EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE AGRICULTURE

INDUSTRY
MINI PROJECT -2
PAPER CODE: KMBN 252

MORADABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

MBA
Submitted by: SHANI KUMAR
Student Name: SHANI KUMAR
Roll No:

MBA SEMESTER-II
SIGNATURE OF FACULTY GUIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.

CHAPTER- 1: INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRY 3-7

CHAPTER- 2: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 8-11

CHAPTER- 3: EMERGING TECNOLOGIES IN THE

INDUSTRY 12- 16

CHAPTER- 4: LIMITATIONS 17-19

CHAPTER- 5: CONCLUSION 20-21

 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRY

1.1 Introduction

Agriculture industry play a important in India’s economy. As per the agriculture statistics India
is the world's largest producer of many fresh fruits like banana, mango, guava,
papaya, lemon and vegetables like chickpea, okra and milk, major spices like chili pepper,
ginger, fibrous crops such as jute, staples such as millets and castor oil seed. India is the second
largest producer of wheat and rice, the world's major food staples.
India is currently the world's second largest producer of several dry fruits, agriculture-
based textile raw materials, roots and tuber crops,
farmed fish, eggs, coconut, sugarcane and numerous vegetables. India is ranked under the
world's five largest producers of over 80% of agricultural produce items, including many cash
crops such as coffee and cotton, in 2010. India is one of the world's five largest producers of
livestock and poultry meat, with one of the fastest growth rates, as of 2011.
One report from 2008 claimed that India's population is growing faster than its ability to produce
rice and wheat. While other recent studies claim that India can easily feed its growing
population, plus produce wheat and rice for global exports, if it can reduce food staple
spoilage/wastage, improve its infrastructure and raise its farm productivity like those achieved by
other developing countries such as Brazil and China.
In fiscal year ending June 2011, with a normal monsoon season, Indian agriculture accomplished
an all-time record production of 85.9 million tonnes of wheat, a 6.4% increase from a year
earlier. Rice output in India hit a new record at 95.3 million tonnes, a 7% increase from the year
earlier. Lentils and many other food staples production also increased year over year. Indian
farmers, thus produced about 71 kilograms of wheat and 80 kilograms of rice for every member
of Indian population in 2011. The per capita supply of rice every year in India is now higher than
the per capita consumption of rice every year in Japan.
India has shown a steady average nationwide annual increase in the mass-produced per hectare
for some agricultural items, over the last 60 years. These gains have come mainly from
India's green revolution, improving road and power generation infrastructure, knowledge of
gains and reforms. Despite these recent accomplishments, agriculture has the potential for major
productivity and total output gains, because crop yields in India are still just 30% to 60% of the
best sustainable crop yields achievable in the farms of developed and other developing
countries. Additionally, post harvest losses due to poor infrastructure and unorganized retail,
caused India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world.
 Figure 1.1 Introduction

Agriculture industry helps in grow of Indian economy. In last decades Indian GDP grow
faster than the last 50 year, India’s economy is fully depends on the agriculture.
India is a largest producer of many foods and vegetables.
Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy as it contributes about 17% to the
total GDP and provides employment to over 60% of the population.

Agriculture is an art of raising plant life from the soil for the use of mankind. In
developing countries agriculture sector has been a major source of employment and it has
contributed to the national economy.
1.2 Roles of agriculture in Indian economy

Agriculture industry is most important sector of Indian economy. Most of the GDP is
depends on the agriculture industry.
Agriculture industry provides around 50% of employment to the country. Agriculture
plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Over 70 per cent of the rural households depend
on agriculture. Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy as it contributes
about 17% to the total GDP and provides employment to around 58% of the population.
Indian agriculture has registered impressive growth over last few decades. The food
grains production has increased from 51 million tonnes (MT) in 1950-51 to 250MT
during 2011-12 highest ever since independence The share of agriculture in GDP
increased to 19.9 per cent in 2020-21 from 17.8 per cent in 2019-20. The last time the
contribution of the agriculture sector in GDP was at 20 per cent was in 2003-04.
The role of the agricultural sector in the Indian Economy is:
1.Contribution in GDP
Since the time of Independence, the agriculture sector has been the major contributor to
the country’s GDP. In the financial year 1950-1951, agriculture and other related
activities had a share of 59% of the country’s total GDP in that financial year. Although
there is a constant drop in the agriculture sector, it is still one of the most crucial sectors
in the Indian Economy. On the other hand, in developed countries such as the UK and
USA, the agriculture sector contributes only about 3% of the country’s total GDP.

2.Largest Employee Sector

In India, the agriculture sector has more than half of the total population of the country
engaged, which makes it the sector with the most number of employees in the country.
Comparing it with the developed nations, India has about 54.6% of the total population in
the agriculture sector engaged, while in developed nations such as the UK, USA, France,
and Australia, only 2%-6% of its total population is engaged in the agriculture sector.
3.Source of Food
India is the second-most populous country in the world. And to feed such a huge
population, there is always a constant need for a supply of food. Therefore, there is a
need for agriculture and a need for less dependency on the agriculture sector for the
Economy.
4.Commercial Significance
Indian Agriculture is important for the industrial sector and trading purposes both
internally and externally. Agro-products such as tea, coffee, sugar, cashew nuts, spices,
etc., which are edible and textile products such as jute, cotton, and others contribute 50%
and 20% respectively to the total export of the total country. These add up to around 70%
of the country’s total export and help the country in earning foreign exchange.
5.Contribution to the Government’s Revenue
Agriculture is the most significant source of income for the central and state
governments. The government of the country has substantial revenue from rising land
revenue. Also, the movement of agricultural goods helps generate revenue for the Indian
railways, which helps the government in revenue generation.

1. Contribute in national income:

2. Provides raw materials to other industry:
3. Fulfill the food need of the huge population:
1.3 Infrastructure of agriculture industry

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. Agriculture is the main source of
food, 58% population of India depend on the agriculture.

Indian food and grocery market is the world’s sixth largest , with retail contributing
70% of the sales.
These are main infrastructure source of agriculture,
1. Power
2. Water
3. Market
4. Energy
5. Food
 CHAPTER-2

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Now days agriculture industry face lots of problems like , land and man power reduce in
last 10 year. In the global and modernizing world, agriculture faces a myriad of
problems, both natural and synthetic. The two most common problems are loss of
agricultural land and decreased varieties of crops. As the amount of available agricultural
land decreases, the quantity of food available to consumers reduces. This harms not only
the economy but also the level of health in the population. Decreased varieties of crops
result in a reduction in the ability of crops to withstand natural disasters and issues.
Additionally, certain types of crops have benefits that are only available within them. As
they grow extinct, their benefits are no longer available to consumers.
 2.1 Loss of Agricultural Land

Loss of agricultural land can occur through the actual loss of land or the loss of certain
agricultural-friendly qualities and characteristics within a geographic region. In
measuring land, the terms hectare and acre are often used. An acre is exactly 4,840
square yards. A hectare is 2.47 acres, 10,000 square meters, or 11,960 square yards.

Some of the reasons for the loss of agricultural land include:

 Erosion: Wind and water are the leading causes of erosion. As these forces come into
contact with land, small particles or even large rocks or areas can be weathered down and
removed from the land. Over the course of hundreds and thousands of years, the area of
the land will be reduced. In terms of agriculture priorities, erosion poses another threat:
reduction in minerals. Topsoil, the layer that holds the most mineral-rich soil, is also the
loosest layer. As eroding forces engage with the topsoil, it can potentially be removed
from agricultural land, and the crops planted there in the future will suffer.
 Factories: Factories are industrial structures designed to facilitate the creation of
products. One of the most frequent byproducts of these creations is pollution in various
forms. As chemicals seep from the factory installations to the agricultural land owned by
farmers, the crops will be affected by these pollutants. Their growth will be stunted. If
consumers eat the crops, they could have health problems. Thus, even if crops grow they
could not be fit for sale.
 Highways: Highways have similar effects to factories. Not only do they reduce the
available land for agriculture by building massive roads through unpopulated land, the
automobiles driving on these roads produce air pollution that can seep into the crops.
2.2 CLIMATE CHANGES

There are multiple, feasible and effective options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
adapt to human-caused climate change, and they are available now, said scientists in the
latest report released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 20
March. “This Synthesis Report underscores the urgency of taking more ambitious action
and shows that, if we act now, we can still secure a livable sustainable future for all,
Climate change will contribute to existing long term environmental problems, such as
groundwater depletion and soil degradation which will affect food and agriculture
production systems.
Without effort to adapt to climate change, food insecurity will increase substantially,,
climate change ‘s impact on global food security will relate not merely to food supply,
but also food quality , food access and utilization .
2.3 SUPPLY AND DEMAND

The world will soon have more than 9 billion people living on it and each of them needs
to be fed. This demand for food does not have necessarily mean every farmer is going to
have a booming business. Many farmers do not have this resource to meet the demand.
Whether that is due to past financial hardship, lack of qualified labour or poor yield from
recent crops, farmers are struggling to provide the harvest expected and needed to be
successful.

2.4 Consumer needs and expectations drive the food value chain

Farmers need to meet rising demand for more food of higher quality. In recent years,
there has been a shift in focus from concern about ‘enough food’ to ‘good food’. Society
has rising expectations of farmers to reduce their impact on the environment, to increase
the nutritional content of crops and to further minimize chemical residues in crops and
the environment.

2.5 Farming is a business

Ag. tech is raising crop productivity, but farmers need to invest in such technology, from
treated seeds and crop protection products to data-analysis apps and precision spraying.
While large-scale farmers may be able to afford to invest, smallholders don’t always have
access to an affordable source of credit. And then farmers must learn how to best use
these technologies to improve their business.

A farmer’s business decisions are complicated by global economic factors, like

fluctuating commodity prices and trade issues, and the fact that a harvest can be affected
by weather, insects or disease.

There’s also the question: who is going to farm in the future? As millions of people from
rural areas migrate to cities each year, farmers need to inspire enough of them to remain
and build a career in agriculture.
 CHAPTER 3

EMREGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE INDUSTRY

3.1 Soil and water sensors

Perhaps the equipment having the most immediate effect are soil and water sensors.
These sensors are durable, unobtrusive and relatively inexpensive. Even family farms are
finding it affordable to distribute them throughout their land, and they provide numerous
benefits. For instance, these sensors can detect moisture and nitrogen levels, and the farm
can use this information to determine when to water and fertilize rather than rely on a
predetermined schedule. That results in more efficient use of resources and therefore
lowered costs, but it also helps the farm be more environmentally friendly by conserving
water, limiting erosion and reducing fertilizer levels in local rivers and lakes.
3.2 Weather Tracking

Although we still make jokes about our local meteorologists, the truth is that
computerized weather modeling is becoming increasingly sophisticated. There are online
weather services that focus exclusively on agriculture, and farmers can access these
services on dedicated onboard and handheld farm technology but also via mobile apps
that run on just about any consumer smartphone. This technology can give farmers
enough advanced notice of frost, hail and other weather that they can take precautions to
protect the crops or at least mitigate losses to a significant degree.
3.3 Satellite Imaging

As remote satellite imaging has become more sophisticated, it’s allowed for real-
time crop imagery. This isn’t just bird’s-eye-view snapshots but images in resolutions of
5-meter-pixels and even greater. Crop imagery lets a farmer examine crops as if he or she
were standing there without actually standing there. Even reviewing images on a weekly
basis can save a farm a considerable amount of time and money. Additionally, this
technology can be integrated with crop, soil and water sensors so that the farmers can
receive notifications along with appropriate satellite images when danger thresholds are
met.
3.4 Pervasive Automation
Pervasive automation is a buzz term in the agriculture technology industry, and it can
refer to any technology that reduces operator workload. Examples include autonomous
vehicles controlled by robotics or remotely through terminals and hyper precision, such
as RTK navigation systems that make seeding and fertilization routes as optimal as
possible. Most farming equipment already adopts the ISOBUS standard, and that puts on
the precipice of a farming reality where balers, combines, tractors and other farming
equipment communicate and even operate in a plug-and-play manner.

3.5 Minichromosomal Technology

Perhaps one of the most exciting advents in agriculture technology is coming in a

very tiny package. A minichromosome is a small structure within a cell that includes very
little genetic material but can, in layman’s terms, hold a lot of information. Using
minichromosomes, agricultural geneticists can add dozens and perhaps even hundreds of
traits to a plant. These traits can be quite complex, such as drought tolerance and nitrogen
use. However, what is most intriguing about minichromosomal technology is that a
plant’s original chromosomes are not altered in any way. That results in faster regulatory
approval and wider, faster acceptance from consumers.
3.6 RFID Technology

The soil and water sensors mentioned earlier have set a foundation for traceability. The
industry has only begun to realize this infrastructure, but it’s taking shape quickly. These
sensors provide information that can be associated with farming yields. It may seem like
science fiction, but we’re living in a world where a bag of potatoes can have a barcode
that you can scan with your smart phone in order to access information about the soil that
yielded them. A future where farms can market themselves and have loyal consumers
track their yields for purchase is not far-fetched.

3.7 Vertical Farming

Vertical farming has been a science fiction topic as far back as the 1950s and perhaps
further, and now it’s not only scientifically viable but will be financially viable within the
decade. Vertical farm technology Vertical farming a component of urban agriculture is
the practice of producing food in vertically stacked layers. This offers many advantages.
Perhaps the most obvious is the ability to grow within urban environments and thus have
fresher foods available faster and at lower costs. However, vertical farming won’t be
 limited to just urban environments like initially expected. Farmers in all areas can use it
to make better use of available land and to grow crops that wouldn’t normally be viable
in those locations.

3.8 AgDrones (Agricultural Drones)

In recent years, the usage of agricultural drones (also known as Unmanned Ariel
Vehicles) is increasing by agronomists, agriengineers, crop insurers, researchers, and
farmers.
AgDrones aims to streamline operations through effective decision-making using data
analysis, optimize agricultural operations, enhance crop production, and monitor effectiveness.

Agricultural drones help in a variety of uses: mapping, surveying, crop-dusting, spraying,

planting, and irrigation.

Examples of agriculture drone companies:

 DJI: One of the leading global brands of various commercial and consumer drones. It is
owned by equipment manufacturer Shenzhen DJI Sciences and Technologies Ltd. They
 offer a range of advanced agricultural drones: AGRAS T20 (for insects and weed
control), Phantom 4 RTK (for better field mapping), and P4 Multispectral (for crop health
inspections). In addition, they provide management solutions for various types of crops.

 senseFly eBee SQ: This agdrone is a popular choice among solution providers. It can
cover 500 acres in a single charge and has logged more than 300,000 missions. It comes
bundled with an advanced software for flight planning, flight management, ground
station support, and image processing.
 CHAPTER 4
LIMITATIONS OF THE INDUSTRY

4.1 Factors causing impact on agricultural development

Agricultural yield in India is still low in comparison to other countries of the world. This
is caused due to several factors. These factors can be categorized into four groups: i)
environmental ii) economic iii) institutional iv) technological

4.2 National Agriculture Policy

The Union Government announced the National Agricultural Policy (NAP) envisaging
over 4 per cent growth rate per annum. The policy seeks to promote technically sound,
economically viable, environmentally non-degrading, and socially acceptable use of
country's natural resources - land, water and genetic endowment to promote sustainable
development of agriculture.

4.3 Economic factors

The economic problems being faced by Indian agriculture sector are as follow:
1. Subsistence agriculture
2. Human elements
3. Challenges posed by globalization

4.4 Institutional factors

The institutional problems being faced by Indian agriculture sector are as follow:
1. Small and fragmented landholding
2. Exploitation of farmers

4.5 Environmental problems

The environmental problems being faced by Indian agriculture sector are as follow:
1. Unreliable rainfall
2. Lack of irrigation facilities
3. Soil erosion
4. Methods of cultivation
5. Faulty cultivation of crops
6. Reduction in net sown areas

4.6 Poor living conditions and hygiene for livestock

Intensive farming is highly criticized and thought to be cruel to the animals. Because it
involves the use of various chemicals, growth hormones and excess crowding on a small
space, the outcome is usually poor living conditions and hygiene for the livestock.
Keeping livestock above their capacity is associated with pollution and poor hygiene
which results in infections and various diseases.

4.7 Excessive use of agro-chemicals

Intensive farming as earlier stated involves the utilization of numerous types of agro-
chemicals including chemical pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and
acaracides. When these chemicals are used they not only destroy their intended targets
such as pests, weeds and parasites but also contaminate the food products.

The insecticides and pesticides also kill beneficial insects which contribute
to biodiversity loss. The workers and humans nearby are equally affected by the chemical
sprays and humans who consume the food indirectly take in the chemicals.

4.8 Deforestation and alteration of the natural environment

Environmental studies and reports indicate that intensive farming impacts

and degrade the environment in countless ways. The removal of trees, slush and burn
techniques and the clearing of forest areas to create room for agriculture has led
to massive deforestation and soil erosion.

As an outcome, natural habitats and wild animals have been heavily affected as the
destructive practices have persistently contributed to habitat loss. The use of chemical
fertilizers and herbicides contaminates water soils, wildlife habitats, and water bodies like
oceans, rivers and lakes. Fertilizer nutrients in particular are the main cause
of eutrophication in most of the world’s water bodies such as oceans, lakes, and rivers.
4.9 Risks to human health

The vegetables and fruits are sourced from areas that practice intensive farming and are
full of invisible pesticides. The challenge is that the pesticides cannot be washed away
easily and since the fruits and vegetables appear clean after a simple wash, humans
indirectly consume the chemical pesticides.

The consumption of pesticides affects the health of humans with health risks such as
physical deformity, skin allergy, and congenital diseases. ADHD in children, for
example, is associated with the consumption of pesticides in agricultural food products.

5.0 Traditional farmers are unable to gain enough profits and less job

creation opportunities

Intensive farming as opposed to traditional farming utilizes less space, labor and
resources to produce much greater volumes. This makes it very hard for traditional
farmers to compete. Also, considering how industrialized intensive farming is, it does not
lots of job per unit of food produced which means less job creation opportunities.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Agriculture is an integral part of smart growth. The ability to feed one's own population
is critical to the independence of any state. Ontario is blessed with resources that have
facilitated the development of a world class agricultural industry that provides safe,
nutritious, and reliable food. The ability to feed the local population from local sources
should not be underestimated.

Perhaps because of its long-term presence in the study area, agriculture tends to be taken
for granted. Many people expect that it will continue in perpetuity and that as it is pushed
out of one area by urban expansion, it will relocate in another area that is less subject to
growth pressure. This assumption is false.

Agriculture is a diverse industry with very specific location connections. Certain crops
can only be grown in specific locations where the combination of a variety of factors
including soil, moisture, temperature, and topography is right. When such areas are lost
to agriculture, the ability to produce the crops that require that particular combination of
factors is also lost. The public needs to understand that agricultural land is a
nonrenewable resource requiring appropriate management techniques. Before allowing
land to go out of production, decision makers must consider the implications of that
decision and evaluate it in terms of the long-term loss to Ontario.

Preserving the quality of life is perhaps the most fundamental goal of smart growth. A
healthy agricultural industry close to urban areas contributes to the quality of life in ways
that should not be underestimated. This contribution can be evaluated in terms of:

 the national security value of being able to provide a secure and nutritious food supply;

 the economic value of a world-class industry run by experienced and knowledgeable

operators;

 the social value of providing products in response to the demands of a changing ethnic
population seeking alternative foods;
 the recreational value of being able to travel to pick-your-own operations and spend time
in a rural setting;

 the direct environmental value of improvements to the quality of the environment;

 indirect environmental value in the preservation of green space, habitat, and wildlife
corridors;

 public health value in maintaining control over the food supply and the ability to regulate
how it is grown and what techniques are used to grow it; and

 historic value, in that agriculture is part of the history of the settlement of Ontario.