Discussion:

1 - Define the SWR, if the value of SWR equal to 1, what is the expectation the value of
reflected signal, and what is the name of this system?
The Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) is a measure of how well the transmit power signal is traveling through
the antenna system. It is the ratio of the maximum amplitude of the standing wave to the minimum
amplitude, indicating the efficiency of power transfer.
If the value of SWR is equal to 1, it signifies a perfectly matched system. In this ideal scenario, there is no
reflected signal; all the power is effectively transmitted without any loss or reflection back into the
transmission line. This condition is known as a "matched system" or "perfectly matched load," where the
impedance of the transmission line matches that of the load (antenna), resulting in optimal power transfer.

2.From your results, determine the maximum and minimum value of SWR, is this value
through the range of work?

• Maximum SWR: This value indicates the highest ratio of standing waves in the
transmission line. It typically occurs when there's a mismatch between the antenna and
the transmission line, leading to increased reflection of the signal.
• Minimum SWR: This value represents the lowest ratio of standing waves, suggesting an
optimal match between the load (antenna) and the transmission line. In this case, power is
efficiently transferred with minimal reflection.

3. Determine the value of reflection on best recorder results to SWR?

When SWR is at its lowest (closest to 1), it indicates a well-matched system where the impedance of the
transmission line closely matches that of the load (antenna). In this scenario, the reflection coefficient is
also at its minimum. A lower reflection coefficient implies that a smaller portion of the signal is being
reflected back into the transmission line, signifying more efficient power transfer.
To determine the value of reflection on the best-recorded results, you'd want to look for the minimum
SWR value obtained during your experiment. The reflection coefficient (ρ) can be calculated using the
formula:

A lower reflection coefficient associated with the lowest SWR indicates a better-matched system with less
signal reflection. This is desirable for efficient power transmission in the antenna system

4.What is the advantage from known the value of SWR?

1. Optimizing Power Transfer: SWR is a measure of how efficiently power is transferred from the
transmitter to the antenna. Knowing the SWR helps in optimizing the transmission line and
antenna system for maximum power transfer.
2. Preventing Power Loss: High SWR values indicate poor matching between the transmission line
and the load (antenna), leading to increased power loss through signal reflection. By monitoring
SWR, you can identify and address mismatches to minimize power loss.
3. Avoiding Overheating: A mismatched system with high SWR can result in increased power
dissipation, leading to overheating of components. Monitoring SWR helps prevent excessive heat
buildup, which could damage equipment.
4. Ensuring Equipment Longevity: Consistently high SWR can contribute to the degradation of
equipment over time. By keeping SWR within an acceptable range, you can prolong the lifespan
of your transmission system and associated components.
5. Enhancing Signal Quality: A well-matched system with low SWR ensures that a greater portion
of the transmitted signal reaches the antenna without being reflected back. This results in
improved signal quality and reliability.
6. Preventing System Breakdown: Extremely high SWR can lead to breakdowns in the
transmission line, such as overheating or damage to the dielectric material. Monitoring SWR
helps prevent such breakdowns, ensuring the longevity of the system.
7. Troubleshooting: If there are issues with signal transmission or reception, knowledge of the
SWR can be instrumental in troubleshooting. Deviations from expected SWR values can guide
engineers in identifying and resolving problems in the system.
5.From your result answer the following question:

a) Where can we put the SWR meter in any system?

• The SWR meter can be placed anywhere along the transmission line between the
transmitter and the antenna. This allows you to measure the standing wave ratio at
different points in the system, providing insights into how efficiently the power is being
transmitted.
b) What will you do if the value of SWR is out of the acceptable range?
• If the SWR value is beyond the acceptable range, indicating a mismatch between the
transmission line and the load (antenna), you can take several steps to address the issue:
1. Check Connections: Ensure all connections are secure and correctly made. Loose
or faulty connections can contribute to mismatch issues.
2. Adjust Antenna: Modify the antenna parameters to achieve a better match with
the transmission line.
3. Use Matching Devices: Employ impedance matching devices or tuners to
optimize the match between the antenna and the transmission line.
4. Consult Manuals: Refer to the equipment manuals for specific guidance on
troubleshooting SWR issues.
5. Experiment: Make incremental adjustments and observe how they affect the
SWR. This may involve tweaking antenna length, adjusting matching networks,
or experimenting with impedance-matching devices.

a) What will you do if the value of SWR is out of the range?

• If the SWR value is out of the acceptable range, indicating a mismatch, you can take
corrective actions such as adjusting antenna parameters, checking connections, using
matching devices, and consulting equipment manuals for specific troubleshooting
guidance. The goal is to optimize the match between the transmission line and the load to
bring the SWR back into an acceptable range.
b) What is the SWR unit?
• SWR is a dimensionless ratio; it does not have units. It is expressed as a numerical value,
and a lower value indicates a better match between the transmission line and the load
(antenna).
c) What are the two basic equations to determine SWR?
• There are a couple of common equations to determine SWR:
1. SWR = (FWD+REV)/(FWD-REV)
2. SWR = VSWR = (1 + ρ) / (1 - ρ), where ρ is the reflection coefficient.
d) Is the SWR value calculated from voltage only? Explain.
• No, the SWR value is not calculated from voltage only. While voltage standing wave
ratio (VSWR) is one way to express SWR and involves voltage measurements, the first
equation mentioned above includes both forward and reverse power values. It considers
the power aspects of the signal, providing a more comprehensive assessment of how well
the system is matching impedances and transferring power. So, SWR involves both
voltage and power considerations.