ADVERB CLAUSES SHOWING

CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

Because (a) Because he was sleepy, he went to bed An adverb clause may
precede or follow the
(b) He went to bed because he was sleepy independent clause. Notice
the punctuation in (a) and (b)
Since (c) Since he is not interested in classical music, In (c) : since means because
he decided not to go to the concert
Now that (d) Now that the semester is finished, I’m In (d): Now that means
going to rest a few days and then take a trip because now. Now that is
used for present and future
situations
As (e) As I had nothing to do, I cleaned up my In (e): as means because
house
As/so long as (f) As long as (So long as) you’re not busy, In (f) : as long as means
could you help me with this work? because
Inasmuch as (g) Inasmuch as the two leaders could not In (g): inasmuch as means
reach an agreement, the possibilities for because. Inasmuch as is
peace are still remote usually found only in formal
writing and speech.

Exercise 1
Do as an example. No 1 has been done for you.

1. Peggy used to take the bus to school, but last week she bought a car. Now she
can drive to school. (now that)
Now that Peggy has a car, she can drive to school.
2. You just had your sixteenth birthday. Now you can get a driver’s license. (as)
3. We have to wear warm clothes. It’s winter now. (since)
4. I went home late. My father got angry to me. (because)
5. Do you want to go for a walk? The rain has stopped.(for)

USING PREPOSITIONS TO SHOW

CAUSE AND EFFCT: DUE TO AND BECAUSE OF

(a) Because the weather was cold, we stayed Because introduces an adverb clause; it is
home followed by a subject and verb
(b) Because of the cold weather, we stayed
home Because of and due to are prepositions; they
(c) Due to the cold weather, we stayed home are followed by a noun object
(d) Due to the fact that the weather was cold,
Sometimes, usually in more formal writing,
we stayed home due to is followed by a noun clause
introduced by the fact that
(e) We stayed home because of the cold Like adverb clauses, these phrases can also
weather follow the main clause, as in (e)
We stayed home due to the cold weather
We stayed home due to the fact that the
weather was cold
 Exercise 2
Do as an example. No 1 has been done for you.

1. The traffic was heavy. We were late to the meeting.

Due to the heavy traffic, we were late to the meeting.
2. I was very busy. I can’t take my children to the zoo.
3. They were late. They caught the wrong bus.
4. Mrs. Lina goes on diet. She wants to reduce her weight.
5. My son got a fever. He didn’t go to school yesterday.

USING TRANSITIONS TO SHOW

CAUSE AND EFFECT: THEREFORE AND CONSEQUENTLY

(a) Al failed the test because he didn’t study
(b) Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the
test
(c) Al didn’t study. Consequently, he failed the
test
(a), (b), and (c) have the same meaning.
Therefore and consequently mean ‘as a
result.’ In grammar, they are called
transitions. Transitions connect the ideas
between two sentences

(d) Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the A transition occurs in the second of two
test related sentences. Notice the patterns and
(e) Al didn’t study. He, therefore, failed the punctuation in the examples. A period (NOT
test a comma) is used at the end of the first
(f) Al didn’t study. He failed the test, sentence. The transition has several possible
therefore. positions in the second sentence. The
transition is set off from the rest of the
POSITIONS OF A TRANSITION sentence by commas
Transition + S +V (+ rest of sentence)
S + transition + V (+ rest of sentence)
S + V (+ rest of sentence) + transition

(g) Al didn’t study, so he failed the test
COMPARE: A transition (e.g., therefore)
has different possible positions within the
second sentence in a pair. A conjunction
(e.g., so) has only one possible position:
between the two sentences. So cannot move
around in the second sentence as therefore
can

Exercise 3
Do as an example. No 1 has been done for you.

1. The children stayed home because a storm was approaching. (therefore)

A storm is approaching. Therefore, the children stayed home.
2. I didn’t have my umbrella. I got wet. (consequently)
3. My husband can not do it alone. He needs my help. (therefore)
4. I stay home all day. It is very hot outside. (consequently)
5. Ditto didn’t do his homework. His teacher punished him. (so)
 Exercise 4
Using the given words, combine the following two ideas!

We postpone our trip. The weather was bad.

1. because We postponed our trip because the weather was bad.

Because the weather was bad, we postponed our trip.

2. therefore 5. because of
3. since 6. consequently
4. so 7. due to (the fact that)

She missed class. She was ill.

1. because of 4. so
2. because 5. due to (the fact that)
3. consequently 6. therefore

OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT

SUCH … THAT AND SO … THAT

(a) Because the weather was nice, we went to Examples (a), (b), and (c) have the same
the zoo meaning
(b) It was such nice weather that we went to
the zoo
(c) The weather was so nice that we went to
the zoo
(d) It was such good coffee that I had another Such …that encloses a modified noun:
cup
(e) It was such a foggy day that we couldn’t Such + adjective + noun +that
see the road
(f) The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it
(g) I’m so hungry that I could eat the horse So … that encloses an adjective or adverb:
(h) She speaks so fast that I can’t understand
her so + adjective + that
(i) He walked so quickly that I couldn’t keep or
up with him adverb
(j) She made so many mistakes that she failed
the exam So ... that is used with many, few, much,
(k) He has so few friends that he is always and little
lonely
(l) She has so much money that she can buy
whatever she wants
(m) He had so little trouble with the test that
he left twenty minutes earlier
(n)It was such a good book (that) I couldn’t Sometimes, primarily in speaking, that is
put it down omitted.
(o)I was so hungry (that) I didn’t wait for
dinner to eat something
 Exercise 5
Do as an example. No 1 and 2 have been done for you.

1. This tea is good. I think I’ll have another cup

This tea is so good that I think I’ll have another cup.
2. This is good tea. I think I’ll have another cup
This is such good tea that I think I’ll have another cup
3. The car was expensive. We couldn’t afford to buy it
4. The weather was hot. We could fry an egg on the sidewalk.
5. I had to wear my wool coat. It was a cold day.
6. Everybody couldn’t understand her. She talked too fast.
7. She smiled nicely. I want to have a date with her.

EXPRESSING PURPOSE: USING SO THAT

(a) I turned off the TV in order to enable my roommate In order to expresses purpose. I
to study in peace and quiet turned off the TV for the purpose.
The purpose was to make it
possible for my roommate to study
in peace and quiet.
(b) I turned off the TV so (that) my roommate could So that also expresses purpose. It
study in peace and quiet expresses the same meaning as in
order to. The word “that” is often
omitted, especially in speaking
So that is often used instead of in
SO THAT + CAN or COULD order to when the idea of ability is
being expressed. Can is used in the
(c) I’m going to cash a check so that I can buy my adverb clause for a present/future
textbooks meaning. In (c) so that I can buy =
(d)I cashed a check so that I could buy my textbooks in order to be able to buy
Could is used after so that in past
sentences

In (e): so that I won’t get wet = in

SO THAT+WILL/ SIMPLE PRESENT or WOULD order to make sure that I won’t get
wet
(e) I’ll take my umbrella so that I won’t get wet In (f) : it is sometimes possible to
(f) I’ll take my umbrella so that I don’t get wet use the simple present after so that
(g) Yesterday I took my umbrella so that I wouldn’t get in place of will; the simple present
wet tense expresses a future meaning
Would is used in past sentences

Exercise 6
Translate these sentences using so that

1. Dia menyanyi sebuah lagu pengantar tidur sehingga si bayi bisa tidur cepat
2. Saya akan memberimu no HPku sehingga kamu bisa mudah menghubungiku.
3. Tolong diam sehingga aku bisa dengar apa yang diomongkan Sari.
4. Setiap siswa tidak boleh melanggar aturan sehingga mereka tidak akan
dihukum.
 SHOWING OPPOSITION
(UNEXPECTED RESULT)

All of the following example sentences have the same meaning

ADVERB Even though (a) Even though it was cold, I went swimming
CLAUSES Although (b) Although it was cold, I went swimming
Though (c) Though it was cold, I went swimming

CONJUNCTIONS but … anyway (d) It was cold, but I went swimming anyway.
but … still (e) It was cold, but I still went swimming
yet … still (f) It was cold, yet I still went swimming
TRANSITIONS Nevertheless (g) It was cold. Nevertheless, I went swimming
Nonetheless (h) It was cold. Nonetheless, I went swimming
However (i) It was cold. However, I went swimming

PREPOSITIONS Despite (j) I went swimming despite the cold weather

In spite of (k) I went swimming in spite of the cold
weather

Exercise 7
Combine the ideas using the given words

1. We went to the zoo. It was raining

Even though In spite of
But …. Anyway Because
Nevertheless

2. His grades were low. He was admitted to the university.

Although Despite
Yet … still Because of
Nonetheless

SHOWING DIRECT OPPOSITION

ADVERB CLAUSES whereas (a) Mary is rich, whereas John is

while poor
(b) Mary is rich, while John is poor
(c) John is poor, while Mary is rich
(d) Whereas Mary is rich, John is
poor
CONJUNCTIONS but (e) Mary is rich, but John is poor
(f) John is poor, but Mary is rich
TRANSITIONS however (g) Mary is rich; however, John is
on the other poor.
hand (h) John is poor; however, Mary is
rich.
(i) Mary is rich. John, on the other
hand, is poor.
(j) John is poor, Mary, on the other
hand, is rich.