1.

Concept of Resources in Terms of Natural Income: Resources in the

context of natural income refer to the goods and services that the
environment provides to support human well-being. These resources can be
broadly categorized into two types:
o Natural Capital: Natural capital encompasses all the assets and
resources that exist in the environment, such as forests, fisheries,
minerals, soil, and water. These are the raw materials from which
various ecosystem services and goods are derived.
o Natural Income: Natural income represents the flow of benefits or
services that are obtained from natural capital over time. It includes
renewable resources like clean air, fresh water, food, and timber, as well
as non-renewable resources like fossil fuels. Natural income is the
sustainable yield or use of natural capital that does not deplete or
degrade the underlying resources.
2. Concept of Sustainability in Terms of Natural Capital and Natural
Income: Sustainability, in the context of natural capital and natural income,
involves ensuring that the use of natural resources does not exceed the rate at
which these resources can regenerate or be naturally replaced. It can be
understood as a balance between:
o Natural Capital: Preserving and managing natural capital to maintain
its productive capacity and resilience for future generations.
o Natural Income: Using the flow of benefits from natural capital
(natural income) in a way that does not deplete or harm the underlying
resources, allowing for their continued availability.
Essentially, sustainability means living off the interest (natural income)
generated by natural capital rather than depleting the principal (natural
capital) itself.
3. Concept of Sustainable Development: Sustainable development is a holistic
approach that seeks to meet the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It
involves the integration of economic, social, and environmental considerations
to ensure long-term well-being. Sustainable development strives for balance
and harmony among economic growth, social equity, and environmental
protection. It encompasses not only environmental sustainability but also
social and economic sustainability.
4. Difference between Sustainability and Sustainable Development:
o Sustainability: Sustainability is a broader concept focused on the long-
term viability and health of ecosystems and the responsible use of
natural resources. It encompasses environmental, social, and economic
aspects but does not necessarily imply development or growth.
o Sustainable Development: Sustainable development specifically
addresses the idea of meeting human needs and improving living
standards while also maintaining ecological integrity. It emphasizes the
 integration of economic and social development with environmental
protection.
5. Stages of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Environmental
Impact Assessment is a process used to evaluate the potential environmental
effects of proposed projects, plans, or policies. The stages typically involve:
o Screening: Identifying whether an EIA is required and defining the
scope of the assessment.
o Scoping: Determining which environmental factors and potential
impacts should be studied in detail.
o Impact Assessment: Evaluating the potential environmental impacts of
the project, including mitigation measures.
o Reporting: Preparing a detailed report of the findings and
recommendations.
o Review and Decision: Public and expert review of the assessment,
leading to a decision on whether to approve the project, possibly with
conditions.
o Monitoring and Post-Decision: Implementing and monitoring the
project's environmental performance and compliance with mitigation
measures.
6. Use of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA): Environmental Impact
Assessments are valuable tools for informed decision-making. They help
identify potential environmental risks and opportunities associated with
development projects and policies, enabling stakeholders to make informed
choices. EIAs also provide a platform for public participation and can lead to
improved project design with reduced environmental impacts.
However, the effectiveness of EIAs can vary depending on factors such as the
quality of the assessment, the level of public engagement, and the willingness
of decision-makers to consider environmental concerns. When conducted
rigorously and transparently, EIAs can contribute to sustainable development
by promoting responsible resource use and environmental protection.