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Introduction To Symmetrical Fault (Chapter 7)
Introduction To Symmetrical Fault (Chapter 7)
Power System II
Spring 2022/2023
Symmetrical Fault
Prof. Sharifi
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2- SYMMETRICAL COMPONENENTS
4- TEANSIENT STABILITY
3- UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS
5- POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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What is Outage
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Outage by Definition
• The outage must not be planned by the service provider.
• The outage must affect at least 1,000 people and last at least one hour.
• There must be at least 1,000,000 person-hours of disruption.
• Sigma and Power Quality
• 3 Sigma means no electricity for 7 hours each month
• 6 Sigma means no electricity for 1 hour each 34 years
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Fault Analysis
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•Fault currents cause equipment damage due
to both thermal and mechanical processes.
•Goal of fault analysis is to determine the
magnitudes of the currents present during
the fault:
need to determine the maximum current to
ensure devices can survive the fault,
need to determine the maximum current the
circuit breakers (CBs) need to interrupt to
correctly size the CBs.
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Types of Fault
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• Definition: LLL(1-2%)
Electrical fault Symmetrical
Faults (5%)
is the deviation LLLG(2-3%)
of voltages and
Types of Faults
Short Circuit
currents from Fault SLG (70-80%)
nominal values
Unsymmetrical
or states Faults (95%)
LL (15-20%)
• Fault Current vs
One-Phase Open LLG (5-10%)
Short Circuit
current Open Circuit
2-Phae Open
Fault
3-phae Open
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Fault Statistics
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• SLG 80%
Transmission • Lint-to-Line 5%
Lines •
•
LLG
3-phase
10%
5%
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SYMMETRICAL
FAULTS
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RL Circuit Analysis
15 To understand fault analysis, we need to review the behavior of an RL circuit.
When the switch is closed at t=0 the current will have two components:
1) a steady-state value ;
2) a transient value.
𝑑𝑖
𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 = 2𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼
𝑑𝑡
2𝑉
𝑖 𝑡 =𝑖 𝑡 +𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼 − 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 − 𝜃 𝑒 ⁄ 𝐴 (𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑍
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼 − 𝜃 𝐴 (𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡)
⁄
𝑖 𝑡 =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 − 𝜃 𝑒 𝐴 𝑑𝑐 𝑜𝑓𝑓 − 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅 𝑅 𝜔𝐿 𝑋
𝑍= 𝑅 +𝑋 ; 𝑋 = 𝜔𝐿; T= = ; 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑔 = 𝑡𝑔
𝐿 𝑋⁄2𝜋𝑓 𝑅 𝑅
0 𝛼=𝜃
𝐼 = 𝐴 𝐼 =
𝛼 = 𝜃 ± 90°
Our interest is in maximum fault current; therefore
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𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝐼 + 2𝐼 𝑒 ⁄ =𝐼 1 + 2𝑒 ⁄ 𝐴; 𝐼 𝑡 =𝐼 1 + 2𝑒 ⁄ ⁄ 𝑝𝑢
16 ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
𝐼 𝜏 =𝐼 1 + 2𝑒 =𝐾 𝜏 ; 𝐾 𝜏 1 + 2𝑒
3𝐼 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜏 = 0
𝐼 =
𝐼 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝜏 = ∞
Example7.1: A bolted short circuit occurs in the R-L circuit with V=20 kV, X=8 Ohms, and R=0.8 Ohms, and
with maximum dc offset. The circuit breaker opens 3 cycles after fault inception. Determine (a) rms ac fault
current, (b) the rms “momentary” current at τ = 0.5 cu=cycle, which passes through the breaker before it
opens, and (c) the rms asymmetrical fault current that the breaker interrupts.
20 × 10
𝑎. 𝐼 = = 2.488 𝑘𝐴
8 + 0.8
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1 1
𝑋" = 𝑋 + 𝑋 =𝑋 + 𝑋 =𝑋 +𝑋
1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
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𝐸
𝐼 = transient FaultCurrent
𝑋
𝐼 ∞ = =I steady state Fault current
When 𝑇 > 𝑡 > 𝑇
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EX. 7.4 Using Zbus to compute 3 − ∅ short- circuit currents in a power system
Faults at bus 1 and 2 in given Figure are of interest. The pre-fault voltage is 1.05 per unit and
24 pre-fault load current is neglected. (a) Determine the 2X2 positive-sequence bus impedance
matrix. (b) For a bolted three-phase short circuit at bus 1, use Zbus to calculate the subtransient
fault current and the contribution to the fault current from the transmission line. (c) Repeat part
(b) for a bolted three-phase short circuit at bus 2.
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FUSES
27 • A fuse is the simplest and least expensive circuit protection device available. A fuse
is a metallic component which is placed within an electrical circuit to monitor the
current that passes through the circuit. A shorted circuit in an electrical system can
cause excessive current to flow through some of the components. These
components heat up and eventually burn up, perhaps destroying the whole
electrical system. Fortunately, having an inexpensive built-in protection device,
such as a fuse, to quickly sense the short circuit condition and immediately shut
the electrical circuit will prevent equipment damage.
• Fast Acting Fuses (in about one second)
• Slow Blow Fuses (upto 30 seconds)
Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is a mechanical switch capable of interrupting Low Voltage CB (<1500 V)
fault currents and of reclosing.
Types of Circuit Breakers Depending on the mediums:
Thermal Circuit Breakers : THERMAL Circuit
Breakers work on the principle of temperature rise in the air,
activators sensing element. oil,
Magnetic Circuit Breakers SF6 gas, or
Circuit Breaker also can classified according to the operating vacuum
voltage
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Power Circuit Breakers (>1500 V)
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Important Ratings of CB
28 1)Voltage ratings
• Rated maximum voltage: Designates the maximum rms line-to-line operating voltage. The breaker should be used in systems
with an operating voltage less than or equal to this rating.
• Rated low frequency withstand voltage: The maximum 60-Hz rms line to-line voltage that the circuit breaker can withstand
without insulation damage.
• Rated impulse withstand voltage: The maximum crest voltage of a voltage pulse with standard rise and delay times that the
breaker insulation can withstand.
• Rated voltage range factor K: The range of voltage for which the symmetrical interrupting capability times the operating
voltage is constant.
2) Current ratings
Rated continuous current: The maximum 60-Hz rms current that the breaker can carry continuously while it is in the closed position
without overheating.
Rated short-circuit current: The maximum rms symmetrical current that the breaker can safely interrupt at rated maximum voltage.
Rated momentary current: The maximum rms asymmetrical current that the breaker can withstand while in the closed position
without damage. Rated momentary current for standard breakers is 1.6 times the symmetrical interrupting capability.
Rated interrupting time: The time in cycles on a 60-Hz basis from the instant the trip coil is energized to the instant the fault current is
cleared.
Rated interrupting MVA: For a three-phase circuit breaker, this is 3 times the rated maximum voltage in kV times the rated short-
circuit current in kA. It is more common to work with current and voltage ratings than with MVA rating. MSS-1402
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Table 7.10: Preferred ratings for outdoor circuit breakers (symmetrical current basis of rating) [10]
(Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis, ANSI
C37.010 (New York: American National Standards Institute, 1972).>1972 IEEE)
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