JAWAHAR

NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA

GANDHINAGAR
 PHYSICS PROJECT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MR .Yash jog of class
XII,has carried out the project work on
‘‘REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF LIGHT .’’
He has successfully prepared this project
report in Physics leb of Jawahar Navodaya
Vidyalaya Gandhinagar under the guidance
of Mahesh Tripathi SIR(PGT Physics).This
project may be considered as partial full
fillment of ALSSCE 2023-2024 Conducted by
CBSE for Physics course.
DATE:
ROLL NO:
SIGN OF TEACHER:
SIGN OF EXAMINER:
SIGN OF PRINCIPAL:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
These are times when silence speaks so
much of praise to only as good as belittle a
person whose word don’t express, but only
put a veneer over true feeling, which are of
gratitude at this point of time.
I take this opportunity to express my silence
gratitude to the person who played an
important role in preparation of the project.
The principle of JNV Gandhinagar has
provided inducible of making available the
facilities for doing work at any time and
giving valuable time and giving valuable
advise. I also thank to MR. MAHESH
TRIPATHI , whose project guidance and
inspiration are valuable for
YASH JOG

Reflection
When a ray of light approaches a smooth
polished surface and the light ray bounces
back, it is called the reflection of light. The
incident light ray that land on the surface is
reflected off the surface. The ray that
bounces back is called the reflected ray. If a
perpendicular were drawn on a reflecting
surface, it would be called normal. The
figure below shows the reflection of an
incident beam on a plane mirror.
Here, the angle of incidence and angle of
reflection are with respect to normal and
the reflective surface.

Laws of Reflection

The laws of reflection determine the

reflection of incident light rays on reflecting
surfaces, like mirrors, smooth metal surfaces
and clear water. Let’s consider a plane
mirror as shown in the figure above. The
law of reflection states that
•The incident ray, the reflected ray and
the normal all lie in the same plane
•The angle of incidence = Angle of
reflection

Refraction
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it
passes from one medium to another. The
bending is caused due to the differences in
density between the two substances.
Refraction of light is one of the most
commonly observed phenomena, but other
waves like sound waves and water waves
also experience refraction.
Refraction makes it possible for us to have
optical instruments such as magnifying
glasses, lenses and prisms. It is also because
of the refraction of light that we are able to
focus light on to our retina.

Causes of Refraction
A light ray refracts whenever it travels at an
angle into a medium of different refractive
index. This change in speed results in a
change in direction. As an example,
consider air travelling into water. The speed

of light decreases as it continues to travel at

a different angle.

The refraction of light In glass is shown in

the figure above. When light travels from air
into glass, the light slows down and changes
direction slightly. When light travels from a
less dense substance to a denser substance,
the refracted light bends more towards the
normal line.
If the light wave approaches the boundary
in a direction that is perpendicular to it, the
light ray doesn’t refract in spite of the
change in speed.

Laws of Refraction of Light

1.The incident ray refracted ray, and the

normal to the interface of two media at the
point of incidence all lie on the same plane.
2.The ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is a constant. This is also known
as Snell’s law of refraction.

Applications of Refraction of
Light

Refraction has many applications in optics

and technology. A few of the prominent
applications are listed below:

1.A lens uses refraction to form an image of

an object for various purposes, such as
magnification.
2.Spectacles worn by people with defective
vision use the principle of refraction.
3.Refraction is used in peepholes of house
doors, cameras, movie projectors and
telescopes.