Chopter

MAGNETISM
of hatigl
Oveek scholas ere forilcar Wth the attrachve p0perty
that the on ote
was tound
ond laterit
aqnets like lodestornes
non, nickel, alkalt ete.
smallpiees of
magretieHé,G)athacts picce
derived fiom the tenn
magnetite he
waS
Ihe tet magnet
of maqnets 1S lec maqe tism
study ch the prcperties
codh oter cnd unlike poks attract cadh other
Like poles repel
When a small bar mngnett 1s ASperded fiet'ly 1One ot ts
otheI 0 the South. This s
ends points to the North anel the
cd is
the diuecticrnal pioperty cf magnet. The North Seking
allad Norfh poe Seekirg end is called Socith poe.
ard South
his is fhe dipoe ngture
So eveny maqet pO5%CS5 UO POFS.
ot magne1.
tHE TUVO pols iNBide a maqne s
he sepaIation betneen
regacted as nignetic krgih hemagnetic lcrgth 15 shghthy
h a n the Gecmetrical lergth of the bar magnet,

Noke
6 Qut into hnbey of picæs, each
llhena bai meIet

pifce ceibts this dpole oaturs. , WE Cnnot get an isolatad

angle pok
2 h e (Xxact loation ct the pole 5ide a magnet canmt he
w.
 Magnetic teld
The retyor aiound a magnet m which maavetic poper ties

on be detectd t5 alled the maqveto field of that

magne
Coskler the mognetic ficld aiound a magheticpole ot poe

sthength'm'in fiee spae. he ragnetic held mduction Bat

a lstanaæ d f1om the poe iS given byy

Mognetic Lines of force

The path m whích o tiee unit hOrth pole Would move íina

maqnetic feld f5 caled rognetic line of force or Simply

N

mape thc field lwe

Mogretio lines of tor

when loth pole of bar x
mognetic ís plaed
toNOrds North pole
of the ar this
torce
Magnetio lies d

when North poe ofhor -E

agnet is paccd
towarcdls orthpole
of the nth.is
 licpities f Magetic lirs of la
cosed rVes
. he ?Neti les of foe are

.hi diecticn is fom ho lh pok to outh (ok, autside

3. Ther ouecticn is fio south pok to nrth ole, rfide the

magnet.
Och other
4The hines of 1orce ne ver cro5s

at ary pace îrdicts

The corntttion of the e s dffore
the plale.
he stength df he magretic field at
is brge at the poks of
6. The onentiation of ies of force
the magnet,
raanse
7. The conæntiation of held ies decreases vWth the
n the distarnce fv the magne t.

total nurmoer of magret hnes of toe passingg

The
normal rouch a surtace ls.
calkd he magetic flx.

Hs 5l urt is weber
a. The number of magye tic hnes of torce passing norma
ACah urit ovea ota sutace iS alled maqnetc flr

derbity. 1ts urít is weber rmeter or tesla.

10. The roarctc feld fnes ety maciícd
with respat 10
he cie1taticrn ef TE maorei in earths
maoreic ffed.
 Unifom Magnetic ficld
The magnetic Hield n which all-the maqnetic hnes of

fOICe ave m one diettion ale aUOl spacd 15 krown s

tunifoim mgretic field.

: The mognetic lield between N

tnOsthonq elthonwgnetic
poles.
Non-Cnilam Magnetíc felol
The moarnetic field n which the rugrnetic hnes of force
n difterert divechons and differertiy Spacd is khon as

hon-untom magreticfield.

: h e mo0gnetic fheld betwæn

N
Awo like poles of bormges.

Magretic e
they t the two vazionslerds tt a magnet at which the
15 aalled magnetic pole.
magnetic hcld is siOngest
MogreticLergth
he distance betuNCen two Poles of a magnet 15 called
magnetic (erngth.
Gcometrical lergth!
he actual largth of the nagnet 1s Called ts

gcometh ical lercth.

 t0 aiacl ragetit
sthrqih tl a natu pok
he
t a l s riuds t l isllard poe 3i
rrri
niie.
Jtaioki opcutity J1:, Stwít is anpeac
Alayrtic Iicten ficld erglhh B
al a pirt n the
he feuc o tir y C a u il toath fOk
maqnetic irduciorn field
ticdd is ca led he
myeti
peut due to the Giver) raghet,
Sthenth at thet

inveise squate lavy,

Accovcling t0 culombs

d
the qiven
tor a unít rnorth pole rg-1 . let the pole shength d
maret be hn-m

índucton tHeld stierngth -B:.

MagnetiC
here the
plocd
'm ispoint ota
Tfa noth pde of shengih onît is qiven
6,thenthe tice actirg
s
maane tic índuction
bu f mb
of magnete rchuction fieled stterat h is tslo(T)
SI emit
1Esa1 veber Netrë
tic índuction fied
The dimernsíornal omla tf nane

sthergth is MLTT
Coulomb's Inerse nune law d
The foce between wO Megnetism
magretiC poles directhy
is
pqpartional to the prcduct of their pole
stengths ond
miersedy opotional to the squae of the distarna betweer
the and acts aong the ne joving hepoes

(onsider twO poks of poe

sthengths ,ardm whoh N
Ne Separattd bya distornc
d'.he forcefbetween han
is gien by
fomym and
fa
fa

f=k here d Kis onstent of propor

tionally.
C2
The valuG of k depends on the maqnetie nature of the medhium

in which he poks ae locatd. ardl 15 gvern by

K- whee u is thê obolute pemea bili by of

the medium.

F
T the poles are locateel in the ee Space ther
ther

f fMo.m
of fiee Spae (ar vadu
or
whee , '5 The absolute permeabiity
 he value of 44 4t r]10 4n
MOve t of (oupl on a lar macnel ina
unt fom mognetc Helad:
Mo vement of cupk 0n
beunanet
Ho xpvpe aicubrchistaree betwam the two torces
T Xd

TmBx 2l3ino sin0-

T2lnBgno
But 20rm= M

TS MBano
Case-1t Whan 0-0 tham T-mB sinO = 0 : sino-0)
When the maqnet fs paralel to the direction of the field.the
movement oh coupe on the mognet (5 2eO.
ase R: When 0-q) den Te mB SinO- mB ine hmB(5in90-
when the maqhet 1s peperdlcuar to the diection ofthe ield the
movemert of auple on the ragnet is maximunn

Tf T-MBsihe uheie B-jrsla and 6then T:M

The magnetíc mvement of a lbar magnet is numenically cqual
t0 the Drque acing onthe magnet when í is placed in
unitorm nagneto field bt wnit uction, at nght onges to te
dirchon of the fied.

Wean exPIeSS the tique as TMk 6. So,Torquc 19a

vectbr quarntifty. Tt ties d aligh The magnet parallel to the
dliecton of mognetic ficla.
Axial Line: "The line wh ich pas though both he poles of
he maget is called as hial line

Equatrial Line he line hich is

pependiclai to lxial lír
and passirg through cerntie is calld yuatorial lirne.
Magneic Iductórn icll Sthernqth at a pot orn 1e
pxial kne:

,:m

onaider a bar
magnet ot magnetic length 26 and
strength m. let P be a poirt 0n te oxiol hme ata pole
dstone d fiom the cerntre(d0) of he
de Distonar torn outh pok To P s aqhet.
orth pok to P is (dte) d-)and cstane frorm
let f-40

orte T at Pdu eto the SDurth

pole o the ragnat
mx
4
Mo
BN4 d- -0
TOrCe at P due tt tr Nort Pt of the mag ret

AIN nx

47(d1
M

he mageticmuction tield stiength at point P

on the axia he cf o ba tioqret 5

NN
Mo

om (d+e)-d-)?

eut 2lxm M
do , 2Md

tor veiy slhort magic ts 2(< cd

B-db 2Me
 i 4 o 2Ms e Maxyeti rdictov tel
stier ath ala pon l OnAXinl lih

he magnetic behaviou od
neateníab is dmoc teaia
h the otal orbital arnd spin n otios of
the ek ctornS n
the atormS and y -their alignHer t írsicde tle naterial
Depending upon te KEspone of mater ias to n ingretic fields
hay arve classifiecd mit
. Diomagnetíc
2. Povcamognetic ond
3. tenommgnetic matalals.

1.Diamaqnetic materids:
he naterials which aie
weakly magnetizd m opposit
dhirectiont0 he appled magnetic field, when susrrded
in an eceinal magneticfield ore allad dlanagnetic
matcrials
&tntimony, Bismuth,appe1, led,Meuduy. Gold, Zurchn et.
Poperties
4. The diamanetíc mateials ale repelled
by agnets.
2. They move tiom Strorger led to a weakei field.
3. when diamagneti Oclis
sutspencc Hehy îmamaartic fiek)
it aligns peperdiailor to the
applhal field.
4. The permabá hty of these maieias eS, 1han
on
5. The
magnetíc Susceptibility is negative.
 7. lvan ag e tic Matenéals
maqnetizerd in he Seme
he merteials which ave teblhu
whern uspENckd in
hvection of the applat maqnetio held,
pramapetic mattiak
an extal magnett field ave calel
et.
Aliminíunn, Chpmium, Manganese, lursBen, Socliung
PRoperties:
1. The paiamaanetic mateials are fee bly attiactd by magnets

2. They ty to more foma weaker field toa tonger hielo.

3. When paanaghetic rod is suspended freey ina nghetic

feld, It aligns along the aplied field.

A. he peeability of these aatrials ls geater tharn Cha

6. The magnetic suSceptibrmy 5 positive

3tenomaqnetic Mateals
The materials whch ac stongly magnetized în the Sane
dhirecton of Oppliad magretio held. when suspended in gn
extcmal magnetic Held are aled fenomagnetic matriak.
E. Ton, Nckel, Cobalt amd the alloys like Alnico ett.
ioperttes:
.fnormagneh mataiaks are shongy otiaclcd by magnets
2. Tey move Hom a weaka held to asvonger hed.
3. Whena feno agnetic vod i5 MSpended tiecly namagnetio
Pelel, it aligns fast to sct aong the oppled feld
4. he pereability ot tht materials s greater han ore.
5 The magnetic susceptioihty r5 POSTtive and veny high.
 Importarnt tomub:

Co
tCoulo wb5invense MUaNe lawfA,
lnonob 470 mr
d

Couple on a bar aGNEtic|T MBsin

Magretic movement |Me x 2

Magneticîmduction
ata poirit on axlal h
.
B M 2M at fo
47
Magne tic Held 'mduction B- ,m
5 2
oolen6
A north pole of sThryth 20m ord a sath poe
strerath 100Am are sepoNCted by a distane of 40min
them.
oir. find the torce betwcen
Gfven uength oFnoith pok m: 90Am
1007im
Srergth of South pok m,
d-10m
Here 4TTr10 4i

pr Ce beteen the twopoles fe 4T m C y 2

AiTER1) 20x 200

47CX10*LO

20x10 'newtons

ne pce betnen the to pobs is 1 0 N

he orce betvetn two 5hort maancts is t. Nihen the poe
Siengths aic cloubrd and distane betncen 7he magnet

is holved, what is the foru betueern them

Give n, The force betwen two short mognets t, f

Jnitial Pok stength! m, ond m

timal poke strength: m ancl mz:2m and dz

Weknow that
2
So aa n d Ga mg
diviting f, and f le. ti;

m x
C

fx )

f2 fx 4 x4
f2 1 6 f

The altred toue is 16 times off

3 A la i g e t df leneath cm and poke sturgth bhm maks
an angk cf 50 with a tunum maq hetic field of
ndictic 1C01ska tnel tie N e E n t of aupt ní1

lok her gth m- 51lin

Magne tic inductior) B 100 trsh

ngk 0:30
Magne tic honPnt Me 2lt m: 0.2x 6 1t
Cuple acting onthe magret is T MBsin
11100r n30
Coupk acting on the mognet is T: 30 Nm

4 When a kar mgnet is plaCd af 90 to a unitrm raorc

field, it 1s actd upon by a aupk which 15 marimumfor the
couple to be half of the hraxímm value, at what argk should
the magret be rclined to the magretc fielt(B)?

Couple on the bar oaret is T-MBsine

When Oq0 CmaxMBSinO MB
tor the Oupk to be half i.e, T- lne
ABsine 2
SinO Sine in

h e rnaonet should be írclivrtl at an orge SO