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Assignment Set 2 - GE 23s-2

Geotechnical Engineering (University of Technology Sydney)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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UTS
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Spring 2023

Given Name:
Surname:
Student Number:

Notes for Marker (if any):

Dearest Geo-buddies,
Please upload your file before 11:59 pm (Sunday 8 October) using
Late submission is allowed. But 10% penalty per day will be applie
You should use excel functions and capabilities to solve the probl
Inputs and outputs should be clear using different colours.
You can apply proper values if, in case, you think some data are n
There is no mark for copying and pasting the solution.
You are not allowed to discuss with or get help from other people
If some parts of your solutions are similar to someone else, your

Good Luck

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You should use excel functions and capabilities to solve the problem. Inputs

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FEIT

Subject No: 48360

Assignment 2

sing the Canvas link.

pplied.
roblem.

re not provided.

ople to complete this assignment.

our mark will be zero as a minimum penalty.

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m. Inputs and outputs should be clear using different colours. There is no mark for copying and past

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ying and pasting the solution.

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Q1 (25 Marks)
A group of concrete piles (4×4) are driven into a uniform layer of medium dense sand, which h
The water table is 5 m below the ground level. Each pile has a diameter of 500 mm, a length of
The total unit weight = 19 kN/m3

Assume proper values for the unit weight and the effective friction angle. Accordingly:
(a) Calculate the ultimate vertical capacity of a single pile.
(b) Plot the ultimate vertical capacity of this single plie versus the pile didameter ran
(c) Determine the pile group efficiency using Los Angeles Group Action Equation. (diame
(d) Find the allowable load capacity of the pile group, based on individual pile failure
(e) Based on Hansen’s equations, find the allowable block capacity of the pile group. Use a factor of sa

u
)

n nu ber of piles in a row

nu ber of rows of piles in the group
d dia eter of the pile
s spacing of the piles in the group oose

ediu ens

ense
n
on erse abarre qua on
the lateral
d os ngeles roup c on qua on t can be o (at
s

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u s b q b

tan

ri en Bored ri en Bored

oose . . . .

ediu ense . . . .

ense . . . .

the lateral earth pressure coe cient.

t can be o (at rest), p (at passi e state) or e en a (at ac e state).

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Given Parameters and Assumptions

Total unit weight (gt​) 9 k / ³

ffecti e friction angle (ϕ′) degrees
Water table is 5 m below the ground level
Each pile has:
Diameter (D) = 0.5 m
Length (L) = 10 m
Centre-to-centre spacing of the piles = 1.5 m
Factor of Safety for individual pile failure = 2.5
Factor of Safety for block capacity = 3.5
Soil is cohesionless (c′ k a)
and q′​ for ediu dense sand
Pile group: 4×4 piles

SOLUTION Part a)
(a) Ultimate Vertical
Step alculate σ ′​ and σ b′​

irst, we will calculate the effecti e ert

σ ′ ​ gt ​× depth below water table

σ b′ ​ gt ​× (depth below water table

σ ′​
σ b′

Step alculate s​ and b​

ext, we will calculate the surface area

s ​ π × × (cylinder lateral surface a

b​ π × ( / )​ ^ (circle area)

As =
Ab =

Step alculate the Ulti ate Vertical

ow we can calculate ​, the ulti ate

​ Σ σ ′ ​ s ​ σ b′ ​ 'q b​

P1 =

Part b)

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(b) Plot the Ultimate

We will plot the ulti ate ertical capac

To do this, we will:

Define a range of di
alculate ​ for each dia eter using th

DIAMETER (m)
As
Ab
P1

14000.00

12000.00

Ultimate Vertical Capacity (kN)

10000.00

8000.00

6000.00

4000.00

2000.00

0.00
0

Part c)

(c) Determine the P

The os ngeles roup ction quation

μ −d/πsn [n( − ) (n− ) sqrt ​(n−

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Given that we have a

n=4 (number of piles in a ro

m=4 (number of rows
d=0.5 m (diameter o
s=1.5 m (spacing betw

et's calculate μ using these alues.

The calculated pile group efficiency (μ)

Part d)

(d) Find the Allowabl

To find the allowabl

Qa​ (μ × ​ × group)​/ OS​

Where:

μ is the pile group efficiency (calculated

​ is the ulti ate ertical capacity of a
group​ is the total nu ber of piles in t
FOS is the Factor of Safety

et's perfor the calculation to find Qa

Qa =

The calculated allowable load capacity

Part e)

(e) Find the Allowabl

In Hansen's block fai

Qu​ μ×( b​× q′​×σ b′​ s​×σ ′​× )

Where b​ and s​ are the base area and

b​ s×s×
s​ ×s× ×

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Here, s is the center-to

The allowable block capacity Qallowabl

Qallowable​ Qu​​/ OSHansen​

Where OSHansen​ is the actor of Safe

et's calculate Qu​ and Qallowable​.

Ab =
As =

Qu =

Qallowable =

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INPUT
OUTPUT

Vertical Capacity of a Single Pile

alculate σ ′​ and σ b′​

we will calculate the effecti e ertical stress at the depth of the water table (σ ′​) and the effecti e ertical stress at the base of the pile

t ​× depth below water table

gt ​× (depth below water table )

95 kN/m2
285 kN/m2

alculate s​ and b​

we will calculate the surface area of the pile ( s​) and the base area of the pile ( b​).

× × (cylinder lateral surface area)

× ( / )​ ^ (circle area)

15.70796327 m2
0.196349541 m2

alculate the Ulti ate Vertical apacity of a Single ile ( ​)

we can calculate ​, the ulti ate ertical capacity of a single pile, using the for ula

σ ′ ​ s ​ σ b′ ​ 'q b​

7088.2312 kN

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the Ultimate Vertical Capacity vs Pile Diameter

ll plot the ulti ate ertical capacity of a single pile ( ​) against arying pile dia eters, ranging fro to . The other par

will:

of diameters from 300 mm to 700 mm (300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700mm)
ate ​ for each dia eter using the for ula ​ Σ σ ′​ s​ σ b′​ q′​ b​

0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

9.42 11.00 12.57 14.14 15.71
0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20
2909.90 3786.60 4775.22 5875.76 7088.22

Ultimate Vertical Capacity vs Pile Diam

14000.00

12000.00

10000.00

8000.00

6000.00

4000.00

2000.00

0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Pile Diameter (m)

the Pile Group Efficiency Using the Los Angeles Group Action Equation

s ngeles roup ction quation for pile group efficiency (μ) is

/πsn [n( − ) (n− ) sqrt ​(n− )( − )

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have a 4x4 pile group, the parameters are:

f piles in a row)
f rows of piles in the group)
ter of the pile)
g between the piles)

alculate μ using these alues.

0.756440402

lculated pile group efficiency (μ) using the os ngeles roup ction quation is approxi ately . or . %

wable Load Capacity of the Pile Group Based on Individual Pile Failure

wable load capacity of the pile group based on individual pile failure, we can use the formula:

μ× ​ × group)​/ OS​

e pile group efficiency (calculated as . )

he ulti ate ertical capacity of a single pile (calculated as . k )
p​ is the total nu ber of piles in the group ( x , so piles)
r of Safety, given as 2.5

erfor the calculation to find Qa​, the allowable load capacity of the pile group.

34315.67655 kN

lculated allowable load capacity of the pile group based on indi idual pile failure (Qa​) is approxi ately . k

wable Block Capacity of the Pile Group Based on Hansen's Equations

ck failure method, the pile group is considered as a block. The ultimate block capacity can be give

×( b​× q′​×σ b′​ s​×σ ′​× )

e b​ and s​ are the base area and surface area of the block, respecti ely.

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enter-to-center spacing of the piles, L is the length of the pile, and N is the number of piles in one

owable block capacity Qallowable​ is then

wable​ Qu​​/ OSHansen​

e OSHansen​ is the actor of Safety for Hansen's ethod, gi en as . .

alculate Qu​ and Qallowable​.

36 m2
960 m2

845095.2174 kN

241455.7764 kN

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g fro to . The other para eters will re ain constant.

0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7

17.28 18.85 20.42 21.99
0.24 0.28 0.33 0.38
8412.60 9848.89 11397.11 13057.24

ile Diameter

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

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Q2 [35 marks]
A solid circular concrete pile is to be driven into a clayey soil with the following properties:

Length Unit weight

Layer Cu (kPa)
(m) (kN/m3)
1 40 L1 = 5 15
2 50 L2 = 10 18
3 100 L3 = 12 20

A. The design capacity of the pile is 400 kN in undrained condition. Find the required diameter of

B. Assume the design capacity of the above pile is 400 kN and the diameter of the pile is 500 mm.
f the a erage Young’s odulus of soil is s a and the Young’s odulus of the pile is p =

C. Assume L3 = 0 m, the design capacity of the above pile is 400 kN and the diameter of the pile
f the a erage Young’s odulus of soil is s a and the Young’s odulus of the pile is p a, find th

Clay layer 1 L1

Clay layer 2 L2

Clay layer 3 L3

Shale (Rigid base)

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SOLUTION Part A)

Part A: Requ

n clayey soils, the ulti ate c

Qu​ ∑ s​× u​
ter of the pile to achieve a factor of safety of 3.
Here,

he pile is p = 25 GPa, find the settlement of this single pile. s​ is the surface area of the
u​ is the undrained shear str
e pile is 500 mm.
he pile is p a, find the settle ent of this single pile for this condition. The allowable load Qa​ with a

Qa​ Qu​​/ OS

i en Qa​ k and OS ,

et's start by calculating Q

INPUT
OUTPUT Qu =
L1 As =
L2 As =
L3 As =

Total As =

D=
D=

Part B)

Part B: Settlem

We are tasked with finding th

Settle ent (Δ) can be calcula

Δ Q× ​/ ×

where Q is the

The effective

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(​ s​× p​​/ s p)

Given:

s​ a (Young's odulus
p​ a (Young's odulus
Q=400kN
D=500mm
L=5m+10m+1

et's calculate the settle en

E=
A=

The esti ated settle ent of

Part C)

art Settle ent of the Sin

or this part, we're assu ing

The new total length of the p

We'll use the s

Δ Q× ​/ ×

et's calculate the new settle

The esti ated settle ent of

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Required Diameter for a Factor of Safety of 3

n clayey soils, the ulti ate capacity of the pile Qu​ is often approxi ated using the su of the shear resistance along the surface of th

Qu​ ∑ s​× u​

s​ is the surface area of the pile in each layer, calculated as π× × for each layer
u​ is the undrained shear strength of the soil layer

The allowable load Qa​ with a actor of Safety ( OS) is

Qa​ Qu​​/ OS

i en Qa​ k and OS , we can rearrange to find Qu​, and subsequently the required dia eter .

et's start by calculating Qu​ and .

1200 kN
200 kPam
500 kPam
1200 kPam

1900 kPam

0.201 m
201.04 mm

Settlement of the Single Pile

We are tasked with finding the settle ent of the single pile gi en that the design capacity is k and the dia eter of the pile is

Settle ent (Δ) can be calculated using the for ula

Δ Q× ​/ ×

Q is the applied load, L is the length of the pile, A is the cross-sectional area of the pile, and E is the effective

effective modulus E can be calculated as:

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(​ s​× p​​/ s p)

s​ a (Young's odulus of soil)

p​ a (Young's odulus of the pile)

0m+12m=27m (Total length of the pile)

et's calculate the settle ent Δ.

24975.02 kPa
0.196 m2

2.202 m

The esti ated settle ent of this single pile would be approxi ately . or .

art Settle ent of the Single ile (With ​ )

or this part, we're assu ing that the length of the third layer ​ is . The rest of the para eters re ain the sa e as in art B.

The new total length of the pile will be ​ ​ .

use the same formula for settlement as before:

Δ Q× ​/ ×

et's calculate the new settle ent Δ for this condition.

1.224 m

The esti ated settle ent of this single pile with ​ would be approxi ately . or . .

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and the dia eter of the pile is . The Young's oduli for the soil ( s​) and the pile ( p​) are both gi en.

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Q3 [30 marks]
A section of a centilever retaining wall is shown in the figure. The soil properties are:

Soil g (kN/m3) ′ () c′ (kPa)

Fill Class I 20 35 0
Fill Class II 18 30 0
In Situ Base Soil 19 32 10

According to Rankine's theory of lateral earth pressure and the requirements of AS 4678 in the
examine the sliding and overturning stability of the wall.

Note: * = 0.8* for the base soil

Assume the structure type is 3, the groundwater table is well below the base of the wall and p
subsurface drainage systems are provided around this retaining wall
Note: Include the weight of soil above the toe (front overhang of the wall) in your calculations.

0.5m

gc = 25 kN/m3

Structure Fill class II: sand 6m

type: 3

1.6m Fill class I: sand 1.5m

Fill class I: sand
0.8m

4.2m

Base soil: sandy clay

Section
Not to Scale

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in the estimation of soil pressure,

5m

8m

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Q4 (15 marks)
A gravity retaing wall is given in the figure.
Angle b1 = 30 degrees.
Angles h1 = 10 degrees and h2 = 23 degrees.
Calculate the width of the wall (B = ?)
According to the Rankine's general equations, detrmine the active and passive lateral pressure coefficien
Plot KaR versus b1 ranging from 0 to 30 degrees (assume other parameters are the same).

b1
1m

h1
Section
Not to Scale
′ = 32 6m

b2 = 0

1.5m h2
 ′ = 35

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SOLUTION a)

Calculate the width of the wall (B).

fficients (K aR and KpR).
ro the diagra β ​ ∘ (as given)
Height of the wall = 6m
b1 Height of the trapezoidal portion = 1m
Height of the triangular portion = 5m (6m - 1m)

Now, using trigonometry for the triangular portion:

INPUT
OUTPUT tan(β ​) Opposite side (height of triangular portion)​ / djacent side (half width o

tan(30∘) /(B/ )​

From this, we get:

B=5×2/tan(30∘)​

B=5×2×sqrt3

B = 17.32 m

Width of the wall B is approximately 17.32m

b)

According to the Rankine's general equations, let's detrmine th

β ​ 30 degrees
ϕ′ 32 degrees

For KaR (Rankine's Active Pressure Coefficient):

aR cos(β ​−ϕ′)/ cos^ (β ​) sqrt (​ sin(ϕ′)^ − sin(ϕ′) cos(β ​))​

KaR = 0.8028

For KpR (Rankine's Passive Pressure Coefficient):

pR cos(β ​ ϕ′)/ cos^ (β ​) sqrt (​ sin(ϕ′)^ sin(ϕ′) cos(β ​))​

KpR = 0.9282

Thus, for the pro ided data aR ≈ . & pR ≈ .9

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c)

β1 KaR
0 0.3987
0.9000
1 0.4032
2 0.4082
3 0.4136
4 0.4195 0.8000
5 0.4259
6 0.4327
7 0.4401 0.7000
8 0.4480
9 0.4565
10 0.4655
0.6000
11 0.4751
12 0.4853
13 0.4961
14 0.5076 0.5000

15 0.5197

KaR
16 0.5325
17 0.5461 0.4000 0.4259
0.4195
0.4136
0.4082
18 0.5603 0.4032
0.3987
19 0.5754
20 0.5913 0.3000
21 0.6079
22 0.6255
23 0.6440
0.2000
24 0.6634
25 0.6838
26 0.7053
27 0.7279 0.1000
28 0.7516
29 0.7766
30 0.8028 0.0000
0

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0.5197
0.5076
0.4961
0.4853
0.4751
0.4655
0.4565
0.4480
0.4401
0.4327
0.4259
0.4195

5 10 15

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KaR vs β

0.8028
0.7766
0.7516
0.7279
0.7053
0.6838
0.6634
0.6440
0.6255
0.6079
0.5913
0.5754
0.5603
0.5461
0.5325
0.5197
76

15 20 25 30 35
β

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