. They talk about in general fighting tactics of
the
Anglo Saxons. They talk about the battle menu was stunned
.sometimes
So they also teach the listeners how to fight, how to position
yourselves
in the shield wall, Another concept of shield wall. How do you
?know
From Vikings? Yes, Vikings. I don't know why, but I've always been
this
way. Sorry about that. And the most important. One of the most
important. Poems of the period Was this. In the third course we're
going
to be this one. It is generally regarded as the oldest known Old
English
poem, the oldest known Old English poem, and it talks about a
Bard, a
minstrel. Now the minstrel talks about himself. Bard, not Bard.
Bard like
DND, class Bard. Yeah, minstrel. I love people in your faces, the
wandering
plants singing souls composing epics and it said. The name
suggests that
he's a far travelled man. Did sit far travelled, and he talks about
groups
and groups and groups of people, tribes and tribes and tribes of
.people
He refers to legendary kings of these tribes
He'll come back to it. As I've told you, the
third course are reflected and we'll read it together. The first poem
of
your career in this department. Are you excited? You should be. It's
a
very nice poem, but some of you are not amused. You're going to
read it
in Old English. the
Pagan poetry. As I've told you, the human poetry is the primary
topic. But
then you have like this visit, you have travel writings. And again he
talks
about heroism of. People. And then you have lament. Lament. What
does
lament mean? Elegiac poems. Yes, elegy kind of poems. They are
going to
read The Wanderer and then we are going to read wives lament,
wives
lament a lone woman laments after her gone husband . Technically
,speaking
by the way, Anglo-Saxon poetry is alliterative poetry. Alliterate. Do
you
know what alliteration is? A petition of a certain sound. Did you
talk
about it? Not yet. again. A
.common note for you. University ethic, let's say, or way of acting
Generally, people ignore the first week of this semester. The
attendance
falls a lot. Lesser people are here. There's a number of people are
here
and they expect that the instructor will not go into detail. I do, and
the
same thing happens after the midterm. Students take a week off. I
don't
know why It's not according to university regulations, but they just
spend
Page 2 of 3
a week off saying that I'm going to go and visit my family, etcetera,
and
they do not come to classes and they expect the instructors,
professors
not to move forward with the topic. I do keep that in. Mind. OK, I
just
don't understand. How can you miss your parents in just seven
weeks
time? Are you that dedicated to them? Really? For God's sake,
people
grow up, I say. I mean, of course there's always a joke part of these
things, but please, if that in mind, if I see five students in this class,
I will
treat it as a full classroom and talk about what I'm going to talk
,about
OK? And because of this, students are restless in this department
because of me particularly speaking. And I have never seen such a
.thing
Or students taking off a week after the midterms in my entire life.
Until I
came. Here. Really. When I was a student, we had two midterms,
,not one
And we didn't have a dedicated week to a midterm. So some
,professors
they they allowed having their midterms early in the semester. So
at the
,end of the September or the October, at the end of the first month
you'll have your first midterm from one quarter, one professor.
And then
for the rest of the semester, every week you'll have an advance of
an
exam. That was my life. And then I came here, they said we have
midterm
week. I said what? What's that? I know final speech was two weeks
for
us, but what the hell is it? Midterm week? And I was quite shocked
because as I've told you, some professors loved to have their
midterm
slates. Then you are having the second midterm of the early
.professor
You were having the first midterm of the late professor all over the
place. It was keeping us on our toes all the time. You need to be
prepared. And of course when we had a midterm, sometimes we
had our
Page 3 of 3
midterms, and year after that the professor was moving forward
with
divorce like nothing happened. Very, very clean
Seizure. English. I love messing with you all. How do you spell
seizure in
English? SEA. Yes. SEA. Is he aiming? No, it's not. You know what
seizure
means? What seizure means? Do you know of it? Not this Cesura
seizure
in English. I'm having a seizure. If I say, what does that mean? It's
like a
crisis. What? It's like a crisis? Yes, sort of a crisis. I'm having a
stroke
seizure. It's pronounced pretty much the same. OK, zura in Latin.
I'm
meaning the same things, so CAESURA. OK, this is the term the
stop
between the flowing pattern so that the bar, while narrating it can
breathe again and move on with this floor, and between two halves
of
each line with two stresses in each line. So the line will remember
4
stresses. After two stresses, we'll have a seizure or pasura in Latin
seizure. You'll never forget this right after this. These are
memorable
moments in the courses now. You remember by associating
different
things together, creating connections in your mind. Your neurons
are
,firing on all four Pistons. Now they're just connecting each other
creating this memory that you're never going to forget. 50 years
,later
you'll remember this moment, but you're not going to remember.
What
does that mean anyway? So two half of each line are connected by
an
iteration which and the syllables are connected also in this way
with the
same consonants. An iteration is done with consonants and then
you
have onomatopoeia which is done with vowels. They have two
different
Page 2 of 3
names like it's red, it's like an iteration, but it vocals. Competition
of same
vocals. OK, alliteration, consent. What's the consent What? Trust
yourself
a little bit. The vocals are nice. Keep this in mind. An iteration does
not
always necessarily mean that the repetition of the same
.consonant
There are some groups of consonants like PS and T They produce
similar
sounds and they are used. So words that are sentence or words
pairing
and iteration are usually nouns in the medieval period. In the later
medieval period, the English. There is a very beautiful and
important
poem called Pierce Diploma, and that peerage is also known as the
alliterative revival. So alliteration is back. The French tradition is a
little
bit suppressed, and the alliterative tradition came back in 15th
century or
something like that. And in that word appears below there is a lion
goes
the Fairfield full of fog. The repetition of the F sign is one of the
best
examples of alliteration. Fairfield full of fog. This man Pierce falls
asleep
under a tree. In that he sees a Fairfield full of fog, and then he sees
the
Church up in a hill and then he seals the pits of hell beside that
.Fairfield
It's an extremely allegorical work. I usually do not go into that in
my
Medieval course, but if I have time, lovely down into it. Anyway, Do
we
have any questions so far? Let's all take a break, right? Take a deep
Breath. Did you expect it to be this intense? I told you, it's going to
be. I
Really lie. Yeah. Seizure. Or the one that we use as the pouch, the
literary
Term CAESURACAESURA. You spell this as S, right? It's called
south. In
English literature, C is C

So a few lines more than I'll move towards the modernized

version.
Caesarea Velde Cracum on Calaquinum again a Holmergum and
Aoden
Glomum Vitavels Perfum Vada Helsingum Mayaka. Mergengum
Merkel
Cundingum Theodrich Velde Romckham Breca Bronzingnum Bilu
Verdum
Oz Been availed heirloom on you to get wolf theme for Qualading.
Fresnakina Siguere Lenguest Sedena Velde Neff Okingham and
Grooff. It
is not an English. It is all English and goes on and on and on. It's
not a
short one by the way. Now in my standard it's short but not that
long. It
is going to be a little bit long for you. Midgatha Mcwest on mid
vemenidum on with gatheredum with England Mcwest on meets
fair
from and Ananam. So you see this is Cesura, right? It's there for
you to
see. So this is modern isolation. Vincent came to talk, unlocking his
Verdi
horde, he who had travelled furthest across the earth, among men
and
tribes and peoples. Often he had prospered on the whole floor with
agreeable treasures. So Vincent the far traveller. He has travelled
far and
far and has seen so many kings, so many people, so many tribes,
and
because he's a skill, sculpt, minstrel, or by another word for it,
sculpt, He
is being rewarded. Minstrels, bards, sculpts, whatever you would
like to
call them. The wondering poets, they are very important figures in
English culture, particularly in all English, and even in Middle
English as
well. Why do you think that, in particularly in all English contexts,
they Page 2 of 3
are important? What makes the poets important? That's true.
Damning
people reach immortality with their words, their actions, their
deeds.
Their heroism is known to other people, right? So these poets, if
you
reward Dangal, they will tell your stories and your name will be
immortal,
like many names that we will see here. From from among the
Mergingas
his lineage sprung, so he's from the tribes of the Mergingas. He
with air
healed an unfailing peace fever for the first time, seeking the home
of
Wrath King East of Angel, Erlmannrich the angry Greek. Off the
break of
the covenant he began to speak many words. So here Vixit himself
starts
to talk to Erlmannrich. Erlmannrich is one of the most legendary
old
kings of these northern tribes. All of these names one way or
another,
connected to historical reality. Some of them are a little bit
fictional
because he claims to have seen or his his which it claims to have
been to
eastern and Middle Eastern regions. He may have been, may not,
but still
he talks about some things. But he mentioned some names which
cannot
be lived or which cannot have lived in the same. Because of the
time
span. He talks about different people, I have heard tell many of
many
men ruling their tribes. Every Prince must live according to his
customs. 1
Earl after another must govern his homeland, He who wishes to
prosper
upon his princely seed. Huvala was one of these best of his time,
and
Alexander most powerful of them all, of all mankind. He thrived
the most
of those who I have heard of across this earth. He talks about
Alexander.
Who can be this Alexander? Yes, Alexander the Great, of course.
He's the
greatest of all men, the greatest emperor, probably up until to visit
periods because Alexander the Great is generally compared to
James in Page 3 of 3
terms of his military progress and conquests. But we are a long
way
from Genghis Han. As of this poems time of composition, Atila
ruled over
the Huns, Aeoromanric, the gods Bekkadi, Baringas, Gifikadi,
Burgundians.
So Atila and the Huns are now accepted as a tribe of the north
because
they've been so long, they have been there for so long now they are
one
of them. And the Romans and Greeks call these people Barbarians
for a
reason, sometimes barbarian. The name suggests that these people
are
illiterate, wild, unruly, but sometimes is not used in a negative
connotation. It just is used to refer their military progress. There
are
fighters, all of them. Yeah, it's different from the tribe in Morocco,
Barba,
it's related. Actually batteries, it's this way related. Do we have
them
here? I don't know whether do we have the name here or not, but
there
is a subgroup of Goth people gods called Visigoths. They were
pushed
towards W, they went over the Pyrenees mountains, they went into
Spain, and they even are considered as the ancestors of modern
Spanish
people, at least some of them and they.

Past the Gibraltar Straits and then towards today's North Africa. So
there are some blue eyed Nordic looking people in North Africa and
they
are the descendants of these Visigoths, generally considered as that.
History is very interesting in that respect. So Kaiser ruled the Greeks
and the Finns. Hagina the Home Bricks Hailed and the Glooms Vita
ruled Shiva fins, Wei the Helsings. Mecca, the Mergingas, Mecca
the
Hounding's. Theodrick ruled the Franks. Fila the Rondings record
the
brundings bearing the verbs. All these people. In one way or another,
all
these groups of people became today's European people. For
example
you see character Fins, the Fin, Finland and Burgundy. You know
what
Burgundy is, is today somewhere between French and France and
Italy,
and Burgundians are considered as a group of Nordic people, Francs.
The
French people there were once a Germany tribe. Yes, fearing the
Verne,
Osborn ruled the EOS and Geff Wolf the ETA. Thin voorzing,
guiding,
forkwinding. The kindred of the Frisians. Frisians are today
Netherlands.
These people, or London, or at least some of them Siguere ruled sea
Danes for the longest time. Nerf the Hawkings Held the wolfins
wild, The wings wore the feelings. Sea Facte, Sica, Ongentio, the
Swedes, Swedish
people actually speaking. There will be some names that you'll see
next
year in Beowulf. Here, for example, Ongentio is a name that you'll
see in
Beowulf. Sea Danes is going to be a significant group in Beowulf.
And I'll ask you, do you remember these people next year , but that
will be names which will be familiar to
those who are fan of Lord of the Rings. Because as I told you,
Gerard
Tolkien was a medievalist, particularly an old English specialist. He
was a
he was a very well known academic in this field and he made use of
some names in his works. You'll see Aomer in Beowulf and here
you see
Helm the Wolfins. He's the leader of the Wolfins. Helm
Hammerhead, King of the By the way, he really based Rohan people
on
Anglo Saxons. Sekhastira the Imbra Scarefed the Lombards, Hoon
the
Heath, Vera and Hollida Rosna. Ringwald was called the King of
Erefara. OFA rule the angles, elevate the Danes. He was the protest
of all men. Yet never did he manage to affect supremacy over OFA.
King OFA is not the same OFA. You are going to see that these
angles he'll have a king named OFA, but this is not the same OFA.
OK, it's a different OFA, but he slew him nonetheless. The first of
men was still a boy, greatest of
kingdoms. No one his age had ever exerted himself in such great
deeds.
With a single word sword, he extended his borders towards the
mirror
Gingas beside Ida River, ruling over from then on afterwards the
angle
and the three things as easily Wafa, Ruth, Wolf and Rothgard ruled
the
long longest. Rothgard will be a name in Beowulf as well. In fact,
it's
going to be one of the most important names in Beowulf. At peace
together, Uncle and nephew after they drove away the kindred of
Vikings humiliated, the spear tips of Ingles chopping down at herald
the majesty of Heather Bards. He'll be one of the primary locations
in Beirut
as well. I'm telling you this so that you take down your notes. You're
listening to me as if you're listening to a story, and you're listening to
a
story, but you take down your notes. OK, so I travelled among many
alien lands throughout this spacious grounds. There I have
experienced all the
good and wickedness, the pride of my kinsfolk, far from my free
people
following them widely. Therefore I can sing and speak of tidings,
based
things on account of multitude in the mid hall, and how made myself
useful among the children and the excellent. So here now he begins
to
tell where he has been, the specific courts I was among the Huns and
the Red Gods. I worked among the suburmo, among the Geats,
among
the South Danes. I was among the Venlas, among the Vengas,
among the
Vikings, the Vikingas. I was among the Gefa, the Veneras and
Geflas,
Saxons, Seagulls and swordsmen. Ronas among the Danes, among
the
Hathorans, the ringers and throngers and Burgundians. I received a
ring
there with Peres gave to me a splendid treasure as requitable for my
song. That was not a sluggish king. So this was one of the old heroic
society I was acting. Society was included in this traditions you
would
reward and bought Bard. What a minstrel. For his work, a king has
to be
generous in his rewarding. It's it was one of the primary aspects of a
king. If you're not a generous king, then you will be named as a bad
king.
You'll have a bad reputation among the France prisons and among
the
frum Tingas, among the Rukas Colomas, among the rum Voila, like
I was
among the urchula with alpha.
Is the most generous in sharing of rings bright bracelets, the child of
advin, so rings, bracelets. These are all, of course referring to the
rewards given to these poets for their poets. Ring giver is a canning.
What is a canning? Is it word of art? Generally 2 word metaphor
found in
Old English and Old Nordic tradition. Dream giver stands for the
king
word horde. Remember the beginning of the poem? He unlocked his
word. Horde, his mouth or bomb cage, his body. Railroad. See, this
is how they embellish their works with Kenyans. OK, you'll see a
more detailed version of this in bevels as well. But Daniel, we'll
probably talk about this
to you., Kingas sellingas among the Greeks and the Queens
with Caesar, who who owned the authority of the wine fortresses.
Bellas,
Scots, Pelas, Secret fins, all these people. And I was with, err,
Mandrik for
a long time. There the king of Gods availed me well, he gave me a
ring.
The origin of the city developers in there are 600 counts of coins
battered gold, reckoning the valve. So you see the idea here. You see
why a poet, a Bard, was important? All these names, well, at least
most of these names would be lost to us. We will never have known
of them. We will. We would have never remembered them. Their
names will be just deleted from the pages of history, if not for this
poet, right. This is why
they valued poetry and bars and minstrels quite highly
Q: why people are calling middle ages as the dark ages ?
First reason because the people believe that the medieval people
were only known two things worshipping and dying
Second reason abusive working in the fields and dying on the
battlefield
Church was pretty dominant. And yes, Church pretty much has all
the tools for education,
sort of. But that doesn't mean the church entirely banned all these
things. And it was at the end of 11th and 12th centuries. It first came
to church that most of the old learnings, old texts, came back into
circulation. I'm not defending church. They were horrible, but they
were
not horrible in the way they were thought today
particularly speaking then I'm talking about church in the medieval
context.
I am almost always referring to Catholic Church. OK, because
Protestantism came way back so way later in the 16th century. OK.
Martin Luther King.
The term Middle Ages, most
of the time a youth is used as an expression of contempt and an
expression of hatred, an expression of derogatory judgment. I mean,
when you see something that you don't like, some application in the
society that you don't like, what is, what are these times? Medieval
times? You just tag and move on. And by the way, European
medieval period and Middle Eastern medieval times, they are totally
different. Particularly early medieval periods, 9th and 10th centuries
are generally regarded as Islamic Renaissance.
How do you think that the old Greek texts followed their way back
into
European culture? Two Arabic translations and the most important
center of translation passed in today's Spain the making, Lucia and
Lucian Empire.
Who is Plato? he's a great philosopher. And he was a student of
Socrates and Socrates was his master. The
middle Ages in common terminology mean that it is the interval of
darkness between the green of ancient classical culture and modern
learning.
Modern revival of learning a time supposed to be full of ignorance
exposition and bad taste and it became an object of hatred
loathing to well educating people. This is why well educated
the Middle Ages. What is this dark times
. Now if you see someone talking like that, they are not well
educated. They are prejudice because we are talking about dear
people more than 1000 years of time. Yes, it was not as glorious as
the Roman
Empire or the ancient learning, and yes, Renaissance revival sort of
overshadowed the middle Ages. But still, keep this in mind. Lots and
lots of people, scientists, people of letters, philosophers even lived in
this period and they continued to produce.
The greatest problem here is, and I believe the main real reason why
medieval period is sort of behind on
certain terms than other periods is that the lack of political authority,.
Keep this in mind and we're talking about the ancient periods,
particularly in the classical the Greeks dominated sort of
Romans, definitely dominated entire Europe and they became a very
powerful Centre of photography.
And after the dismantling of the Roman
Empire, particularly the Western Roman Empire, little kingdoms.
Remember the last week the tribes that we have talked about the
Anglo Saxons, Jude's, Francs and all over the place. There were little
kingdoms and they were fighting amongst themselves and there was
almost no solid central authority and for a long while Catholic
Church hope filled that role. This is why it felt, the people felt or
people think that church
was very dominant because they were not religiously dominant, they
were politically dominant. That's the real problem. And towards the
end of the medieval period, then the kings became more and more
centralized power, with feudalism sort of coming to an end, then
political stability sort of established once more the middle Ages have
been glorified by many
writers as well. Of course, a lot of people just bashed on the
medieval theory from many others who glorified it you cannot look
at historical periods from your own standards. The science of history
does not work like that. If you glorify your period, or if you just bash
on a period, you are both wrong. History does not work like that.
And you glorify medieval period saying that the she will read was
the best night rules and the fighting and bravery
and the codes etcetera. Someone will come and tell you that. What
about crusades? If your glory says, well, all that unnecessary
bloodshed and you will just oh not that good, right? There are
always that will always be counter attacks if you favor one thing so
much. And I'm telling you this, as a medievalist, my primary area of
study is medieval, particularly high middle Ages. It's about 13th and
11th centuries in the 14th. So it is called the age of Chivalry. What is
chivalry? Chevalier France Remember the great cathedral Notre
Dame? Our Lady is in French and it's dedicated to Mary, Mother of
Christ. So it's called age of chivalry, the age of faith, faith, not faith.
And it's almost always in contrasted with the hardness of the Age of
Enlightenment period, after the medieval period At the end of the
medieval period, after the medieval period,
it is not Renaissance. Renaissance is generally not considered as a
separate. It is just the last centuries of medieval period, except art of
medieval. In the 18th century Enlightenment. People believe that
medieval times have come to an end and the age of enlightenment.
As the name suggests, its emphasized lots and lots of rationality,
reason and it dispelled all sorts of superstitions and sort of created a
mechanical understanding of universe.
And of course, when you compare this cold
devoid of emotion. In medieval times, medieval times look far more
warmer and charming. Flavored up, that's charming and warmer. So
what I'm trying to tell here is, and you're comparing two different
periods in Eastern, and particularly if one period is medieval
the older English books are written in the language which is
commonly called Amber Saxon English or the Old
English and Old English. Poetry, in addition to being a different
language, is a peculiar vocabulary and strange forms of expression.
Remember the
use of canning's the. Alliterative words seizure. How do you spell
seeds? Which one is the answer? Not you'll just try and spell it. OK,
there are two different ceases. Then tell me about this. I remember
talking to the other crew about the existence of the word sees. But
did I tell you
about this? No. I guess no one remembers or you already forgot. So
when I ask you to spell see, you'll ask which one. OK, there are two
different versions of the word sees pronounced in the same way. S in
one is beginning with an S and the other one is beginning with C.
One of the bad side effects. Not bad aspects of being in this business
are that you're sort of curious to make good memory, rubbing your
faces. So, and then the language changed into what's technically
called Middle English in the later periods of medieval times, like in
the 13th century and onwards. You
see at the time it comes that it is not that modern yet as well you can
Yes, it is far different than Old English and far more closer to
modern English that we speak today, but still it is very different.
And with little practice you can read and learn. That's easier to learn
and get a grasp of it if you know English. So and our Saxon
literature is practically all in one language. Middle English is not so
because Middle English literature
carries different dialects. There are a few very dominant forms of
English based in different dialects. Northern dialect, southern
dialect, central dialect. And of course they rely in themselves as
well. In Middle English you have a
great deal of influence coming from French language and Latin why
French the Normans who conquered Britain in 1066? and put an end
to Anglo-Saxon reign they were next to the original they were
originally Vikings by the way Normans but they were speaking
French they became French in the. 200 years. French became the
language of
the nobility for a periods for 2 to 300 years nobility spoke French
common people they were speaking English Czech was speaking
Latin England was a trilingual country. Making those days and then
they sort
of merged and unified in middle English and it formed its its refined
form became modern English that we speak today the contents of all
the Saxon literature which we are studying right now may be divided
into 2 sections one belong belonging to the English as a toy tonic
language or toy tonic people everyone is just how do you spell teu
tonic right. TEUTONICI
Teutonic people, people who inherit it along with their language, a
form of poetry and a number of stories which have nothing to do
with Roman civilization or Teutonic tradition in
general. And the other is derived from Latin and turning into English
knowledge which was common to the whole Europe. So England,
particularly speaking Anglo-Saxon literature has two very important
sources that is drawing its inspiration from. One is the sources
TEUTONICI
and the other one is Latin sources. OK. And the Latin sources are
generally known to almost all Euro because of the influence of the
Roman enemy, the TEUTONICI not so much, they were pretty
much limited
to the Northern Europe. So it is more a cultural bone and as we have
talked about the younger Saxons from the Germanic hidden people
patents and they also took part in great movement called the
Boundary of the Nations. Maybe we get enough the massage, the
custom massage
boundary of the Nations and they left their homes. They inequated
the
last known to the Roman Empire and made slaves of the people the
found there. This is one of the traditions of the Germanic people and
they conquer you on the battlefield. They either kill you or they
enslave you, but do not think this slavery, particularly speaking in
the Old World, I would say, particularly to the high minimal ages,
maybe was a little bit different than its modern context. The
Portuguese, Spanish, British and French changed and made it the
abomination that we know of today. In the ancient Rome, if you're a
slave, you didn't have the right to vote, but so didn't the woman. And
you can connect and talk to your friends, family, some send them
letters and most of the time they lived pretty
nice lives. They can even buy their freedom if they wish. Most of the
time they didn't. They were even proud of being the same of a very
famous and important person to eat each of coded robbers curious in
the
Master. And so the case of the English is very much like that of the
Danes and the Northland, 4 or 500 years later. So the office accents
came to England, Romanized Britain, but no more Roman under
control. And they were the Barbados, coming, raiding, settling,
killing people, taking their lands four and five, four or 500 years
later. In fact, 3 and 400 years later, the Vikings came pretty much the
same name and the
English thought pretty much the same thing that the Britons were
talking thinking about the Anglo Saxon. So history just repeated
itself in another 4 here we should talk about
something that's closely connected with the text that he has to be lost
with. The Anglo Saxon belonged to the great national system,
which Tacitus the Roman historian, called Garmania. Germania
Magna is the name of the region, and This is why they are calling
them Germanic. And this national system which the Anglo Saxons
and Dukes were part of? It was never a political system. They were
never a Kingdom. They
were all separate tribes with their own. They were never politically
united, not even the Losers Way. They were most of the type
enemies of
each other, and they were at each other's throats. But it was a Jew,
conscious of its separation from all the foreigners. That means they
had this self-awareness. They knew that they were Germanic people
and they
knew that there were other people. And interestingly speaking, they
called all these other people vouch Today, Welsh WELSH belsh.
Today the British. The English call the people from Wales belsh
pretty much because of this reason, because they were the others
when they came to
the islandThey were originally Celtic tribes and they had close
relatives in Britain. This is why Caesar invaded Britain in the 1st
place to cut off the
supply lines. It was military. It was a military decision. So English
literature in general proves that the Germanic nations had a sort of
reciprocal free trade in subjects for epic poems. I mean, in the next
year you're going to see this. But Beowulf , for example, has nothing
to do with
English. You'll see these setting, the time, the heroes, the characters.
None of them are English, even Anglo Saxon. None of them are
even Anglo Saxon, no. But Professor Karen, he's a magnificent
leader, claims that this is because these Germanic people traded
heroes, traded stories, gave each other their own heroes, their own
stories because they shared a common cultural bond. Remember, in
Vixit all those tribes had a certain cultural bond they shared their
stories in. Again, give an example on this topic from our own
culture. Remember, there are a lot of Turkish tribes.
We are not the only ones, and we share a certain cultural bond with
them. Our Legends, Our myths are Epics, right? We talk about a
Kazak or an Uzbek epic as our own epic because we share certain
cultural bold with them. This is pretty much the same idea. In fact, in
that sense, we share a lot of things with the Germany tribes of the
North.
they the today's Romania or are they are they part of Roman Empire,
today's Romania? Yes, they were.
were a part of Roman Empire. In fact, the region was called Dacia
or Dacia. In Latin. The region was called Dacia and it was a Roman
province the
Pagan unless had some poetry or generally it's called secular poetry.
They generally focus on the hardships of life the lamentations
about the loss of certain things, sometimes loss of a loved one,
sometimes loss of a Kingdom or an opportunity. And they the mood
of the poem or the poems of the secular lyrics is elegy. If a poem is
not epic, it is more likely an elegiac poem. Those who like this
pessimistic atmospheres will surely love these poems. They're
working very well to darken the mood. Remember the concept,
doom and gloom, and you feel that doom and gloom with your
bones. So poems like The Wanderer, The Seafarer, Vice Complaint,
You see the ruin they're going to be probably today, The Wanderer
and the vice complaints, right? They make you feel
the pain of these people and you also gain an understanding how
these
people were trained to survive in their own environment. So these
poems, their energies and the main feed in these poems are exile.
And I believe in those times, being exiled is almost certainly a
death sentence, almost, almost always a death sentence, because
people
were living in groups, and groups were far more important than the
individuals. So if you are exiled from your groups alone in the
wilderness, your chances of survival are grim. And they knew this
and they exiled people. So almost as I've told you, a death sentence.
On the other hand,
the secondary poetry has the epic parts, telling the stories of brave
warriors.
How they fought most of the time, How they died, how they
defended their land, How they defended their kin, How they
defended their Lord or Earl, or young in the Nordic sense. All of
these words, Early yarn, a few more other titles as well. They're sort
of derivatives of each
other. The concept of fame, for example. THANE
Word hereditary. So if you are brave enough, if you prove
You know the
yourself, if you show great acts of courage and bravery; you can one
day lead the society. People will follow you. You don't need to be
the son of
a yarn to be the next one. In fact, one of the most common themes or
most common traditions used by these people was the trial by
combat
you challenge someone in a fair fight. If you defeat, you get the
promised reward. If you are defeated, you'll lose your head. Sounds
pretty barbaric, isn't it? Pretty violent. But keep this in mind again. If
you
call these people Barbarians, you call these people wild. This is from
a 21st century perspective. These people were trying to survive.
These people were living in a very dangerous time. Everything, I
mean everything was trying to kill them. The weather, the other
tribes,
sometimes the neighbor, the harvest, whatever you can think of.
Everything was trying to kill them. And they were survivors. And
people
with these kind of backgrounds generally tend to be more violent
than
usual because violence most of the time saves lives. If you fight hard
enough against your enemy, against your oppressor, you have a
chance of survival.
This is why they favored warriors over everything else. This is
why their entire literature is shaped around this. You're either
banished from the court alone and your survival chances become
very slim and the theme of the poetry becomes exile. Or you fight
and show bravery and courage, and your name will be immortalized
by the poets in epic poetry.
 Freedom. Pretty simple, right? The method, the terminology
or the way they lived. Would you like to live in those times? No.
Pretty
dark, right? Hard to survive if you're a 30. They think that he's an
experienced person.
One of the greatest misconceptions
about this medium lifetime in medieval period. Yes, it was short 30
years, around 30 years. But the reason was not people
were dying in their 30s, forties. No, people were very well living
into their 60s, Seventies, sometimes 80s. It was normal. But what
was not normal in
those periods? In those years, 30 was the high percentage of child
deaths. That's the problem. That was the problem. I mean, child
mortality was off the charts. People had ten children and only three
of them will
reach the age of 10 or 11. And losing a child was a very common
occurrence.
We were talking about the Pagan poetry right last week particularly
we were talking about it we talked about the alliterative tradition
particularly speaking tango 1623 in general whether it's Pagan or
Christian they used a alliterative tradition but as a result of their own
culture and alliterative tradition their literary
production was far more fitting. To Pagan poetry because they were
originally pagans I mean this dark and brooding and pessimistic
people particularly pessimistic about their afterlife after Christianity
gained a
certain sense of hope but their entire system was designed to express
this pessimism or heroism. And as a result of that there are songs
there are lyrics about religion sometimes there are other poems about
religion had tastes of epic they created epic Christian heroes or in
that form and they still carry this pessimistic atmosphere in even
there more cheerful
and happy.
 Poetry and as I've told you the reason behind that the
language the culture was shaped around his pessimism and it was far
more fitting to express these ideas rather than the Thank you must be
veil my cares there is now no one living to whom I dear mumble my
mind's understanding so the day
the sun rises over the horizon and alone this man.
And cries his own. Problems, his own quality. And then he says,
there is no one believing to whom I, dear noble, my mind's
understanding. There's
no one left in the world that I can share my thoughts, that I can share
my prayers and my problems. They can't understand me. Even if I do
the
ones around they won't understand because they are not my people. I
know it's true that it seems suitable for anyone to bind fastest fits
closets. Hold onto the holds. Think whatever Can a very mind better
the ship store? I think not. Can a boiling heart set itself free? I don't
think so. So this shit storm is pretty much all Saxon terminology, so
people have been calling their lives shit Storms for a very long
period of
time. For almost thousands over 1000 years and you see this person
alone. He simply is speaking death now, a proper death, because he
has nothing in his mind. Not not a relative, not a person that can help
him. No clansmen, no tribesmen, nothing. And alone a tired mind.
Can a tired mind, He asks, survive the oncoming problems of life?
These are very depressing poems. I think not, he says. Can a ruling
heart set itself free? So a heavy heart. Heavy problems and troubles.
Can it set itself free? No, I don't think so. So often those hustling for
the wind must clamp down green minings in their coffer, just as I old
Fatima immoral conceit, often wounded wanting, where I know
Kindred. Pulled away how many inches now? So whatever I want to
do in life, he simply says. I am so far away
from my kindred now. I am so far away from my people. In fact,
most of them are dead. Soon we shall see. So there is a huge distance
he cannot lose up and there's a huge barrier that we cannot get
over. And that's death. How many winters now? He says. Have I
been
alone most of the time? These people count the ears by liters or
summers, they say. Sometimes I shrouded my giver in dark earth
and vended away very some bed and watching the ruffle waves all
wretched, seeking a sense of far or near where they might be found
in some mid hole. Who knows of my kind feeling to adopt A
friendless maid, though they be joyful enough, so he simply said I
shrouded my giver in dark. Earth. So he buried his king and kissed
them. They are dead. He buried his own people. The whole the long
house, the center of their society,
the center of their tribe is now burned down looking ashes. And he's
looking for a new place to anchor himself looking. For a group of
people
that can understand him. Looking for a generous heart thoughtful
enough to help him in his depressed state, the Wild. Childs know
how slicing sorrow can be by one side as short as troubled friend,
however dear. So the one who wanders alone, he says, without a
friend, knows very well. How sorrow? Cuts through the heart, mind
and body and it is debilitating, isn't it? This sense of. Sorrow. It takes
away your ability. Ability to Come to logical conclusions, it takes a
very good drive to survive borderline suicidal thoughts. The ways of
wandering binding rounds, not even a vile of. Ground gold. A frigid
fastness, Hardly any fruits. Of the fold, so all that wandering will
avail him. Nothing. He can't get anything out of his troubles. Or the
for the troubles he has suffered He's still alone, he's still depressed,
and he now expects death as a savior.
The one lists. The whole lad swimming rings he were drenched in
young some days in both furnishing and feasting. Joys all Florn
vanished. All the way, all that good memories he's now, Readmacy,
remembering the good old days, how good they were, enjoying the
generosity of his king with his friends. All those joys he's alone in.
The world. The concept of being in exile. Being an exile is almost
certainly a death sentence alone. One cannot survive in this very
cruel.
 And harsh world. Therefore no one knows who long foregoes their
family words or their first land. Sleep and sorrows stand together,
lutching at the crestfallen
alone so Then a person for a very long time did not hear the words of
a friend did. Not hear the kind words of a friend or a kinsman or a
relative. And
he will know, he says. Sleep and sorrow stand together. You
can't get rid of sorrow in your sleep. Even your sleep will. Not be a
comfort to you. And that's kind of the idea. Isn't it most of the time?
And I'm talking about modern psychiatrists, modern psychology. It's
a well known fact that depression. Particularly major depression can
cause you
to sleep a lot. I mean when I. Say a lot? But here this wanderer
knows. You cannot sleep away yourself somehow seems that
somewhere inside this
one and wraps is Lord and this is Lord and that's what hands and
handles. Me then, Once Upon a year in time, now one child by the
troll,
too soon rousing. A friendly singer seeing all around the thalamus of
waves. Seabirds bathing, fanning their feathers. Ice and snow
burping queued up with hail, so once they're away. From the king
and king and
your people, you face the harshness of the world alone, the world the
birds. They even know they didn't lie with their king , with their
walk and not alone, you'll see them. They've seen each others, they
fly together,
then they'll support each other. But you, you are going to face the
snow and hail, the storm and the sea alone. No one at. Your side so
heavy and. Heavy and the burning hearts harrowing from the lost so
make. New,
whenever recalling pervades the mind, breathing kindred, joyfully,
drinking in the loop of them venerable and. Fathoming, they always
seem away so. The more you think about the lost, the loss. Of things
the, the worse it Gets and he says one to verse failings. Is to
remember the good
times because you know those good times will not come back you
and this is because this is. The reason? Why they hurt you? They are
long gone. They can't be recovered, and they do not bring joy those
joyful.
Memories. Those good memories and old friends. No, you only
understand how much of A. Ship store incubation marks. You're in.
By
remembering the good times Those got cold. I don't know their
tongue too. Well, much of their comfort beard very made you to do
that. One who must. Send more and more every day a blurry soul
back across the. Binding of waves. So he's sitting by a seaside now,
alone. And Gulf Ghost Cove. Do you know seagulls, Martin?
Do you know the sound they make? It is a dreary sound, isn't it? Is a
veer. And sometimes you think that you are. Hearing something,
Hearing words in their screams, but as the. Point says you can't
understand that
and they they won't give you any comfort Hearing seagulls alone in
the cold? Not so nice. Therefore I cannot wander across this world.
Why? My mind does not muscle in the murk and I found the
pervading all the lives of humans. How suddenly they
abandoned their holes. Proud Princess and young right here in the
middle and fumbles and pulls every day so he listens to these.
Things he ponders about life. He thinks about life. How? Quick the
peoples. Came to being. And then they disappear into nothingness.
How short and frail are the lives of human beings? And you think
about it, no one can be wise before earning their lot of winters in this
world. The wise one. They stay
patient, not too. Hard, heated, not so hasty, too hard, not too weak,
armed, nor too one time headed, nor too fearful, nor to fain, nor to
fee Felching and never tripping the tongue too much before it trips
them is one of the most important attributes in these. Among these
people, and they sort of. Associate. Being vice with spending a lot.
Of vintage, that means getting old in this world, and there are certain
signifiers of being a vice person, that is. They are patients, not hasty.
They are not charged,
heated so. How have it easy to anger or easy to give into their
emotions.
Not so hasty to heart, not too big heart. They knew very well the
strength of their arm, but they did not. Use it immediately or vain
headed thinking about the material. Things in the world. Which will
help them. It will never help them, nor to fearful, nor to fade, nor to
fee touching. Fee touching is about eating so much and you can talk
too much before it trips them. So this is the most important one, the
wise persons according to this culture they may speak so much
because they know speaking the words before their. Time might
bring the end of your time in this world, the one that bides their
moment to brag, until the inner fire sees its moment clearly to where
their secret self bears them. So the wise men knows when to brag
than to talk about their heart's vicious, whose wise
must fork, and how ghostly it has. Been that the world and it's being.
Wasted like you find here and. There, in the middle of space. Now
that was totally. Failed round by winds, gnashed by frost. The
buildings snow backs. So the wise person knows. All the security
that your society, your houses, your welfare brings you. Can be gone
in the matter of seconds,
he simply says. Look at all these greens all around that were mighty
people living in Dunbar. And now they're gone, their walls fallen,
grossed,
nose at them, winds hauling. So they won't be any anyhow to anyone
else. My horse, Mulder. Will be there with the lies wash clean of
Joyce. His periods all perished proud by the wall war Rocket
ravaged a bunch Perry
along the 4th way. Others a Raptor ravished over the lofty seas. This
fund of all involved rockets, veins, the last brother gravelled in the
ground. Tears as war mask. Tears as war mask. These kind of things
can happen to you once you're enjoying your vine in your nice.
And comfy long house, and you will be gone, no longer enjoying.
The wine war will come and destroy your place, or you will find
death on the sea. Seafaring is very important for these people
seafaring is always very important for Anglo Saxons., after all they.
Came England by saving, And you see, balls will take them, sea will
take them. Time. Will take them. There is no. There is no escape.
From time, I mean, you can defeat a wall, you can survive a sea.
Crash, but you cannot outlive time. That's the way. It goes the
sharper mills, Middle Earth waves. Until they stand empty, Giants
has worked an ancient drain of dreams and joys of its devils all these
greens once. Filthy people can no longer provide comfort to its long
gone dead. People that among wisely regards this whole said
deliberative, darkened existence.
Age in spirit, often remembering from afar many war soberings, and
speaks these words to the wise men who knows, he says, that these
balls which towers these houses. Will never protect them. The Wise
Men is a
pain of the fact that death will come no matter what you do. And you
will hear about the war, slaughtering's, and fighting abroad, and you
will
think about them now. Where has the horse gone? Where are my?
Kindreds. Where is the keyword of treasure? Where are the benches
to
bear us? Joys of the hall to bring us together. No more. The bright
couplets all gone. The male warrior was for good the pride of
Princes. So these lines These lines particularly speaking when
composing those plans and if you dance above, you see the reference
to the Middle Earth. It's a common use to talk about this world
because it can be sort of associated with the old Nordic beliefs
Midgrade. Was the name of the world that humans lived. Just like
Asgard was the realm of the gods, Jordan Heim was the. Realm of
Giants? midgard that. Was barely lit and Meat guard roughly
translate translates into Middle Earth. So no more bride goblets all.
Gone. The male warrior not for good. The pride of Princess. The
horses are gone. His Kindreds are gone. His king is gone all. Those
benches they enjoyed themselves are gone no more the
bride goblet to.
 Drink meat from no more the. Proud warrior and the pride itself is
gone. How the space of years has spread, growing gloomy
beneath the night helm as if it never was So there will come a time
wise that knows. All those memories will vanish as if they were
never lived.
Think of people lived in the past, their lives, their memories, their
memories, their stories, their stories, their loss of us, never to be
recovered. And he's wondering. He's thinking, pondering upon these
ideas of loss. And memory. Tracks of the mid-mountain views All
that remains. Walls Wondrous Tall. Servants seething, fangs stolen,
pillaged by ashen foes key glutting for slaughter. Enormous worlds,
way and the. Storms
still better. The Eastern cliffs, so. The buildings of human beings,
they'll be gone. The treasure of humanity. They'll be gone, taken by
others. And the storms will still continue to glow on the same hills
just as they did before. The world will stay the same. The tumbling
snow stumble of the earth, The clash of winter. And darkness
descends. Night Shadows United,
sent down from the North Raw. Shores of Ice, who doesn't hate
humanity? So remember, I was telling you that these people were
living in dire conditions. The climate was not very friendly, right?
Rain, snow shots, showers of ice and hail. Everything is an enemy of
these people. And he said he says Who does not hate humanity cold
will come. Night will descend unto us. Snow will come. And raw
showers of ice will come
and destroy your crops and your hopes of survival so. Nature hates
humanity in general, he says. And I guess nature is right about that. I
mean, who doesn't hate humanity after all, All shot through in
misery in earthly realms. Fortunes turns the world of the sky. Here
the cash was alone. Your. Friends were alone. Anyone at all alone
your. Family only
ever alone, and this whole foundation of the earth wastes away, so
these What is in this world of misery? Your friends, let alone they,
will be gone. Your money will be gone. Your family will be gone.
Your life is alone. It will be taken away.
 So
says the wise one who don't. You don't hear them at all. Setting apart
breeding their own rooms, rooms. Are generally mending magical
letters of the Nordic people. Or they believed to be magical and I
guess this is it. Oh, sorry, it goes on. It's better to clutch at your
console. You all never manifest your miseries, not too quickly that
they well, unless the ball is clear beforehand, keep bipling at your
courage. So he simply says do not
speak of your troubles every day. Do not speak of your troubles to
everyone unless you're sure that the person that you're speaking to
can help you and will help you. Willing to be helpful, otherwise
you're just giving your way your weak point to your enemy. It will
be Val for those
who see the favor, the comfort from our Father in Heaven, That a
battlement bulwarks us all No one will ever remember your name,
and at that time you
are truly dead, as if you have never existed. This is why these people
were so keen on their voice. If I'm a hero, if my name is in. A poem
in a positive way. It will never be forgotten. I mean, you talk about a
man named Beowulf
Hells. You talk about a man named. Achilles, presumably 3000
years ago. He's still alive in that sense. I mean arts and. Heroics were
the. Only way for humanity. To live forever Make myself a map. Of
miseries Trek right across. So her entire existence is a map of
miseries that she is. Walking to that pretty
much solves our. Life, right? Our lives are just maps of miseries.
And you're walking to it. If you're going to hell, keep going, they
said. I mean, there's no point in spending and waiting for help. I can
say as much as you like. How many gods Red? Knights Ground over
me. Once I was a full grown woman from early days to later nights.
Never any more than right
now. Was it? When is it never a struggle at torment, this arc of
misfortune, mine alone. So she she simply says. When was I ever
happy? When were you ever really? Happy. Suffer my pain. Feel my
pain.
So it started when my men up and left. Who knows where from his
tribe,
across the sleeplessness of waves. So her husband left her with his
people. And rolled over the waves, this man leaving.
By the sea is a very
common theme, in particular, particularly speaking to the Portuguese
culture, English culture. And Irish culture? What was the famous?
Form
of soul of the Portuguese I conceived the care at the. Dawning of
Dawn, where did
that man of a man go? Then I ferried myself. Forth trying to dole my
partial part of the deal and Wretch drained the friends all the
travelling made inside me. So she's uncomfortable with his people.
He's a He feels alone. So it begins. His family starts scheming,
mouring up mountains of
secret matters to down into our division make. Us survive along the
widest, widest wound of us. Can they be any more? Lawson and I
became a long game the family of
the. Husband. They work against the husband and wife A. Very
common pattern, isn't particularly met the Husband's mothers. They
have a particular. Hatred most of the time for the bride. I don't know,
really. Idiotic to say the least. I heard a few more
well decorated words to explain that, but idiotic should. Be enough
for now. So could they be any more law some she hates them?
Because of this division created by them and she. Is longing for the
times she had
with her husband. And they were. Happy. My last step to shake up in
shadowy grows. I was light in loved ones anyways in these lands. In
the
loyalties of religions, so her husband said, live in these lands, but
she was already light in the loved ones. That means she had very few
friends and people who loved her, and she didn't have the loyalty of
anyone else. Therefore my brain brings the bitterness. When I had
located my likeness in him, unless it's hard luck, hard hollow
painting
over his intentions, blotting the greatest of highest. when she met
him, she was ecstatic, very happy, because she was already alone
and she felt at home. And of course, that home came crumbling
down on top of her must content so many times he swore that
nothing but finality itself could shave us into not them, not nothing. ,
she says. We were very happy and we gave each of the promises,
saying that only death will do us part. Not the family, not nothing,
nothing can stand in our way. He gave each other the promise. The
pivot was not a long in coming. It's like, what did I hear a poet say
once, as if it never was? That was our
partnership. So there came a moment in their marriage. They were
shaved apart, and like the poet has said, she says Must
I flag on the flogging through food far and near? Of my many
lovers, he was the one who said I should go live in the woods or
something and sit under an old tree in a gravel pit. Let's make it an
earthen home. Must be an old where I am all for eating longing. So
now she's alone. She followed the directions of her husband, and
she's alone in the middle of nowhere Again, the exiled thing. She has
no loved ones,
she has no friends, She's alone in the middle of nowhere, and she's
cheating herself. It's lonely. She longs for her husband, but more
importantly, she longs for her happy days, sails deep darkly heels hit
me round, fortresses of sharpness, Bramble biting. Can a home be
devoid of joy? He says. Is it a home? It is devoid of joy for too many
watchers to ruffle from ways. Oh my Lord. Grabbed hold of me in
this place. Who could I count on buried, loved in their lives? All
they care about love are
their events. So the ones that she can trust in her life, so that her
husband are dead, they don't care about her anymore. They can't care
about her anymore. The only thing that they care is the place where
they sleep. The Eternal and I, and don't and don't still rumbles. I
wander the ways all alone under the oaks around these great walls.
There I can sit and end the summer day.
There I can rain me down from my wrecking
steps, my collection of vows. So she spends days mourning Crying,
she says. I can rain on me. I can rain on myself with the shower on
my tears and the collection of my vows. So it goes. Never can I in no
wise catch a break from my cracking cares, nor this unfolding tear
that grasps me in this my entire life. So she says. I cannot find any
sort of salvation from
these vows that I suffer. The young should always keep their heart in
check, their inner inner kindling schools kind of in school. Likewise,
they
must keep their faces prostate and the bubbling in their breast. Don't
come with swarming sorrows, so keep your heart in check, she says.
Because if you give into it, you will find yourself in a very
despicable situation like she has found herself. A lot of advice to you
all. May all of his joys come at his own hand. May his name be the
name of infamy. So
here comes the cursing part. She curses her husband because of the
vows she suffered. May all of his Joyce come at his own hand. May
his name be the name of infamy, a smile and fowry mouth, so that
my good
friend will be sitting on a Stony rain Wraith crusted with the gusty
storms, a man crushed at heart, flowing his own water in his tearful
timbering. What a been in the Alison, that
man of mine. He'll drag his days under a mighty mind, caring. He'll
remember every single morning how full of pleasure was our home.
But
those are theirs who must have a worrying for love. So he will suffer
while I suffer. He will think about the days, she says. He will think
about
the days now we were enjoying ourselves in our homes, having the
happiest days of our lives, and even cry for them. But that will be no
turning back. And that's the wife's lament.
 Why was oral poetry the first form of literature?

Oral poetry was the first form of literature because it did not require writing.
People could tell stories and compose poems without needing to know how to
write. This made it more accessible to a wider range of people.

Why is oral poetry easier to remember than written poetry?

Oral poetry is easier to remember than written poetry because it is often sung
or chanted. This helps to create a rhythm and melody that makes it easier to
memorize. Additionally, oral poetry is often more concrete and less abstract
than written poetry. This makes it easier to understand and remember.

Why did oral poetry decline in popularity after the introduction of

writing?

Oral poetry declined in popularity after the introduction of writing because

writing made it possible to record and store poems in a more permanent way.
This meant that people could now read and enjoy poems without having to
memorize them. Additionally, writing made it possible to create more complex
and nuanced poems.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of oral poetry?

The advantages of oral poetry are that it is more accessible and easier to
remember. The disadvantages of oral poetry are that it is less permanent and
can be more difficult to create complex and nuanced poems.

Discuss the four most important manuscripts of Anglo-Saxon poetry?

The London Manuscript, the Exeter Manuscript, the Vercelli Book, and the
Oxford Manuscript.

 What is the importance of the wandering poets in Anglo-Saxon culture?

The text states that the wandering poets, also known as bards or scops, were
very important figures in Anglo-Saxon culture. They were responsible for
telling stories, composing poems, and preserving the oral history of the Anglo-
Saxons. They were also skilled musicians and often played instruments such
as the harp while they recited their poems.
 "Minstrels, bards, sculpts, whatever you would like to call them. The wondering
poets, they are very important figures in English culture, particularly in all English,
and even in Middle English as well."

 Why are the heroic poems of the Anglo-Saxon period so important?

They reflect the values and beliefs of the Anglo-Saxons

They provide us with a glimpse into Anglo-Saxon culture.

They are some of the earliest examples of English literature

They have had a lasting influence on English culture.

The poem Beowulf is one of the most famous works of English literature

 What are the key characteristics of Anglo-Saxon poetry?

Alliteration: Anglo-Saxon poetry is alliterative, meaning that it uses repeating
consonant sounds at the beginning of words. This creates a sense of rhythm and
flow to the poetry.
Caesura: Anglo-Saxon poetry is also characterized by its use of caesura, which is a
pause in the middle of a line. This creates a sense of structure and balance to the
poetry.
Iteration: Anglo-Saxon poetry also uses iteration, which is the repetition of words or
phrases. This helps to emphasize important ideas and create a sense of rhythm.
Onomatopoeia: Anglo-Saxon poetry also uses onomatopoeia, which is the use of
words that sound like the things they describe. This helps to create a vivid and
sensory experience for the listener.
Heroic themes: Anglo-Saxon poetry often deals with heroic themes, such as
bravery, loyalty, and honor. These poems celebrate the deeds of great warriors and
heroes.
Christian themes: Anglo-Saxon poetry also deals with Christian themes, such as
faith, hope, and redemption. These poems reflect the Christian beliefs of the Anglo-
Saxons.

What are some of the most important Anglo-Saxon poems?

Beowulf is the oldest surviving Germanic epic and one of the most important
works of Anglo-Saxon literature. It tells the story of a Geatish warrior who
comes to the aid of the Danish king Hrothgar, whose mead hall Heorot has
been under attack by a monster known as Grendel. After slaying Grendel and
its mother, Beowulf returns to Geatland, where he becomes king. Many years
later, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is fatally wounded in the battle.
 ‫ة‬.
Beowulf Anglo-Saxon poem

 The Wanderer is a first-person elegiac poem that expresses the speaker's

grief and loss at the death of his lord and companions. The speaker also
reflects on the fleeting nature of life and the importance of loyalty and honor.

‫ة‬.
Wanderer Anglo-Saxon poem

 The Seafarer is another first-person elegiac poem that expresses the

speaker's longing for the sea and the life of a sailor. The speaker also reflects
on the challenges and dangers of seafaring, as well as the rewards.

‫ة‬.
Seafarer Anglo-Saxon poem

 The Battle of Maldon is a historical poem that tells the story of a battle
between the English and the Vikings in 991 AD. The poem celebrates the
bravery and sacrifice of the English warriors who died in the battle.
 ‫ة‬.
Battle of Maldon Anglo-Saxon poem

 The Dream of the Rood is a dream vision poem that tells the story of the
crucifixion of Jesus Christ from the perspective of the cross. The poem is both
a celebration of Christ's sacrifice and a meditation on the nature of suffering
and redemption.

.
Dream of the Rood Anglo-Saxon poem

 Cædmon's Hymn is the oldest surviving poem in Old English. It is a short

poem that praises God as the creator of all things.

‫ة‬.
Cædmon's Hymn Anglo-Saxon poem

 Why are the poets, bards, and minstrels so important in Anglo-Saxon

society?
 They preserved and transmitted the oral history and culture of the Anglo-
Saxons. The Anglo-Saxons did not have a written language until the 7th
century AD, so their history and culture were passed down orally from
generation to generation. Poets, bards, and minstrels played a vital role in this
process by memorizing and reciting long poems and stories that told the tales
of their ancestors and their gods.

They entertained and educated the Anglo-Saxon people. Poets, bards, and
minstrels traveled from court to court and from village to village, performing
their poems and stories for audiences of all ages. They provided
entertainment and also taught their listeners about the Anglo-Saxon way of
life.

They praised and celebrated the Anglo-Saxon heroes and kings. Many Anglo-
Saxon poems and stories were about the heroic deeds of great warriors and
kings. These poems helped to promote Anglo-Saxon values such as bravery,
loyalty, and honor.

 What are some of the specific rewards that poets and bards could
receive for their work?

Rings Bracelets Treasure Land

 How did poets and bards help to preserve the history and culture of the
Anglo-Saxons?

They memorized and recited long poems and stories that told the tales of their
ancestors and their gods. The Anglo-Saxons did not have a written language
until the 7th century AD, so their history and culture were passed down orally
from generation to generation. Poets and bards played a vital role in this
process by memorizing and reciting these poems and stories.

 How does the text use kennings and metaphors to describe the poets
and bards and their work?

To emphasize their importance and value to society

To describe their skill and talent

To evoke the power and magic of their words

what's the different between the bard and minstrel ?

Bards were professional story teller, verse-makers, music composers, oral

historians and genealogists, employed by a patron to praise them or their
ancestors. They were trained to remember and recite stories and poems, and
they often accompanied their performances with music.
Minstrels were entertainers who traveled from place to place, performing for a
variety of audiences. They often sang songs, played music, and told stories.
WEEK 3 Celtic and Roman Britain
The Celts were a group of people who lived in Britain from around 500 BC to 43 AD, when the Romans
invaded. The Celts were skilled warriors and farmers, and they had a rich culture and religion.
The Romans ruled Britain for over 400 years, and during that time they introduced many changes to the
island. They built roads, cities, and forts, and they brought new technologies and ideas.
The Romans also had a significant impact on the Celtic culture of Britain. Many Celts adopted Roman
customs and language, and the two cultures blended together to create a new Romano-Celtic culture.
Celtic Britain

The Celtic culture of Britain was very diverse, and there were many different Celtic tribes living on the
island. However, there were also some common features of Celtic culture, such as:

A strong belief in the importance of family and community

A reverence for nature and the spirit world
A love of storytelling and music
A tradition of skilled craftsmanship
Some of the most notable Celtic artifacts from Britain include:
The Gundestrup Cauldron, a silver cauldron from the 1st century BC that depicts Celtic gods and myths.
The Tara Brooch, a gold and silver brooch from the 7th century AD that is decorated with Celtic symbols.
The Ardagh Chalice, a silver chalice from the 8th century AD that is decorated with Celtic symbols and
Christian imagery.
Roman Britain
The Romans introduced many new things to Britain, including:
Roads: The Romans built a network of roads that connected all parts of the province. This made it easier
for people and goods to travel around Britain.
Cities: The Romans built cities such as Londinium (London) and Eboracum (York). These cities were
centers of trade and government.
Forts: The Romans built forts along the frontiers of the province to protect it from invaders.
New technologies: The Romans introduced new technologies to Britain, such as central heating and
aqueducts.
New ideas: The Romans brought new ideas to Britain, such as Roman law and Christianity.
The Romans also had a significant impact on the economy and infrastructure of Britain. They introduced
new crops and farming techniques, and they built mines and factories to produce goods.

Legacy of Celtic and Roman Britain

The Celtic and Roman periods had a profound impact on the development of Britain. The Celts laid the
foundations of British culture, and the Romans introduced many new things to the island, such as roads,
cities, and new technologies.
The legacy of Celtic and Roman Britain can still be seen today in the English language, the British legal
system, and many of the country's roads and towns.
Here are some examples of the legacy of Celtic and Roman Britain:
The English language contains many words of Celtic origin, such as "trousers," "bracae" (Celtic for
"breeches"), and "ceann" (Celtic for "head").
The British legal system is based on Roman law.
Many British towns and cities have Roman names, such as London (from the Roman Londinium), York
(from the Roman Eboracum), and Gloucester (from the Roman Glevum).
The Celtic and Roman periods were a fascinating time in British history, and they continue to shape the
country today.
WEEK 4
The Saxons

The Saxons were a Germanic people who migrated to Britain from northern Europe in the 5th and 6th
centuries AD. They settled in what is now England and established several kingdoms, including Wessex,
Mercia, and Northumbria.
The Saxons were skilled warriors and farmers, and they brought their own culture and language to
Britain. They also adopted some of the customs of the Romano-Britons, such as the use of coins and the
building of churches.

The Saxons had a significant impact on the development of English culture. They introduced their own
language, which is the ancestor of modern English. They also introduced new customs and traditions,
such as the monarchy and the system of government.

Christianity

Christianity arrived in Britain in the 2nd century AD, but it did not become widely accepted until the 6th
century AD. The conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity was largely the work of missionaries
from Rome and Ireland.
The arrival of Christianity had a profound impact on British society. It led to the development of a new
written culture, and it helped to unify the country under a common religion.
Christianity also had a significant impact on the arts and architecture of Britain. Many beautiful churches
and cathedrals were built during this period, and some of the best-known works of English literature, such
as Beowulf and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, were written during this time.

The Vikings

The Vikings were a group of seafaring people who raided and settled in Britain from the 8th to the 11th
centuries AD. They came from Scandinavia, and they were skilled warriors and sailors.
The Vikings raided many parts of Britain, and they also settled in some areas, such as the Danelaw in the
northeast of England. The Vikings had a significant impact on British culture, and they introduced new
customs and traditions, such as the use of runes and the practice of Norse mythology.
The Vikings also had a major impact on the English language. Many English words of Scandinavian
origin, such as "knife," "window," and "sky," were introduced during this period.
Impact of the Saxons, Christianity, and the Vikings on British history
The Saxons, Christianity, and the Vikings all had a profound impact on British history. The Saxons
established the English nation and introduced their own language and culture. Christianity helped to unite
the country under a common religion and led to the development of a new written culture. The Vikings
raided and settled in parts of Britain, and they introduced new customs and traditions.
The combined impact of these three forces can still be seen in Britain today. The English language is a
Germanic language, and the British legal system is based on Roman law. Christianity is the dominant
religion in Britain, and many of the country's most famous landmarks, such as Stonehenge and York
Minster, were built during the Anglo-Saxon and Viking periods.
WEEK 5
The Anglo-Norman period in British history began in 1066 with the Norman conquest of England. The
Normans were a French-speaking people from Normandy, and they brought their own language, culture,
and customs to England.
During the Anglo-Norman period, feudalism became the dominant system of social and political
organization in England. Feudalism is a system in which land is owned by a lord, who grants land to his
vassals in return for military service and loyalty.
The Anglo-Norman kings also introduced a number of French legal and administrative practices to
England. This led to a fusion of Anglo-Saxon and Norman culture, which is known as Anglo-French
cultural symbiosis.
Some of the key features of Anglo-Norman feudalism include:
1. A hierarchical social structure with a clear division between lords and vassals.
2. The granting of land by lords to their vassals in return for military service and loyalty.
3. The payment of feudal dues by vassals to their lords.
4. The administration of justice by lords in their own courts.
Some of the key features of Anglo-French cultural symbiosis include:
1. The use of French as the language of the court and the aristocracy.
2. The adoption of French legal and administrative practices.
3. The influence of French culture on English art, architecture, and literature.
The Anglo-Norman period had a profound impact on the development of English society and culture.
Feudalism became the dominant system of social and political organization, and Anglo-Saxon and
Norman culture fused to create a new Anglo-French culture.
The legacy of the Anglo-Norman period can still be seen in England today. For example, the English legal
system is based on French legal principles, and many English words of French origin are still in common
use.
Geoffrey Chaucer is often called the "father of English" for his contributions to the development of the
language. He was a poet, author, and civil servant who lived in the 14th century. Chaucer's work helped to
standardize the English language and to make it more widely used in literature and government.

Before Chaucer, English was still in its early stages of development. It had been influenced by a number
of other languages, including Anglo-Saxon, French, and Latin. Chaucer's work helped to unify the
different dialects of English and to create a more standard form of the language. He also introduced a
number of new words and phrases into the language, many of which are still in use today.

Chaucer's most famous work, The Canterbury Tales, is written in a form of English that is known as
Middle English. Middle English is the transitional stage of the English language between Old English and
Modern English. Chaucer's use of Middle English helped to make it the standard form of English for the
next few centuries.

Chaucer's work had a profound influence on the development of the English language. He is considered
to be one of the most important writers in English literary history, and his work continues to be studied
and enjoyed by people all over the world.

The Caedmon Hymn is a poem written in Old English, the oldest form of the English language. It is
believed to have been written in the 7th century by Caedmon, an Anglo-Saxon cowherd. The hymn is a
praise song to God, and it is one of the earliest examples of English poetry.

The following is the Caedmon Hymn in West Saxon, the dialect of Old English spoken in southern
England:

1. Nu scylun hergan heofonrices Weard,

2. Methotines meahti and ece Drihten,
3. Fæder ure fæstra, he gehwær ælda
4. Cyning engla, and Cristes modor.
5. We loven thee, God, almighty king,
6. Father of creation, eternal Lord.
7. And we praise thee, Christ, and thy mother Mary,
8. Queen of angels, and the glory of the heavens.

The Caedmon Hymn is a simple but beautiful poem. It is a testament to the beauty and power of the
English language, even in its earliest form.

The Vulgate is a Latin translation of the Bible.

The first language of the Bible is Hebrew, not Aramaic. The Hebrew Bible was written over a period of
centuries, from about 1200 to 100 BC. The Aramaic Bible was written later, from about 500 to 200 BC. It
contains translations of some of the Hebrew books, as well as original Aramaic works.
The Vulgate was translated by Jerome in the late 4th and early 5th centuries AD. Jerome was a scholar
who was fluent in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. He translated the Bible from the Hebrew and Greek texts,
and his translation became the standard Latin Bible for the next thousand years.

The Vulgate had a profound influence on the development of Christianity. It was the Bible that was used
by the Church Fathers and by the medieval scholars who developed Christian theology. The Vulgate was
also the Bible that was read by the common people, and it helped to shape the way that Christianity was
practiced in the Middle Ages.

The Vulgate remains an important Bible today. It is still used by the Catholic Church, and it is also used
by many Protestant churches.

Here is a verse from the Vulgate translation of the Bible:

In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum.

In English, this verse reads:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

A humble sort of shepherd is one who is modest and unassuming, despite their position of authority. They
are kind and compassionate towards their sheep, and they always put the needs of their flock first.
Humble shepherds are also willing to learn from others, and they are always striving to improve their
skills.
And to talk about the prose tradition in our literature, we again going
to move towards the post Christianity. Because prose was not at the
strong sweets or the pagans. They were more interested in poetry
writing, more
poetry. And they were not producing words, prose and two very
important figures. Variable is his adjective. It's not his name, OK?
He was a church father, as the name suggests, a very well respected
clergy. And the other figure
But these two are very important. Alfred the Great. Alfred the Great.
This is that Alfred. He is called the Great not because of his gigantic
physic or his
bravery on the battlefield. No, his work was far more detailed. He
dominated the mental sea of the other Anglo saxon . He wanted to
establish an English culture So after the greats and the these most
famous work.. What does this mean? Religious history of English
people? Ecclesiastica history ? And according to the historical
methods, beef lived in the end of the 7th at the beginning of the 8th.
Century 673 to 725
Historia Asiastica or Asiastica Historia. Sometimes
this is used vice versa. Gantis Anglo. This is the Latin book. But
why do we call it Anglo-Saxon that? This was not written in Old
English, but I was talking about Anglo-Saxon people, Anglo-Saxon
society. Remember
what I've told you about the condition of language in English?
Particularly after 1066 England practically became a trilingual
country.
But before that, before the coming of normons, it was already a
bilingual country. Latin. Which is this? Latin has been a very
dominant language in the fields of literary production, historical
production and
education. And the reason behind that is all of these fields producing
documents education These are all under the domain. Of the
Church. The Catholic Church This is why Latin was very dominant,
and B is generally considered as the First scholar in English
language or in English tradition? 1st. Scholar, and he's also being
considered. As the
father of English learning, Not English Literature,
English Learning. Because Father of English Literature is generally
considered as Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer is often called the "father
of English learning." He was a poet, author, and civil servant who
lived in the 14th century. Chaucer's work helped to standardize the
English language and to make it more widely used in literature and
government.
The Ecclesiastical History is a work of history written by Eusebius
of Caesarea in the early 4th century. It is the most important source
of information for the early history of Christianity. Eusebius wrote
the Ecclesiastical History to document the growth and spread of
Christianity from the time of Jesus to his own day.
this all glory for the religious history of English peopleThis book
not only tells us how religion of Christianity was introduced. To the
British Isles and how it's read it also Talks about some historical
events in addition to some Anglo-Saxon mythological legends, B
and. His work against Sam Lauren was the first to mention Cadman.
And his works of. Course ecclesiastical. History or historians
Ecclesiastical historian gets a word is not the only verb of B he has,
he has written. Several others. But they
were all in Latin, and they were primarily concerned with religious
studies. This is his. Most important work. You have over 40 words,
and exclusively in Latin, of course, he was considered the
first caller, not only in English literature. But he covered a lot of
areas and predominantly religion. In his words, and this would bring
us. To Alfred the Great, King of. Essex, soon the King. Of England.
He meant to Unite Other. Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms under his banner
in his defence against the Vikings . To to an extent of course.
Politics are always
complicated and after the great leaves between Lived between 848-
901, late 9th early 10th century and he dedicated
sort of his life to improve the state of education, culture and
establishing an an English tradition in literature in all other fields of
art Real
visionary and he himself translated some important Latin words into
English, and one of the most important of them is Consolotia
Philosophia. Can you read this book by Boethius A Consolatio and
Philosophia Consolation of Philosophy? If you haven't read
Conservation
of Philosophy by Boethius, not at the bottom. That's not bad, but the
original is 5th century work and Boethius was a Roman statesman
and philosopher, and he's banished from his lands. He's been
dethroned from his authorities, and
he's exiled. And in his exile he writes this consolation of philosophy
that
he finds solace and comforts in the arms of philosophy. In fact, the
entire work is written in a verse, dialogue, form. Sometimes he talks
with himself, sometimes he talks to Lady Philosophy, personified
philosophy. A very interesting work. He teaches quite a deal about
human nature and how you can overcome your own troubles Alfred
had a program of translations, not just he translated by himself.
There were several translations of Latin verbs, some of them from
Christian periods, others from Pagan Latin periods. For example, he
translates Cura Pastoralis Pope Gregory the Great. the Cura
Pastoralis the this work was written by for Gregory the
Great. In the preface of this work This book is about the destruction
of the churches, and books by the days and Gregory the Great talks
about duties of the Bishop, training of clerics and teachers. And how
to teach people not to teach Christianity and how to teach it
generally to people.
it's like a teacher's manual. With some historical background
information.
So another word translated by the project of alpha degree is historia
adversum paganos the author is more interesting. Povos Orosius.
Historia
advanced on Paganos. This work talks about this work.
Historia Fagonas tries to clarify the name of Christianity, and
Orosius claims that the troubles of the world existed before
Christianity.
Christianity is not responsible for the. Social troubles, he says, it
tries to clarify the name of Christianity by claiming that the troubles
of the world existed before Christianity he tries to clarify the names
of Christianity. Now we have Consolation of Philosophy, it's written
in a form of dialogue between the Oath author and Lady Philosophy,
with is sort of he cries a lot, cries about the things that he has lost,
things that were so dear to him now lost. And he blames fortune, he
blames his friends, he blames the authorities for his misfortunes.
And then Lady Philosophy comes and explains that terrorist ways of
poetics. She shows him that he
is also to blame. And he should also look for look at things from the
positive side or the things that he has gained from all these
authorities and governmental positions. And also it is a general book
or generally talks about the government of the world, nature of true
happiness, good and evil. So you see it talks about understanding of
life, a guideline for understanding life. In fact, if you're not
interested in philosophy, do be
interested in philosophy philosophy but read philosophy works of
Plato, Read works of Spinosa Descartes. Consolation of philosophy.
you have another word
named Book of Blossoms It is derived from the soliloquies of San
acoustic derived from the soliloquies. What is this?
Soliloquies. Is Soliloquies of San Acoustic Great one
of the greatest church fathers ever lived Similar quiz are like
contemplative poems and you think about your own life, your own
thoughts, and you put them on paper. contemplate Book of
Blossoms.
most important work from the era of King Alpha the Great is Anglo-
Saxon Chronicles. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of
annals in Old English, chronicling the history of the Anglo-
Saxons. The original manuscript of the Chronicle was created
late in the ninth century, probably in Wessex, during the reign
of Alfred the Great (r. 871–899).
Chrono meaning time in Greek Anglo-Saxon Chronicles Anglo-
Saxon Chronicles write about an outline of English history from the
invasion of Julius Caesar to 1154.
It continues to 1154 and it includes material of spatial local interest.
It talks about local history in general, but there are lots and lots of
myths and legends and battles are mentioned in Anglo Saxon
Chronicle we have 3 figures talking about 3 scholars and writers of
crows. The first one is Aelfric. He was a 10th century English
scholar. He wrote sermons in Vernacular English Common English
Lord Sermons in English He wrote Catholic comedies .
Lives of Saints. So he wrote Christian things in English, not in Latin.
That's the important part . And he also produced abbreviated version,
abbreviated version in Old English of the seven first books of Old
Testament, seven first seven books of Old Testament Alfred was the
first English Bible translator And who Achieved an appropriate
literary pro style for biblical translation and you have. Wolfstock .
This person was a contemporary of Aelfric in
10th century and 11th century, and he was the Archbishop of York,
, and he wrote Sermon to the English, in 1014. And we have one
more name to add the list and it's Dunston. Or Wolves Dun,
Dunston. he's also a member of religious revival in 10th century. He
is the one who undertook monastic reform.
And with this we are sort of at the end of our journey for all English

meant some don't Stand member of religious Revival, Which in

which year he was a monastic reformer, is a form of religion.
Pagans. Monotheistic religions, Paganistic religions, Monastic
revival we are moving with some historical background for Norman
Conquest. So in 1066 this is going to be the most important state in
British history. there are several very important dates, but this one
outweighs the others. 1066 The date
of Norman invasion Duke of Normandy william the Bastard came
and conquered Agua Saxon armies who recommended by Harold
Garvin. Battle of Hastings. They fought this battle in Battle of
Hastings and. Normans were victorious and with that, The Bastard.
His nickname was that in The Bastard. Before Norman Conquest, , it
became William the Conqueror. it's all about perspective if you are
an Anglo-Saxon. Lord, this entire normal incident is normal invasion
because you're being invaded, From the normal perspective it. Is a
conquest. You conquer nations. This is why
they say history is written by the. Victors. So William the Bastard
becomes William the Conqueror, and then he becomes the king of
England But notice that normons are not French. They speak French.
Yes, they are accustomed to French traditions, but they are not
French. They were Vikings came and then settled, given land today.
We call the Normandy the Vikings. Roller,
the leaders of the Vikings, is being convinced by King Charles. The
symbol of friends and he's been given the land of Normandy. He's
been declared the Duke of Normandy and Normans are his
descendants. So interestingly enough, today's bloodline of the kings
in England is coming from this line. Of course there are some
separations, cousins, but you can trace the line back to the vikings
still. Why kings are now successful in their? Conquest of England
under a liberal title, So. Normal conquest had massive consequences.
you're being invaded, you're being defeated. The entire systems
changed
language. Of the ruling class changed. Poetic traditions. Literary
traditions changed. So with the normal conquest, it is not just as
simple
replacing another king, it is replacing a system, a language, a culture.
First feudalist structure came to England. With normal conquest.
What is feudalism ?Feudalism is primarily an economic system,
not a political system. Politics is the secondary aspect of feudalism.
Feudalism is land based economy. Money has no place in it. Land
and
service. So you give the Lord as the king, you give the Lord a certain
amount of land, and then that Lord will have tenants will give that
divided land among certain villages. They work on that field and
they will give. Most of their products to the Lord, and the Lord will
give most of his products to the king, and in times of war they. Have
to fight for the king. Very basic system More powerful and
influenced its influence.
Grew wider and. Wider. And as I've told you, with the Conquest,
England became a trilingual. Country 1st. All English continued to
exist. It is not diminished. After all the four, the commoners, they
were Anglo Saxons. They were common people. They were still.
English people, and they were speaking Old English. They were
speaking English, but. With the normal
conquest, William the Conqueror brought his own Lords and balance
to
England and replaced most of the Anglo-Saxon. Lords. And as a
result, the language of the nobility became French for the
following three to two to 300 years. Language of the nobility and
language of the commoners were different. And the Church Latin,
the language of the Church. Even today the English that he use
carries the influences of these of all these languages, all English,
French, Latin. this created a cultural chaos
You're living in a country, and your king and your overlords in
general,
they're speaking another language. You can't communicate with
them, you can't understand them. And then they refuse to learn your
language. And then you go to pray and a commercial is speaking
another language entirely different after the normal conquest ,
French became one of the primary influences on English, not only
language wise, but also culture wise as well. With the normal
conquest we're going to come to that. But these normal overlords,
these normal nobles, they brought French traditions to England, like
romance. I mean, these traditions did not exist in England before.
And the conquest interestingly opened up England to the whole
European continent. Because of the geological location of England,
England is a little bit isolated, right? It's an island,
after all. It's on the northern part, northwestern part of Europe. So it's

not that well connected with the cultural combination of Europe i

general. But in Norman conquest, they had strong ties with the
French
Empire of that. Because, dear friends, Norman, Duke of Normandy,
building the Conqueror, became the King of England, but he still
held on to his title as Duke of Normandy, and as the Duke of
Normandy he was a vassal of the King of France. So feudalism can
create these kind of confusions he's the king of England and he
defied the authority of French
king after a while. And This is why French and England, France and
England had been enemies since the medieval period. They fought a
lot because after a while kings of England became so strong, in fact
far more stronger than kings of France. Therefore they almost
conquered entire France. And then one woman came and changed
everything. Who is that Lady? England became more opened up
more of a more connected
with European continents, and with the introduction of culture and
literature of France into England, a fresh wave of Mediterranean
civilization came into England. French, Italian and other European
influences started to culturally grow in England and England became
a
part of that circle once more out of the doordic circle, part of the
Mediterranean culture like the Roman culture once more. this is
very important because when we talk about Northern Europe today,
we talk
about Germany, we talk about Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and we
have Finland and several other countries .
They sort of form a cultural units, but England, although they
share a common historical background with them, they are not so. In
fact, today it's a combination of both cultures and in the 19th century
England became the greatest empire the world has ever seen. So
things
have changed for them a lot. But then again, these cultural traces are
still there. And the Middle English literature, it sort of begins at this
point. The period Middle
English covers approximately 4 centuries in the early parts of the
Middle Ages. The second half of the 14th
century, from 1350 onwards, English literature became very, very
important with the figures like Geoffrey Chaucer. He is the father of
English literature?
Yes. He is considered and known as the father of English literature, ,
Chaucer, William, Langland
and Schubert. I Robert. Middle English literature is uttered by more
voices,
deals with a wider range of subjects, and is in a greater diversity of
styles, tones and genres. or religion. Now, Middle English literature
deals
Middle English is uttered not just lamentation, epic or religion. No,
Middle English literature deals with a lot brings up Mediterranean
traditions, brings up French influence, brings up Italian influence. In
fact, through France, it brings up Arabic influence .
WEEK 6
Britain in the Middle Ages was a time of great change and upheaval. The country was ruled by a strong
monarchy, and the social structure was feudal. The economy was based on agriculture and trade, and the
culture was flourishing.
The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought about significant changes to English society. The Normans
introduced feudalism, a system in which land is owned by a lord, who grants land to his vassals in return
for military service and loyalty. They also built many castles and fortifications to protect the country from
invasion.
During the 12th and 13th centuries, England experienced a period of economic growth and prosperity.
The wool trade flourished, and many new towns and villages were founded. This period also saw the
construction of many beautiful churches and cathedrals.
The 14th century was a time of hardship for Britain. The Black Death killed an estimated one-third of the
population, and the Hundred Years' War with France drained the country's resources. However, the
country recovered during the 15th century, and by the end of the Middle Ages, England was a powerful
and prosperous nation.
The Middle Ages in Britain was a time of great cultural and intellectual achievement. Many of the
country's most famous writers and poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare, lived
during this period. The Middle Ages also saw the development of English law and parliament.
Here is a summary of the key features of Britain in the Middle Ages:
1. Social structure: Feudal society with a clear division between lords and vassals.
2. Government: Strong monarchy with absolute power.
3. Economy: Agriculture and trade-based economy.
4. Culture: Flourishing culture with a rich tradition of literature, art, and architecture.
The Middle Ages were a formative period in British history. The changes that took place during this time
laid the foundations for the modern British nation.
WEEK 7
The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 had a profound impact on the development of feudalism in
England. The Normans introduced a more centralized and hierarchical system of feudalism than had
existed under the Anglo-Saxons.

Under Norman feudalism, the king was at the top of the hierarchy, and all land was ultimately owned by
him. The king granted land to his vassals, who in turn granted land to their vassals, and so on. In return
for land, vassals owed the king military service, loyalty, and other dues.

The Normans also introduced a number of new features to feudalism in England, such as:
1. The concept of primogeniture, which meant that the eldest son inherited all of his father's land
and titles.
2. The development of a system of knight service, in which vassals were required to serve the king
as knights in his army.
3. The creation of a system of manorialism, in which vassals were required to work on their lord's
land and provide him with food and other goods.
4. Feudalism in England reached its peak during the 12th and 13th centuries. During this time, the
king was able to raise a large and powerful army, and the country experienced a period of
economic growth and prosperity.
However, feudalism began to decline in the 14th century, due to a number of factors, including the Black
Death and the Hundred Years' War. By the end of the Middle Ages, feudalism had been largely replaced
by a more centralized system of government.
The Norman Conquest and the introduction of feudalism had a profound impact on the development of
English society and culture. Feudalism helped to create a strong and stable monarchy, and it also
contributed to the development of English law and government.
The legacy of feudalism can still be seen in England today in a number of ways, such as the system of
primogeniture, the use of titles such as "lord" and "lady," and the existence of some traditional sporting
events, such as jousting.