PON VIDYASHRAM

GROUP OF CBSE SCHOOLS

Maxworth Nagar, Kolapakkam
Chennai

Project Report
2023 - 2024

Name:

Standard:

Subject:

Reg. No.:

Title of the Project:

 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified to be the bonafide project work done by

of Std in the
Laboratory of Pon Vidyashram, Kolapakkam ,Chennai,
during the academic year 2023– 2024.

Date Teacher-in-charge

Submitted for the examination held on

at Pon Vidyashram, Kolapakkam Chennai.

External Internal
Principal
Examiner Examiner
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind
Support and help of many individuals.
I would like to thank my principal for the support
and the school for providing me with facilities
required to do my project.
I am highly indebted to my Physics teacher
___________ for her valuable guidance.
Which has sustained my efforts in all the stages of
project work.
I would also like to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement.
My thanks and appreciation also go to the
laboratory assistant ____________ and my fellow
Classmates in developing the project and to the
people who have willingly helped me out
With their abilities.
MAPPING OF MAGNETIC FIELD
NORTH TO NORTH DIRECTION
 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 AIM 1

2 APPARATUS REQUIRED 1

3 THEORY 2

4 PROCEDURE 7

5 RESULT 8

6 SOURCES OF ERROR 8

7 PRECAUTIONS 8
AIM:
To map the magnetic field of a Bar Magnet when it is
placed in Magnetic Meridian with its north - pole pointing
towards earth’s north - pole.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Drawing Board,
 board pin,
 compass needle,
 white paper and
 bar magnet.
THEORY:
 THE MAGNETIC FIELD LINES:

To study the magnetic field lines we need to examine iron

fillings spread on a sheet of glass placed over a short bar
magnet. The iron filings are spread in a pattern such as

The pattern of the iron fillings suggest that the magnet has two
poles similar to the positive and negative charge of an electric
dipole. One pole is designated the north - pole and the other, the
south pole. When suspended freely, these poles point
approximately towards the geographic north and south poles,
respectively. A similar pattern of iron filings is observed around
a current- carrying solenoid.
The pattern of iron filings permits us to plot the magnetic field
lines. This is shown both for the bar magnet and the current-
carrying solenoid. The magnetic field lines are a visual and
intuitive realization of the 'unseen magnetic field.
 THE PROPERTIES OF THE FIELD LINES:

The properties of the magnetic field lines are:

(i) The magnetic field lines of a magnet for a solenoid) form
continuous an closed loops. This is unlike the electric dipole
where these lines begin on a positive charge and end on the
negative charge.
(ii) The tangent to the field line at a given point represents the
direction of the net magnetic field B at that point.
(iii) The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit normal
area.
the larger is the magnitude of the magnetic field B. In Fig.given,
B is larger around region II than in region I.
(iv) The magnetic field lines do not intersect. This is so since
the direction of the magnetic field would not be unique at the
point of intersection.

 NULL POINT DEFINITION:

When we plot the magnetic field of a bar magnet, we are infact
plotting the combined field of magnet and earth. This is because
earth's magnetic field exists everywhere, While the earth's
magnetic field is uniform over a considerable area, the magnetic
field of the magnet varies considerably even over a small area.
At certain points, it happens so that the magnetic field of the
magnet becomes equal (in magnitude) and opposite in direction
to the magnetic field of earth. At these points, the resultant field
intensity becomes zero. These points are called neutral points or
null points. A small compass needle placed at the neutral point
shall not experience any net force or couple. So, it could set
itself in any direction. Neutral point is defined as that point
where the resultant of the magnetic field intensities due to
magnet and earth is zero.

The equal, equispaced, parallel and dotted lines represented in

the given figure represent the (horizontal component of
earth's magnetic field). This field is assumed is assumed to be
uniform over the region under the consideration.The curved
lines represent the magnetic field of the magnet. It is clear from
the given figure that the magnetic fields of earth and magnet are
in the same direction at points on the axial line of the magnet.
On the other hand, the two magnetic fields are oppositely
directed at points on the equatorial line of the magnet. At points
which are neither on axial nor on equatorial lines, the two
magnetic fields are inclined to each other.
Given figure represents the combined magnetic field due to
magnet and horizontal component of earth's magnetic field. It is
clear from Fig. given that the magnetic field of magnet
dominates the earth's field at points near the magnet. Reverse is
true for points farther away from the magnet .
As is clear from given figure there are two points on the
equatorial line, one on either side of the magnet, where there are
no lines of force. At these two points, the horizontal component ,
of earth's field completely balances the magnetic field of the
magnet. These points are called neutral points. If a compass
needle is placed at the neutral point. it would stay in any
direction.
At points between the neutral point and the magnet, the
magnetic field of the magnet dominates the (horizontal
component of earth’s magnetic field). By This fact can be
experimentally proved by placing a compass needle at any point
between the neutral point and magnet, it will be observed that
the needle will set with its north pole towards south pole.
Similiarly , if the needle Is placed beyond the neutral point, it
will be observed that the needle will set its north pole towards
the north.
If r be the distance of the neutral point from the centre of the
magnet, then the magnetic field intensity B at the neutral point,
due to the magnet, is given by

where M is the magnetic dipole moment of the magnet and 2l is

the length of the magnetic dipole.
At the neutral point, B = (horizontal component of earth's
magnetic field).
PROCEDURE:
1. A white sheet of paper is fastened to the drawing board
using board pins or sellotape. (When doing this all
magnetic field and magnetic materials are moved far away
from the drawing board).

2. A small plotting compass needle is placed near the edge of

the paper and the board is rotated until the edge of the
paper is parallel to the magnetic needle.

This position should not be disturbed throughout the

experiment.

3. The compass needle is placed at the centre of the paper.

The ends of the needle i.e is the new position of the north
and south pole are marked when the needle comes to rest.
These points are joined and straight line is obtained. This is
the magnetic meridian.

4. Cardinal directions NEWS is drawn near the corner of the

paper, the bar magnet is placed on the line at the centre of
the paper with its north pole facing the geographic north.
The outline of the bar magnet is drawn.
5. The plotting compass is placed near the north pole and the
ends of the needle are marked. Move the compass to a new
position such that its south end occupies the positions
previously occupied by its north pole. In this way proceed
step by step till the south pole of the magnet is reached.

6. The lines of the magnetic forces are drawn by joining the

plotted points around the magnet. In the same way several
magnetic lines of force are drawn around the magnet as
shown in the Fig.

7. The curved line represent the magnetic field of the magnet.

The direction of the line is shown by arrow heads.
RESULT:
The magnetic lines of force are mapped when the bar magnet is
placed. The direction of the lines are shown by arrow heads.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The dots may not have been placed accurately.
2. The bar magnet or paper may have been shifted when
mapping the field lines.
3. The arrows indicating the direction of the magnetic field
lines may have been drawing in the wrong direction.
4. The magnetic field lines may not have been traced
accurately.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. It was ensured that the dots were placed accurately in the
direction of the compass needle.
2. It was ensured that neither tha bar magnet nor the paper
shifted whilst mapping its magnetic field lines.
3. It was ensured that the arrows indicating the direction of
the magnetic field were directed correctly.
4. It was ensured that the magnetic field lines were traced as
accurately as possible.