Assignment

On

Research Article

Submitted To
Prof. Asru Bagchi Submitted By
Principal Anusree Mukherjee
W.B.G.C.O.N M.Sc. Nursing 2nd Year
S.S.K.M. Hospital, Kolkata W.B.G.C.O.N, IPGME&R
S.S.K.M. Hospital Campus
Kolkata
 Impact of screen time on sleep quality

Renju Sussan Baby, Alwin Issac, Alka Vasudev, Divya K. Sabu, T. S. Gopika,
Mansi Pal, Ragini Sahu

Associate Professor, Tutor, Clinical Instructor, College Of Nursing

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

aimalwinissse@gmail.com

Background and overview:

Study Citation

Baby RS, Issac A, Vasudev A, Sabu DK, Gopika TS, Pal M, et al. Impact of screen
time on sleep quality.Indian J Psy Nsg 2021;18:29-32.

.
Abstract

The digital world is growing rapidly, than inquiry on the consequence of technology
in the life of an individual. Although the development of technology is a benefit, as it
helps in reducing communication barriers and bridging the gap between people
around the world, it also has its own problems. Recent years have seen an increase in
the use of smartphones. Significant exposure to screen time is associated with many
diseases and many health problems. The investigator conducted a survey on impact of
screen time on sleep quality with 200 participants from medical and engineer
colleges. The aim of the investigation was to assess the relationship between
smartphone screen time and sleep quality. A quantitative approach with cross
sectional design was adapted for this study. The probability disproportionate stratified
random sampling technique was used to select 100 medical and100 engineering
students using smartphone from two different colleges. The tools used for the study
were socio demographic data sheet, a self administered Pittsburgh sleep quality index
(PSQI) and the app “quality time” android application. The study results established
that there was a significant negative co-relation between smartphone screen time and
sleep duration (ρ = -0.61, P < 0.001). The present study revealed that medical students
spending less time on screen than engineering students. The findings of the study
warrant the need to sensitize the college students on the harmful effects of increased
screen time.

Keywords: College students, gadget, mobile phone, social network, technology,

university students

Background

Technologies that a few years ago, we could only dream about or read about in
scientific journals, which we now have high hopes for in their ability to connect
people, have become tools be satisfied. For many people, the smart phone is a
revelation, their first watch, their newspaper and their first way to fight stress. The
most dangerous part of cell phone addiction is that it can affect our physical and
mental health, our relationships and our productivity. Given the increasing use of
smart phones by young people and its impact on sleep, this study was conducted to
determine the relationship between the time spent in front of the phone and sleep
quality.

Study objectives

1. To detect the relationship between sleep quality and screen time among
college students.
2. To compare the screen time and sleep quality between medical and
engineering students.

Historical context

Recent years have seen increasing progress management and use of smart phone
devices. The use of mobile phones is constantly increasing is a big concern, especially
among students and raised concerns about the student's academic performance,
behavior, emotions problems, lack of concentration, etc., just to name a few. "Screen
Time" refers to the time spent on any screen, i.e. smart phone, tablet, television, video
games, computers or mobile technology. Great show Screen time is strongly linked to
many diseases and many health problems. Diseases, namely obesity and obesity, turn
blood sugar and low cholesterol levels, poor school results, decreased social
interaction, physical inactivity, disrupted sleep patterns, and loneliness.

Sleep is an important, often overlooked aspect of everyone's overall health. Adequate

sleep is a biological and psychological requirement for good cognition, good mood
and, in general, efficiency. Exposure to bright lights from electronic devices can
inhibits restful sleep by altering communication patterns between sleep-wake cycles
and internal clock. Exposing yourself to screen light at night can increase alertness,
decrease melatonin production and cause seasonal changes and the circadian clock,
such as changes in sleep time.

Research approach

A quantitative approach was adapted for this study.

Methods:

Study design

Cross sectional survey research design was adapted for this study.

Funding

No financial or sponsorship support was there for this study.

 Population

Inclusion Criteria

 College students who were above or had completed 18 years of age.

 Medical and engineering college students using smart phone.
 College students who were willing to install an application “Quality time” in
their smart phone for a month.

Exclusion Criteria

 College students who were on sedatives or sleep medications.

Sampling plan

Ethical clearance was obtained from institute ethics committee

Selected Medical College Selected Engineering College

Ruled out inclusion and exclusion criteria

Applied disproportionate stratified random sampling technique to select samples

100 medical students 100 engineering students

Data collection tools & techniques

Tool Variables to be Name of the tool Technique

No measured
1. Sleep quality Pittsburgh sleep quality Self administered
index (PSQI) questionnaire
2. Screen time Quality time android Technology assisted
application observation

Outcome

There was a negative correlation between screen time and sleep quality and
engineering students had significant disturbed sleep than medical students as medical
students spent less time on screen.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed used SPSS.

1. Findings related to identification the relationship between smart phone screen

time and sleep quality was calculated by Pearson correlation coefficient test.
2. Findings related to compare the smart phone screen time among medical and
engineering students were calculated by Mann-Whitney U-test.

Results:

Study sample

Sample Size

A total 200 participants were enrolled in the study comprised 100 medical and 100
engineering students who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria.
 Results and Interpretation

Table 1: Range, mean and standard deviation of college students according to their
age

n=200(Ms100+Es100)

Age Medical students Engineering students

Range Mean SD Range Mean SD
18-23 20.490 1.507 19-25 20.77 0.76

Data presented in Table 1 illustrates that a total of 200 participants were enrolled in
the study. Participants from the medical college were aged 18 to 23 (mean age: 20.4
years), while those from the engineering college were aged 19 to 24 (mean age: 20.7
years). Most participants from medical college were male (69%) and those from
engineering college (68%) were male.
Table 2: Frequency and percentage distribution of college students according to their
age, religion, residence, semester, part time job

n=200(Ms100+Es100)

Variables Medical students Engineering students

Frequency (Percentage) Frequency (Percentage)
Gender
Male 69 (69) 68 (68)
Female 31 (31) 32 (32)
Religion
Hindu 81 (81) 95 (95)
Muslim 13 (13) 3 (3)
Christian 6 (6) 2 (2)
Residence
Hostel 100 (100) 50 (50)
Home 0 40 (40)
Paying guest 0 10 (10)
Semester/year
1st year 25 (25) 25 (25)
2nd year 25 (25) 25 (25)
rd
3 year 25 (25) 25 (25)
4th year 25 (25) 25 (25)
Part time job
Yes 0 2 (2)
No 0 98 (98)

Data presented in Table 2 depicts that majority (69; 69%) from medical college and
(68; 68%) from engineering college were male.

It was also observed maximum (81; 81%) from medical college and (95; 95%) from
engineering college belonged to Hindu family.

It also shows that all (100; 100%) medical college students were living at hostel
whereas half (50; 50%) of the engineering students were living at hostel.
It was indicated that equal (25; 25%) students were enrolled each year both medical
and engineering college.

It was also established that no (0; 0%) medical student were doing any part time job
whereas a couple (2; 2%) of engineering students were doing part time job.

Table 3: Median, interquartile range and range distribution of college students

n=200(Ms100+Es100)

Average Screen Medical students Engineering MannWhitney U-test

time students
(hours per week)
Median (IQR) 5.25 (2.95) 8.0 (3.0) Z= -7.2. P≤0.001**
Range 1.5 - 15.1 3.0 - 13.5
P≤0.001

Data presented in Table 3 depicts that among the engineering students the average
screen time was 8 hours, which was between 3 and 13 hours per day, while among
medical students it was 5.25 hours per day, which varied between 1.5 and 15.1 hours
per day.

Table 4: Frequency and percentage distribution of comparison of sleep quality of

college students

n=200(Ms100+Es100)

Sleep quality (PSQI) Medical students Engineering students

Frequency (Percentage) Frequency (Percentage)
Undisturbed 57 (57) 34 (34)
Disturbed 43 (43) 66 (66)

The information provided in Table 4 indicates that that 66% of the students from the
engineering college had disturbed sleep, while 43% of the medical college students
had reported disturbed sleep.
Table 5: Correlation coefficient and its significance existing between screen time and
sleep quality of college students

n=200

Variables ‘r’value
Screen time
-0.61***
Sleep quality
p≤0.001

Data presented in Table 5 shows that ‘r’ value was computed to show a correlation
between screen time and sleep quality. It was found that there was a negative
correlation (r = -0.61) between screen time and sleep quality. Hence, it could be
inferred that higher the screen time, poorer the quality of sleep.

Discussion

Electronic devices can affect sleep through different mechanisms. The time-
consuming nature of media use can interfere with normal sleep schedules. Since
media use often peaks before bed, sleep is replaced by media. Due to the availability
of various forms of electronic media, people engage in sedentary activities, which can
increase the risk of sleep disorders and insomnia. Reducing screen time or setting
bedtimes has been shown to be a gatekeeper in preventing depression and suicidal
ideation.

The current study found that among 200 students studying medical and engineering,
engineering students had more sleep disorders than medical students. Comparing
screen time between medical and engineering students, it was found that engineering
students used smart phones more than medical students per week. Medical students
spend less time in front of screens possibly due to the requirements of their programs
and courses or the fact that they spend more hours in the classroom or lab.
Professional courses such as engineering and medicine create a lot of stress for
students, which can also adversely affect their sleep. Exposure to screen light at night
can increase alertness, reduce melatonin production and cause phase changes in the
body clock, such as changes in sleep timing.
 Limitation

 Installation of “Quality Time” application on participants' smart phones,

responses may be biased and desirable.

Discussion and conclusions:

Strength of the study

 Significant to nursing profession

 Feasible
 Variables are depicted properly
 Clearly and concisely articulated
 Researcher clearly depicted the population and setting of study
 Empirically testable
 The objectives are accordance with the research problem
 Delimitation is clearly stated
 All cited sources present in reference list
 The design is thought to be most appropriate to accomplish the objectives of
the study
 Samples are equally distributed
 The researcher has used standardized data collection tools for answering the
research questions
 She has well described the tools and provided scoring keys also
 Reliability has been established well
 Written permission was taken from respective authority
 Informed consent was taken from study participants
 Appropriate data analysis process are used in the present study
 Tables are clear and understandable
 Discussions are fit with the data
 Implications are mentioned by researchers
 Study concluded concisely and precisely depicting most significant findings
  Reference are current

Weakness of the study

 Abstract is not mentioned in the study

 The researcher has not mentioned any conceptual framework
 References are not written in appropriate way and not arranged in sequential
manner
 Sample size calculation is not mentioned
 Study findings are not discussed in regard to the theoretical framework
 Limitations are not mentioned by the researcher
 Recommendations are not included

Author’s discussion and conclusion

Access could be repercussion as well. It is not wise and possible to police the students
into compliance; rather they need to be taught on healthy habits and behaviors,
through which they could find a balance and set up healthy boundaries with screens
and acknowledge when having trouble. Cardinal step toward establishing healthier
relationship between kids and technology, almost always involve parents assessing
their own screen time pattern. Taper or keep a check on the time spent on screen, find
more efficient and creative ways to spent time and refrain from keeping gadgets in
bedroom, could be efficient strategies for those willing to cut loose the shackles of
heightened screen time.

Personal discussion and conclusion

The use of electronic devices is common during college, and previous studies have
revealed a negative association of television use with sleep duration, in addition to
bedtime and waking late. Excessive computer use will lead to sleep problems and
reduced bedtime. In conclusion, electronic media use is associated with reduced sleep
and delayed bedtime, based on a review of the literature. Access rights can also have
consequences. Forcing students to comply is unwise and impossible; rather, they need
to learn healthy habits and behaviors through which they can find balance, set healthy
boundaries with screens, and recognize when they have a problem. A key step toward
establishing a healthier relationship between kids and technology almost always
involves parents evaluating their own screen time patterns. Reducing or controlling
screen time, finding more productive and creative ways to use time, and avoiding
electronic devices in the bedroom, can be effective strategies for those who want to
escape from the shackles of ever-increasing screen time.

Application to clinical practice

Screen time can have a detrimental impact on sleep quality, which in turn can reduce
the ability to pay attention, concentrate, empathize with those in need, communication
skills and feel less more connected. Research results demonstrate the need to educate
students about the dangerous effects of increased screen time.