Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lec 3
Lec 3
Properties
Lava flowing into the Pacific Ocean in Hawaii. Photo courtesy of Mike Benson.
T and u
x and h
Intensive thermodynamic properties:
h – specific u – specific internal x – quality s –specific entropy
enthalpy energy (steam only)
P –absolute T – absolute v – specific Less used:
pressure temperature volume g - Gibbs free energy
a - Helmholz free energy
1
P-v-T Relation
Note the location of
the following:
- Single phase regions
- Two phase regions
- Saturation states
- Triple line
- Critical Point
T-v diagram
2
Phase Changes
3
Linear Interpolation:
Between values in the tables
TL − T vL − v Subscripts:
Quality
For use in Tables A-2 and A-3
• For Saturated Mixture
(Liquid-Vapor) Region mg
– Quality; x; an intensive x≡
property
– x gives fraction that is m f + mg
vapor (gas)
– (1-x) gives Moisture
Content
0 ≤ x ≤ 1;
x = 0 → Saturated Liquid (subscript ‘f’)
x = 1 → Saturated Vapor (subscript ‘g’)
‘fg’ → ‘g’-’f’
4
Example: Problem 3.61
Quality Relations
LET b = ANY INTENSIVE PROPERTY
– (b = v, u, h, s, etc.)
b − bf b − bf
x= =
bg − b f b fg
b = b f + x ⋅ b fg
b fg = bg − b f
b = x ⋅ bg + (1 − x ) ⋅ b f
5
Enthalpy
H = U + P ⋅V
h = u + P⋅v
Enthalpy is a property constructed due to
the frequent occurrence of the above
combination of properties.
6
Approximations for liquids and
solids
• Using Saturated • Using ‘Incompressible
Liquid Data Substance Model’
(‘Compressed Liquid
Rule’)
v ≈ vf
c p = cv = c
h ≈ hf u2 − u1 = c(T2 − T1 )
h2 − h1 = c(T2 − T1 ) + v ( P2 − P1 )
u ≈ uf
h2 − h1 ≈ c(T2 − T1 )
s ≈ sf
7
Properties for Ideal Gases
Requirements:
Pv = nRT Z ≈1
R
Pv = RT R =
M P Pc
T Tc
PV = mRT
8
Example: Problem 3.97
9
Example
Show that for an ideal gas undergoing a polytropic
adiabatic process n=k.
Summary
• State Principle: Number of independent
properties of a system=1+Number of
“relevanr” work interactions.
• For a pure substance 2 independent
properties (P,T,v,u,h) fix the state.
10
How to find properties & phase)
• Compressed Liquid
– Compressed liquid tables(only water A-5)
– v,u≈vf,uf at the same temperature
– Incompressible substances model-cp,cv,ρ (table A-19)
• Tow-phase liquid-vapor mixture
– P,T not independent
– X-quality is needed
– Liquid and vapor components have saturated properties; use
saturation table
• Superheated vapor
– Vapor tables
– Ideal gas model
• Saturation & superheated tables are given for water,
R22, R-134, Ammonia, and Propane
11