JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TEC

HNOLOGY
FACULITY OF ELECTRICAL AN
D COMPUTER ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERIN
G STREAM

ANTENNAS AND RADIO WAVE

PROPAGATION PROJECT ON:
APERTURE ANTENNA

GROUP MEMBERS
NAME ID. NO
1. KITILA
TESFA RU2877/09
2. AMANUEL
TSEGAYE RU2609/09
3. GETAHUN
HASSEN RU4939/09
4. SABONA
DAME RU1364/09
5. HAWI
HAILU RU0988/09
6. TAMIR
U MEKA RU1594/07
ADD

INSTRUCTOR: MR. GETACHEW A.

JANUARY 21, 2021

JIMMA, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA
Acknowledgement
For our project to arrive at this sta
ge, many individuals give us their
forwarding contribution since
the beginning. First, we would like
to thank our project instructor Mr.
Getachew Alemu who select
and gives important title for incre
asing our knowledge related to A
ntenna especially on Aperture
Antenna and create the chance f
or us to do this project. Next, we
would like to thank our friends
who gave an important point abo
ut this project and they also help
ed us by showing the direction
to do this project. Finally, and f
oremost we would like to thank
our God who helped us from
starting to ending process succes
sfully this project.
i
Abstract
Antennas are devices t
hat interact with radio
waves travelling throug
h space from one point
to
another. Without ante
nna it is impossible to
convey any informatio
n in the world. The m
ain
objective of this project
to identify Aperture Ant
enna from other types
of antenna.

Aperture Antenna is a
large class of antenna
s, which emit EM wav
es through an opening
or
aperture. These anten
nas have close analog
s in acoustics, namely
, the megaphone and t
he
parabolic. At radio an
d microwave frequenci
es, horns, waveguide
apertures, reflectors a
nd
microstrip patches are a
perture antennas. Apert
ure antennas are comm
only used at UHF and a
bove
where their sizes are rel
atively small. This type
of antenna has radiation
which is greater than tw
o-
wire transmission line
and omni-directional. It
also, used in microwav
e, radar, spaceflight an
d
radio telescope. Lastly,
to improve the radiatio
n efficiency and directi
vity of the beam, the w
ave
guide should be provide
d with an extended ape
rture to make the abrup
t discontinuity of the wa
ve
into a gradual transfor
mation.

ii
Table of Contents

iii
List of Figures

iv
Aperture Antenna January 2021

Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background
Antennas are devices that interact with radio waves travelling throu
gh space from one point to
another. These devices have been around for a long time and are u
sed in an electronic system
requiring the transmission of the signal via electromagnetic waves su
ch as radar systems, radio,
and television. Without antenna it is impossible to convey any infor
mation in the world. When a
voltage is applied to a transmitting antenna, it generates radio
signals which travel to a
receiving antenna where the signal is converted back into electri
cal energy in the form of
information.

Antenna has different types which some of them are wire, ap

erture, microstrip, array,
reflector, lens and etc. antenna. Aperture antenna is an ante
nna which emit EM wave
through an opening or aperture. It consists of slot, horn and
rectangular waveguide
aperture antenna.

1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 General Objective
The general objective of this project to identify Aperture Antenna fro
m other types of antenna.

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

➢ To define Aperture Antenna and its type.
➢ To explain the expression of radiation intensity of Aperture Anten
na.

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Chapter Two
Aperture Antenna
2.1 Types of Antenna
There are many types of antenna. Among these some of them are:

➢ Wire Antennas
➢ Aperture Antennas
➢ Microstrip Antennas
➢ Array Antennas
➢ Reflector Antennas
➢ Lens Antenna

Among those type of antenna, we depend only on Aperture Antennas.

2.2 Aperture Antennas

The aperture is defined as the area, oriented perpendicular to th
e direction of an incoming
electromagnetic wave, which would intercept the same amount of
power from that wave as is
produced by the antenna receiving it.

Aperture Antenna is a large class of antennas, which emit EM wa

ves through an opening (or
aperture). These antennas have close analogs in acoustics, namel
y, the megaphone and the
parabolic. At radio and microwave frequencies, horns, waveguide
apertures, reflectors and
microstrip patches are examples of aperture antennas. Aperture ante
nnas are commonly used at
UHF and above where their sizes are relatively small. Their gain increas
es as ~ 𝑓
antenna to be efficient and to have high directivity, it has to have an are
a  𝜆 . Thus, these antennas
tend to be very large at low frequencies. To facilitate the analysis of the
se antennas, the equivalence
principle is applied. This allows for carrying out the far-field analysi
s in the outer (unbounded)
region only, which is external to the antenna. This requires the know
ledge of the tangential field
components at the aperture.
In general, the aperture of an antenna is not directly related to its ph
ysical size. However, some
types of antennas, for example parabolic dishes and horn antenna
s, have a physical aperture
(opening) which collects the radio waves.

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ANTENNA PROJECT
Aperture Antenna January 2021

2.3 Types of Aperture Antennas

1. Slot Antenna: a slot antenna is commonly used between the freq
uencies 300MHZ to 24 GHZ.
The slot antenna is admired because the region can be cut out of the s
urface that is to be mounted
and they will have the radiation patterns. The radiation pattern of slot
antenna is Omni directional.

Figure 2.1. Slot Aperture Antenna

2. Horn Antenna: Horn antennas have a high gain of directional radiat

ion pattern, these can range
to 25dB in some cases, usually it has 10-20dB. There is a wide imp
edance bandwidth in a horn
antenna to make understand that the input impedance is varying slowly
over wide frequency range.
For practical horn antennas the bandwidth can be an order of 20:1 with
a 10:1 bandwidth which is
being not uncommon. These Aperture Antenna can be classified as:

➢ E-plane Horn
➢ H-plane Horn and
➢ Pyramidal Horn

Figure 2.2. Horn Aperture Antenna

3. Waveguide Antenna: A Waveguide is capable of radiating en
ergy when excited at one
end and opened at the other end. The radiation in wave guide i
s greater than a two-wire
transmission line.

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2.4 Radiation Fields from Apertures

Figure 2.3. Radiation Fields from Aperture

Electric and Magnetic field of Aperture

For an aperture antenna with effective surface currents, the volum

e integration is reduced to
surface integrations over the aperture A:

In the far-field limit, when radiation vectors are given by the two-
dimensional Fourier transform-
like integrals over the aperture:

The radiated electric or E-field will be:

The radiated magnetic or H-fields are obtained from:

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Aperture Antenna January 2021

Directivity and Effective Area of Apertures

For any aperture, given the radiation fields 𝐸 , 𝐸 , the corresponding

radiation intensity is:

Because the aperture radiates only into the right half-space 0 ≤ θ ≤ π

/2, the total radiated power
and the effective isotropic radiation intensity will be:

𝑈(𝜃, 𝜑) .
The directive gain is computed by 𝐷(𝜃, 𝜑) = 𝑈

For a typical aperture, the maximum intensity 𝑈

𝑐
=𝑐 = 1 and we find for the maximum intensity:

Because θ = 0 corresponds= 𝑘 = 0it follows from the Fouri is

𝑘 er

Therefore, the maximum intensity is given by:

Then the directivity of Aperture Antenna is given by:

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Aperture Antenna January 2021

It follows that the maximum effective area of the aperture is:

The efficiency of an Aperture Antenna is:

Efficiencies of aperture antennas vary from 0.35 to 0.70 but can rang
e up to 0.90.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Aperture Antenna

The following are the advantages of Aperture antenna:

➢ Radiation is greater than two-wire transmission line.
➢ Radiation is Omni-directional.

The following are the disadvantages of Aperture antenna:

➢ Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) increases.
➢ Poor radiation.

Applications of Aperture Antenna

The following are the applications of Aperture antenna:

➢ Micro wave applications.
➢ Surface search radar applications.
➢ Lightweight horn for spaceflight.
➢ a dual reflector producing multiple beams.
➢ a radio telescope that operates with multiple beams to reduce obs
ervation time.

To improve the radiation efficiency and directivity of the beam, the wa

ve guide should be provided
with an extended aperture to make the abrupt discontinuity of
the wave into a gradual
transformation. So that all the energy in the forward direction gets ra
diated. This can be termed
as Flaring. Now, this can be done using a horn antenna.
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Conclusion
In this project aperture type of antenna is defined. There are different
types of aperture antennas
which some of them are slot, horn, rectangular waveguide and etc. a
nd also, we tried to explain
the expression of radiation intensity of aperture antenna. The dir
ectivity, effective area and
efficiency of aperture antenna is also analyzed. High efficiency can al
so be achieved with the use
of aperture antennas.

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Aperture Antenna January 2021

References
[1]. M. Puneeth, S. J. S. Rajesh, “Design of Different types of Apertu
re Antennas using HFSS”,
Department of ECE, KL University, Andhra Pradesh, India, Internat
ional Journal of Advanced
Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS), [Vol-1, Issue-2, M
ay, 2015], ISSN: 2454-1311.

[2]. David Hysell, “Antennas and Radar for Environmental Scientis

ts and Engineers”, Cornell
University, New York, February, 2018.

[3].

[4].

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