Sheet (1)

1-the word “How” is encoded using 7-bit ASCII code following by an eight bit for
error detection per character:

00010010 11110011 11101011

H O W

a) Transmit word “how” using 8-ary system. How many bits are there in
each symbol
b) How many symbols would be transmitted if 16-ary system is used
c) How many symbols would be transmitted if 256-ary system is used

Solution
a) M=2k =8
K= 3 bits
000 100 101 111 001 111 101 011
No.of symbols =8

b) No.of transmitted symbols=total no.of bits/k

M=2k =16
K= 4 bits
No.of transmitted symbols=24/4=6 symbols

c) M=2k =256
d) K= 8 bits
e) No.of transmitted symbols=24/8=3 symbols
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1
2. We want to transmit 800 characters/s, each character is represented by 7-bit
ASCII followed by eight bit for error detection, multi-level PAM with 16-ary
system is used.

a) what is the transmitted bit rate

b) what is the symbol rate

Solution
a) effective transmitted rate=total no. of characters* no.of bits for each
character=800*8=6400 bps
b) M=2k=16
K=4 bits/symol
Symbol rate=6400/4=1600 symbols/sec.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. We wish to transmit 100 characters in 2 sec using 8 bits. Multilevel PAM 32-
ary system is used.

Calculate the effective transmitted symbol rate

Repeate (a) for binary system

Solution
a) Bit rate=(100/2)*8=400 bps

M=2k=32

K=5 bits/symbol

Symbol rate=400/5= 80 symbols/sec

b) M=2k=2

K=1 bits/symbol

Symbol rate=400/1= 400 symbols/sec

2
4. Given analog waveform that has been sampled using Nyquist rate fs, using
natural sampling. Prove that the original signal can be recovered from its
samples using the following block diagram.

x s (t )  x(t ). x p (t )
 
 x(t).  c n e j 2nf s t
 x(t ).(c0  2 cos 2nf s t )
n - n 1

x1 (t )  x s (t ). cos 2mf s t

 x(t )(c0 cos 2mf s t  2  cos 2mf s t. cos 2nf s t  2cm cos 2 2mf s t )
n 1
nm

x1 (t )  x(t )(c0 cos 2mf s t  2  cos 2mf s t. cos 2nf s t  cm  cm cos 4mf s t )
n 1
nm

xo (t )  cm x(t )

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Determine the minimum sampling rate necessary to sample and perfectly

reconstruct the signal x(t)= sin(6280t)/(6280t)

Solution
x(t )  sin c(6280t )
6280  2f m
6280
fm   1000 Hz
2
minimum sampling rate (f s )  2 f m  2000 samples/se c
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. A waveform x(t)=10 cos(1000t+π/3)+20cos(2000t+π/6) is uniformly sampled

for digital transmission

a) What is the maximum allowable time interval between sample values that
will ensure perfect signal reconstruction

b) If we want to produce one hour of this waveform, how many sampled values
need to be stored

Solution
1000
f m1 
2
2000
fm2 
2
1
a) Ts 
2 fm
1 
Ts max    1.57m sec
2 f m 2 2000

4
 2000
b) f s  2 f m 2 
 samples/sec
2000
f (hour )  * 3600  2.29 *10 6 samples/hour

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. A waveform that is bandlimited to 50 KHz is sampled every 10µsec.

a) Show graphically that these samples uniquely characterize the waveform (for
simplicity: use sinusoidal signal and avoid sampling at the points where the
waveform equals zero)

b) If the samples are taken 30µsec instead of 10 µsec repeat (a)

Solution

Ts=10µsec

Fs=1/Ts=105 Hz=100 KHz=2fm

5
b)

Ts=30µsec

Fs=1/Ts=105 Hz=3333.33 KHz≠2fm

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. An analog signal is sampled at its Nyquist rate 1/Ts, and quantized using L
levels
a) Show that the time duration, T, of one bit of the transmitted binary encoded
signal must satisfy T≤Ts/log2L

b) When is the equality sign valid

Solution
a) L quantization levels requires a minimum of log2L bits, it is necessary to
transmit at least log2L bits in Ts, thus T≤Ts/log2L

b) the equality sign valid if L=2

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6
9. Determine the number of quantization levels that are required if the number
of bits per sample in PCM code is: a)5; b)8; c)x

Solution
a) L=25=32 levels
b) L=28=256 levels
c) L=2x levels
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Consider and audio signal with spectral components limited to the
frequency band 300 to 3300 Hz. Assume that a sampling rate of 8000 samples/s
will be used to generate PCM signal. Assume that the ratio of peak signal power
to average quantization noise power at the outputs needs to be 30 dB.

a) what is the minimum number of uniform quantization levels needed and

what is the minimum number of bits per samples.

Solution
S ' S
()  30  10 log( )
N N
S
( )  10 3  1000
N
a) ( S )  3L2  1000
N
1000
L  19 Levels
3

minimum number of bits/ sample  n

n  log 2 L  log 2 19  5 bits/sampl e
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7
11. The information in an analog waveform, whose maximum frequency
fm=4000 Hz, is to be transmitted using a 16-level PAM system. The quantization
distortion must not exceed ±1% of the peak-to-peak analog signal.

a) What is the minimum number of bits per sample or bits per PCM word that
should be used in this PAM transmission system

b) What is the minimum required sampling rate, and what is the resulting bit
rate?

c) What is the 16-ary PAM symbol transmission rate?

Solution

1 1
L   50levels
a)
2 p 0 . 02
n  1og 2 50  6bits

b)fs=2fm=8000 samples/sec

bit rate (BR)=8000*6=48 kbps

c)M=2k

k=4

symbol transmission rate Rs=BR/k=48/4=12 Kbps