Chapter2-3 Op Amp Application

APPLIED ELECTRONICS
(EE3129)
Chapter 2-3: Op Amp Circuits and Application
HIEU NGUYEN
Department of Electronics
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 1 / 67

Table of Contents
1 V-I, I-V converter

V-I converter
I-V converter
2 Precision Rectifier Circuit
3 Comparator Circuits
4 Pulse Creating Circuits
5 Function Create Circuit

Table of Contents

V-I converter
I-V converter

The role of V-I, I-V converter
In transmit data:
Standard current: 4 − 20mA,...
Standard voltage: 0 − 10V , 0 − 24V ,...

The role of V-I, I-V converter

V-I Converter
Two types:
Floating load type
Load connected mass (or voltage source) type
V-I converter sometimes called: Voltage Controlled
Current Source or VCCS.
If input voltage is constant → current source.

Ideal and Practical Current Source
Ideal: no output resistor, output current is always a

constant
Practical: output resistor is high, output current
depends on voltage output
I-V characteristics
"Broken" appears when the main BJT, MOSFET ,

OPAMP, ... inside current source turns to another region.

V-I converter
Floating Load Type

Non-inverting Vi
Vi
IL =
R
IL don’t depend on RL and VL

VL = IL .RL
VOL − Vi < VL < VOH − Vi

V-I Converter
Floating Load Type
Inverting Vi
Vi
IL =
R
IL don’t depend on RL and VL

VL = IL .RL
VOL − Vi < VL < VOH − Vi
V-I Converter
Howland Current Source
Load Connected Mass Type
Choose:
R2 R3
=
R1 R4
Then:
Vi
IL =
R1
R1 R1
VOL < VL < VOH
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
V-I Converter
Floating Load Type

VR1
VR1 = Vi ⇒ IR1 =
R1
Then:
IL = IR1
VL ≤ Vcc − VDSsat − Vimax

V-I Converter
Load Connected Mass Type

V-I Converter
Choose: R1 = R3
Q1 has:
ID1 = IS1 ⇒ VR3 = VR1
Ideal Op Amp: V+ = V−
⇒ VR = VR3 = VR1 = Vi
Vi
⇒ IR =
R
Q2 has:
Vi
ID2 = IS2 ⇒ IRL = IR =
R
Exercise 1
Prove that: If VIN = const, the following circuit is a
current source. Choose VIN and resistors to create
IOUT = 10mA.

Exercise 2
Given the voltage input signal is from 0 − 5V . Design a
circuit to convert it to current output signal from
4 − 20mA. Assume that all the devices are ideal.

Exercise 2
I = 3.2V + 4(I : mA, V : Volt)
→ I = 3.2(V + 1.25)
V + 1.25 Vo1
→I = =
0.3125 0.3125

Exercise 2
I = 3.2V + 4(I : mA, V : Volt)
→ I = 3.2(V + 1.25)
V + 1.25 Vo1
→I = =
0.3125 0.3125
Need a summing circuit and a V-I converter

Need Vref = 1.25V
Exercise 2
R2 V + 1, 25 R2
Vo1 = (1 + ) → =1
R1 2 R1
→ Choose R2 = R1 = 100K Ω and R3 = 0.3125K Ω

Create Vref more stable
Using Diode or Diode Zenner

I-V Converter
Two types:
Direct type
Indirect type
I-V converter sometimes called: Current Controlled
Voltage Source or ICVS.
Use to measure current and convert it to voltage.

I-V converter - Direct type
Low sensitivity
V0 = −Rf Is
Sensitivity: −Rf
Cf is used to filter noise

High sensitivity
V0 = −KRF II
RL RL
K =1+ +
RI RF
Sensitivity: −KRf

High sensitivity
V0 = −KRF II
RL RL
K =1+ +
RI RF
Sensitivity: −KRf
Input current is limited by rated output current of

OP AMP.
If the input current is small, it is affected by Iio , Iib .
I-V converter - Indirect Type
Measure current through voltage of a resistor (This

resistor must have small error).
Use differential amplifier to decrease noise.
Exercise 3
Vref
An 8-bit DAC has the current output Iout from 0 to .
R1
Design a circuit to convert it to output voltage from
0 − 5V . Assume that Vref = 3.3V and R1 = 330Ω.

Exercise 3
Vref 3.3
IoutMax = = = 10mA.
R1 330
Need to convert from 0 − 10mA to 0 − 5V
→ RF = 500Ω

Exercise 4
A photodiode has current output from 50 − 150nA.
Design a circuit to measure and convert it to voltage
from 10 − 30mV . Assume that the OPAMP has
Vio = 13mA, Iio = 0, Iib = 20nA. Give comment about
the effect of reality OPAMP to the output.

Exercise 4
A photodiode has current output from 50 − 150nA.
Design a circuit to measure and convert it to voltage
from 10 − 30mV . Assume that the OPAMP has
Vio = 13mA, Iio = 0, Iib = 20nA. Give comment about
the effect of reality OPAMP to the output.
Solution
Convert 50 − 150nA to
10 − 30mV
Sensitivity of the circuit:
R2
K = Rm (1 + )
R1

Exercise 4
Convert 50 − 150nA to
10 − 30mV
Sensitivity of the circuit:
R2
K = Rm (1 + )
R1
R2
→ K = Rm (1 + ) = 200K
R1
To delete the effect of Iib → Choose Rm = R1//R2

Exercise 4
R2
Case 1: Choose Rm = 20K and Av = 1 + = 10:
R1
Effect of Vio = 13mV : ∆Vo = 10.13mV = 130mV
→ Too great compared with Vo
R2
R1
→ Still greater than Vo

Exercise 4
R2
R1
→ Too great compared with Vo
R2
R1
→ Still greater than Vo
→ In this design, case 2 is easier to accept than
case 1
R2
Choose Rm = 100K = R1//R2 and =1
R1
→ R1 = R2 = 50K
Table of Contents

V-I converter
I-V converter

Half Wave Circuit
Half Wave Circuit: Positive Half Cycle
Vi ≥ 0 → D ON: Vo = Vi
Vi < 0 → D OFF: Vo = 0
Half Wave Circuit
Half Wave Circuit: Negative Half Cycle
Vi ≥ 0 → D OFF: Vo = 0
Vi < 0 → D ON: Vo = −Vi
Half Wave Circuit
Improve Half Wave Circuit: Positive Half Cycle
Vi ≥ 0 → D1 ON:
R2
Vo = (1 + )Vi
R1
Vi < 0 → D1 OFF: Vo = 0
Half Wave Circuit
Improve Half Wave Circuit: Negative Half Cycle
Vi < 0 → D1
ON, D2 OFF:
R2
Vo = − Vi
R1
Vi ≥ 0 → D1 OFF, D2 ON: Vo = 0
Half Wave Circuit
Improve Half Wave Circuit: Reverse in Positive Half
Cycle
Vi ≥ 0 → D1
ON, D2 OFF:
R2
Vo = − Vi
R1
Vi < 0 → D1 OFF, D2 ON: Vo = 0

Full Wave Circuit
Full Wave Circuit

Full Wave Circuit
Full Wave Circuit
R2
Choose = 2 → Vo = −Vo1 − Vi
R1

Full Wave Circuit
More detailed:
Vi ≥ 0 : D1 ON, D2 OFF
R2 R5 R5
Vo = Vi − Vi = A1 Vi
R1 R3 R4
Vi < 0 : D1 OFF , D2 ON
R5
Vo = − Vi = A2 Vi
R4
Condition: A1 = A2 ⇒ Choose R

Full Wave Circuit
Full Wave Circuit - Another version

Table of Contents

V-I converter
I-V converter

Comparator Circuit
Using OP AMP with NO NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
One level comparator circuit

Comparator Circuit
Two level comparator circuit

Comparator Circuit
Disadvantage:
Sensitive to noise
Easy to drift
⇒ Using Schmitt Trigger
In Schmitt Trigger circuit, positive feedback is used
Inverting Schmitt Trigger Circuit

Comparing with Comparator Circuit

Threshold:
R1
VLT = VOL
R1 + R2
R1
VUT = VOH
R1 + R2
Deadband:
R1
VDB = VUT − VLT = (VOH − VOL )
R1 + R2
Midband:
VUT + VLT VOH + VOL R1
VMB = =
2 2 R1 + R2
If OPAMP is supplied by Vcc and −Vcc : VOH = −VOL

Midband:
VUT + VLT
VMB = =0
2
Deadband:
R1
VDB = VUT − VLT = 2VOH
R1 + R2
VDB = 2VUT = −2VLT

To change Midband, upgrade Inverting Schimitt Trigger

Threshold:
VOL R1 + VR R2
VLT =
R1 + R2
VOH R1 + VR R2
VUT =
R1 + R2
Deadband:
R1
R1 + R2
Midband:
VUT + VLT VOH + VOL R1 R2
VMB = = + VR
2 2 R1 + R2 R1 + R2
If OPAMP is supplied by Vcc and −Vcc : VOH = −VOL

Midband:
VUT + VLT R2
VMB = = VR
2 R1 + R2
Deadband:
R1
VDB = VUT − VLT = 2VOH
R1 + R2

Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger Circuit

Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger Circuit
Threshold:
R1
VLT = −VOH
R2
R1
VUT = −VOL
R2
Deadband:
R1
R2
Midband:
VUT + VLT VOH + VOL R1
VMB = =−
2 2 R2
Table of Contents

V-I converter
I-V converter

Pulse creating circuit using OPAMP

OPAMP is ideal
At time t, assume Vo = +Vcc
R2
Comparing threshold: V+ = Vcc = αVcc
R1 + R2
C is charged from Vo then V− increases from value Vx to
αVcc

Now, Vo is changed: Vo = −Vcc
R2
Comparing threshold: V+ = −Vcc = −αVcc
R1 + R2
C discharge to Vo then V− decreases from value αVcc to
−αVcc

From these analysis: Vx = −αVcc

1+α
By calculating: T1 = T2 = RCln
1−α
1+α
Period: T = T1 + T2 = 2RCln
1−α
By choosing: R1 = R2 → T = 2RCln(3)

Pulse creating circuit using IC 555
IC 555 - introduce
PIN 8: Vcc (8-15V)
PIN 5: GND
PIN 2: Trigger (Threshold
compare: 1/3Vcc)
PIN 6: Trigger (Threshold
compare: 2/3Vcc)
PIN 3: OUT (Low: 0,
High:Vcc)
PIN 4: RESET (LOW)
PIN 7: Discharge C

T = T1 + T2 = 0.69(R1 + R2 )C + 0.69R2 C
Choose R1 << R2 ⇒ T = 1.38R2 C
Measure T, know R2 /C ⇒ calculate C /R2

Table of Contents

V-I converter
I-V converter

The Integrator Circuit
1 R
vo = − vi dx
R1 C
Vo (s) 1
Av (s) = =−
Vi (s) sR1 C
Low f: Av ⇒ inf
Improved circuit
R2
−
R1
Av (s) =
1 + sR1 C
R2
Low f: Av = −
R1
Choose R = R2 to neglect
Iib and Iio

Frequency Response
With R2 => Become
low-pass filter
Cut-off frequency (-3dB):
1
fc =
2πR2 C

The Differentiator Circuit
dvi
v0 = −R2 C
dt
Vo (s)
Av (s) = H(s) = = −sR2 C
Vi (s)
High f: Av ⇒ inf
Choose R = R2 to neglect Iib and Iio
Improved circuit
R2
− s
R1
Av (s) =
1 + sR2 C
R2
High f: Av = −
R1
Choose R = R2 to neglect
Iib and Iio

Frequency Response
With R1 => Become
high-pass filter
Cut-off f (-3dB):
1
fc =
2πR1 C

Combine Circuit
1
||R2
sC2 sR2 C1
Av (s) = − =−
1 (1 + sR1 C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 )
+ R1
sC1
Low f => Differentiator
R2
Mid f => Av = −
R1
High f => Intergrator

Combine Circuit
Condition: R2 C2 >> R1 C1
Frequency Response
Become band-pass filter:
1
fL =
2πR1 C1
1
fH =
2πR2 C2
Choose R2 = R1 to neglect
Iib and Iio

Chapter2-3 Op Amp Application

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APPLIED ELECTRONICS

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 1 / 67

1 V-I, I-V converter

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 2 / 67

1 V-I, I-V converter

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 3 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 4 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 5 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 6 / 67

Ideal: no output resistor, output current is always a

"Broken" appears when the main BJT, MOSFET ,

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 8 / 67

Floating Load Type

IL don’t depend on RL and VL

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 9 / 67

IL don’t depend on RL and VL

Floating Load Type

VL ≤ Vcc − VDSsat − Vimax

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 12 / 67

Load Connected Mass Type

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 15 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 16 / 67

I = 3.2V + 4(I : mA, V : Volt)

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 16 / 67

I = 3.2V + 4(I : mA, V : Volt)

Need a summing circuit and a V-I converter

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 17 / 67

Using Diode or Diode Zenner

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 18 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 19 / 67

Cf is used to filter noise

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 20 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 21 / 67

Input current is limited by rated output current of

Measure current through voltage of a resistor (This

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 23 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 24 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 25 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 25 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 26 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 27 / 67

1 V-I, I-V converter

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 28 / 67

Vi < 0 → D1 OFF, D2 ON: Vo = 0

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 34 / 67

Full Wave Circuit

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 35 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 36 / 67

Full Wave Circuit - Another version

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 37 / 67

1 V-I, I-V converter

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 38 / 67

Using OP AMP with NO NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

One level comparator circuit

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 39 / 67

Two level comparator circuit

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 40 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 42 / 67

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 43 / 67

If OPAMP is supplied by Vcc and −Vcc : VOH = −VOL

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 2-3 45 / 67

To change Midband, upgrade Inverting Schimitt Trigger