Joy of Love - Pope Francis

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com
Fgp-Øns‚
A]q¿ÆX
"kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¥mjw' F∂
A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-Øns‚ hym-Jym\w
tUm. sI.-Fw. {^m≥knkv

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tUm. sI.-Fw. {^m≥knkv
Xriq¿ Xmμn-°¬ tImS≥I-≠Øv amXyp ˛ sP∂n ZºXn-

I-fpsS aq∂m-asØ aI≥. Imen-°‰v bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tPm¨
aØmbn sk‚-dn¬ \n∂v C°-tWm-an-Ivkn¬ _ncp-Zm-\-¥c
_ncpZhpw Kth-jW _ncp-Zhpw. ^nen-ss∏≥knse AØs\tbm
Un am\ne bqWn- t h- g v k n- ‰ n, C‰- e n- b nse sk‚ v tXmakv
AIzo-\mkv bqWn-th-gvkn‰n F∂n-hn-Sß - f - n¬ \n∂pw kmaq-ln-I-
im-kv{X-Øn¬ Untπm-a. 1981 apX¬ 2015 hsc Xriq¿ sk‚ v
tXmakv tImtf-Pn¬ A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ tUmIvS¿
tPm¨ aØmbn sk‚- d n¬ {]h¿Øn- ° p∂ C‚¿ bqWn-
th-gvkn‰n sk‚-dn¬ A[ym-]-I-\mbn tPmen sNøp-∂p. tIcf
A{Kn-°ƒ®-d¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\
]T-\-tI-{μw, Xriq¿ tacn-amX taP¿ skan-\m-cn, ]uckvXy
hnZym-]oTw tIm´bw F∂o CS-ß-fn¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-im-kv{Xw,
XØz-im-kv{Xw, ssZh-imkv{Xw F∂o hnj-bß - f
- n¬ hnkn-‰nßv
s{]m^-k-¿.
am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-Iƒ, Xncn-®p-h-chv F∂o c≠v
{KŸ-ß-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-hm-Wv.
`mcy : Beo-kv
a°ƒ : tacn Bt‚m aq°≥, sken≥ anYp≥
Fen-∏p-en-°m-´v, sXtc-k, amXyq-kv.
t]c-°p-ń-Iƒ : dn‰, tdmk.
hnemkw : tUm. sI.-Fw. {^m≥kokv
tImS≥I-≠Øv lukv
\n¿Ωe Km¿U≥kv
Xriq¿ ˛ 5
Ph: 9846330595, franciskm@ymail.com
2
"Fgp-Øns‚ A∏p-dØv H∂p-an√'

(gmIv sZdo-Z, Hm^v {Ka-t‰m-fPn)
Fgp-Øns‚
A]q¿ÆX
"kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¥mjw' F∂
A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-Øns‚ hym-Jym\w
"tbip-hns\°pdn-®p≈ FgpØv A]q¿Æ-amWv'

(tbml. 21.25)
3
2017
Malayalam
Ezhuthinte Apoornnatha
(Darshanikam)
Author : Dr. K.M. Francis
Copyright : Author
First Published : September 8
Printed by
Madona Offset Printers
Thrissur -5
Ph: 0487 2330564
Cover Design : Ramesh Chandran
Published by
MMB Publications
Marathakkara, Thrissur 680 320
Tel: 0487 2330564
Mob. 9447183677
Price : 150/-
4
apJ-samgn
"Fgp-Øns‚ A]q¿ÆX' F∂ Cu {KŸw {^m≥kokv

am¿]m-∏-bpsS "kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¥mjw' F∂ A∏-kvtXm-
enI teJ-\-Øns‚ hymJym-\-am-Wv. temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m
Fgp-Øp-Ifpw bmYm¿∞ysØIpdn-®p≈ `mKnI hnh-cWw am{X-
am-Wv. "Fgp-Øns‚ A]q¿ÆX' F∂ Cu {KŸhpw A]q¿Æ-
am-Wv.
Cu {KŸ-Øn\v \mev `mK-ß-fp-≠v. Bap-Jw, hymJym-\w,

Nne ASn-ÿm\ hm°p-I-fpsS A¿∞-ßƒ, Appendix (I, II, III)
F∂n-h-bmWv Ah. ItØm-en°mk` Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬
ssk≤m-¥n-Ia - mbn am‰w hcp-Ønb Nne \ne-]m-Sp-If - mWv BapJ-
Øn¬ hnh- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v . Cu hnh- c - W - Ø n¬ hn. AK- Ã n≥,
tPmk^v dm‰vknß¿ F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fnse Nne `mK-ßƒ
hna¿i\ hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p-≠v. {KŸ-ßsf kao-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬
ItØm-en°m k` (ssZ-h-P-\w) kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ Nne \ne-]m-Sp-
Iƒ aqew CØcw hna¿i-\-ßƒ Dƒs°m≈m≥ k`-bnse
t\XrXzØn\v XS- a - p-≠v. F{X al-Øc - a- mb {KŸ-am-sW-¶nepw
Nne ]ng-hp-Iƒ I≠m¬ CØcw {KŸ-ßsf k` i]n®p X≈pw.
CØ-c-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS {KŸ-ßƒ i]n®p X≈p-∂-h¿°v
kz¥w {KŸ-ß-fn¬ sX‰p-s≠∂v Bsc-¶nepw Btcm-]n-®m¬
AXv Ip‰-t_m-[sØ krjvSn-°pw. Cu Ip‰-t_m[w sX‰ns\
sX‰mbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v XS w \n¬°p-I-bpw, k`-bpsS
ssk≤m-¥nI hf¿® apc-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu apc-Sn-∏mWv
k` t\cn-Sp∂ henb {]iv\w.
hn. AK-Ãns‚ ]cn-ip≤mflmhns\°pdn-®p≈ hni-I-e-

\-hpw, tPmk^v dm‰vkn-ß-dns‚ ]cn-an-Xm-h-ÿsb adn-I-S-°p-
∂-XmWv kzmX-¥y-sa∂ hmZ-hpw, Bcm-[\ Adn-hm-sW∂
{]tbm-Khpw sX‰m-sW∂v Cu {KŸw D∂-bn-°p-∂p. hnip-≤-
∑m¿ Fgp-Xnb {KŸ-ß-fn¬ sX‰p-s≠-¶n¬ Ah¿ hnip≤
∑mc√mXm-bn-Øo-cptam? CXv Fgp-Øn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ sX‰mb
[mc-W-bpsS A\-¥c ê-am-Wv.
5
{InkvXp-hns\ A\p-I-cn-°p∂Xns‚ Bdmw L´w am{X-

amWv Fgp-Øv. 1. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-eqsS {kjvSm-hmb ssZhsØ
I≠p-ap-´pI. 2. B kvt\l-Øn\v {]Xn-\μ - n-bmbn Bcm-[\
- b
- ¿∏n-
°p-I. 3. Cu Bcm-[-\-bn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ ]cn-ip≤mflmhns‚
kl-hmk i‡n-bm¬, Ir]m-h-c-Øm¬, ss{IkvXh PohnXw
\bn-°p-I. 4. Cu Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS lrZbw \nd™v Nn¥
hfcp-I. 5. Nn¥ {]tLm-jn-°p-I. 6. Fgp-Xp-I. H∂v, c≠v,
aq∂v L´-ß-fmWv ss{IkvXh Pohn-Xw. Pohn-X-Øn\v H∂mw
ÿm\-hpw, Nn¥bv°v c≠mw ÿm\-hpw, {]tLm-j-W-Øn\v
aq∂mw ÿm\hpw Fgp-Øn\v G‰hpw Ah-km-\sØ ÿm\-
hp-am-Wv. adn-®v, {KŸ-Øn\v H∂mw ÿm\hpw Pohn-X-Øn\v
c≠mw ÿm\hpw \¬Ip-∂Xv a\p-jys\ Xe-IpØn \n¿Øp-
∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-Wv. CXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]Xn-tj-[-amWv "Fgp-
Øns‚ A]q¿ÆX' F∂ Xes°ńeqsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu {]Xn- t j[w as‰mcphn[- Ø n¬ Zp¿hym- J ym- \ n-

°-s∏-Smw. Nn¥-bp-tSbpw Fgp-Øn-t‚bpw {]m[m-\ysØ Cu
apJ-samgn \ndw sISp-Øptam?
AXns\ a\- n-em-°m≥ bmYm¿∞y-Øn\v c≠v Xe-

ap- s ≠∂v \mw Xncn- ® - d n- b Ww. {]Ir- X n- Z - Ø - a mb ( Natural )
bmYm¿∞y-w, a\pjy\n¿Ωn-X-amb (Cultural) bmYm¿∞yw F∂o
c≠p Xcw bmYm¿∞y-ap-≠v. {]Ir-Xn-ZØ bmYm¿∞y-ßsf
k¿ΔNcm- N - c - ß - f p- t Sbpw kºq¿Æ kt¥mjw ˛ temIm:
kakvX: kpJnt\m `h¥p ˛ F∂ e£y-Øn-tebv°v (Aim of
human progress) hf¿Øp-hm≥ (Nurture) a\p-jy≥ \n¿Ωn®
bmYm¿∞y-ß-fmWv a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX bmYm¿∞yw. a\p-jy≥
Nn¥n-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv {]Ir-Xn-ZØ bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ Nn¥sb hf¿Øm- \ p≈ a\p- j y- \ n¿ΩnX
bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-ZØ bmYm¿∞y-ß-fp-tSbpw a\p-jy-
\n¿ΩnX bmYm¿∞y-ß-fp-tSbpw a≤y-h¿Øn-bmWv Nn¥, {]`m-
j-Ww, FgpØv F∂o aq∂v LS-I-ßƒ. AXp-sIm≠v Ch
aq∂nepw kw`- h n- ° p∂ A]q¿Æ- X - I ƒ a\p- j y- \ n¿ΩnX
bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ A]q¿Æ-XI - ƒ krjvSn-°p-Ib - pw, Ah-bn-eqsS
{]Ir- X n- Z Ø bmYm¿∞y- ß - f psS hf¿® apc- S n- ° p- I bpw
sNøpw.
6
Bflob Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp DZm-l-cWw Nq≠n-°m-

Wn-°mw. ItØm-en°m hnizm-k-a-\p-k-cn®v a\p-jys‚ lrZbw
]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ hmk-ÿ-e-am-Wv. F∂m¬ c≠mw hØn-
°m≥ Iu¨kn-en\v tijw am{XamWv ItØm-en°mk` Cu
kXyw {]tLm-jn-°m≥ ss[cyw ImWn-®-Xv. AXn\v ap≥]p≈
[mc-W-b-\p-k-cn®v A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿°pw Ah-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-
I-fmb sa{Xm-∑m¿°pw am{X-amWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ e`n-°p-
I-sb-∂m-bn-cp∂p k`-bnse s]mXp-Nn-¥m-K-Xn.
Cu Nn¥m-KXn aqew s]¥-Ip-kvXm-Zn-\-Øn¬ A∏-kvtXm-

e-∑mcpsS taepw ]cn-ip≤ I\ym-a-dn-b-Øns‚taepw am{X-amWv
]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv h∂-sX∂v k` ]Tn-∏n-®p. Cu ]T-\Ø
- ns‚ shfn-
®-Øn¬ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ Nn{X-ßƒ hc-bv°p-Ibpw AXv ]≈n-I-
fn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Nn{Xw At\I XhW
Ipń-°mew apX¬ Hcp-h≥ I≠m¬ Ahs‚ t_m[w AXn-\-\p-
k-cn®v cq]-s∏Spw. AØcw hy‡n-Iƒ At\I {]mhiyw \S-
]Sn ]pkvXIw hmbn-®m-epw, skln-tbm≥ amfn-I-bn¬ ]Xn-aq∂v
t]cn¬ IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. tbip
hn. Ip¿_m\ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw injy-∑m-cpsS Imep-Iƒ Igp-Ip-
Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ ]{¥-≠p-t]¿ am{Xsa D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p-
sh∂ kqN\ kphn-ti-jß - f- n¬ Dt≠m? F¶nepw enb-\m¿tUm
Umhn©nbpsS Nn{Xw At\I {]mhiyw I≠ Hcph\v ]{¥≠v
t]cn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Nn¥n-°m≥ Hcn-
°epw Ah-kcw \¬In-√. CØ-c-Øn¬ a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb
bm-Ym¿∞y-ßƒ a\p-jys\ Xs∂ A-Sn-a-bm-°p∂ Hcp {]{Inb
Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂XmWv Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ Hcp e£yw.
Fgp-Øns\ ({K-Ÿ-sØ) Bcm-[n-°p-∂-h≥ acn-°pw. " FgpØv
sIm√p-∂p, Bflmhv Poh≥ \¬Ip∂p' (2 tImdn 3:6) F∂
{]kvXm-h\ ItØm-en°m hnizm-k-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bm-Wv.
Cu {KŸ- Ø ns‚ cN- \ - b n¬ klm- b n® tUmIv S ¿

kn.-sP. tUhokv Nme-bv°¬, kn.-Un. tPm¿Pv Nnd-b-Øv,
{_Z¿ sPbnwkv Imcn-°m-ń¬ MMB, Unssk≥, Un.- S n.- ] n.
h¿°p-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln® cta-jv, tim` F∂n-h¿°pw \μn.
7
BapJw
Cu {KŸw {^m≥kokv am¿∏m∏bpsS "kvt\lØns‚

kt¥mjw' F∂ A∏kvtXmenI teJ\Øns‚ Hcp
hymJym\amWv. hymJym\w IqSmsX ]cnip≤ ]nXm°∑mcpsS
A∏kvtXmenI teJ\ßtfm Nm{InI teJ\ßtfm hmbn®m¬
a\ nemIpI {]bmkamWv F∂ t_m[yØns‚ A\¥cêw
am{XamWv Cu ]cn{iaØn\p ]n∂nep≈ {]tNmZ\w.
CØcw teJ\ßƒ FgpXs∏Sp∂Xv temIsaºmSpap≈

a\pjy kaqlØn\v th≠nbmWv, {]tXyIn®pw hnizknIfpsS
kaqlØn\v th≠n. B¿°v th≠n FgpXs∏Sp∂pthm
Ah¿°v Cu teJ\w hmbn®m¬ a\ nemIp∂ns√¶n¬
CØcw teJ\ßfpsS {]k‡nsb¥mWv ? AXpsIm≠v
CØcw teJ\ßƒ hmbn®m¬ a\ nemImXncn°p∂Xn\p≈
ImcWw Is≠Øn Ah ]cnlcn°m\p≈ hgnIƒ hmb\
°mc\v Nq≠n°mWn°Ww. AØcsamcp ]cn{iaØns‚
`mKamWv Cu {KŸcN\.
1. cN\bpsS `mj
cN\bv°p]tbmKn°p∂ `mjbmWv ]et∏mgpw ]cnip≤
]nXm°∑mcpsS teJ\ßƒ hmbn°p∂Xn\v XS amIp∂Xv.
`mj F∂p kqNn∏n°ptºmƒ, Chsb√mw aebmfØnte°v
hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ {]iv\w Xo¿∂ns√ F∂ tNmZnt®°mw.
AXpsIm≠mWv sshZnIcpw A¬am-bcpw Atlmcm{Xw tPmen
sNbvXv CØcw {KŸßƒ aebmfØnte°v hnh¿Ø\w
sNøp∂Xv.
F∂m¬ aebmfØn¬ FgpXp∂ hm°pIfn¬ ]e

Xns‚bpw A¿∞w hmb\°mc\v Adnbp∂ns√¶ntem?
FgpXp∂ hy‡n Hcp hm°n\v \¬Ip∂ A¿∞wXs∂
hmbn°p∂ hy‡n°v a\ nemIptºmgmWv Bibhn\nabw
]q¿ÆamIpI. F¥p sIm≠mWv am¿∏m∏amcpsS teJ\ßfn¬
D]tbmKn°p∂ ]e hm°pIfpw km[mcW°mc\v a\ nem
ImØXv?
8
2. hyhlmc `mjbpw k`bpsS `mjbpw

hyhlmc `mjsb∂m¬ ssZ\wZn\w Hcph≥ D]tbmKn
°p∂ `mjsb∂mWv A¿∞w. H∂mw ¢mkv apX¬ _ncpZm
\¥c _ncpZw hsc Hcph≥ s]mXpkaqlØn¬ D]tbmKn
°p∂ hm°pIfp≠v. Htc ImcysØ tZymXn∏n°m≥ s]mXp
kaqlw D]tbmKn°p∂ hm°pw k` D]tbmKn°p∂ hm°pw
c≠mWv. Htc bmYm¿∞yØn\v c≠v hm°v D]tbmKn°pIbpw,
Cu c≠v hm°pw Htc bmYm¿∞yØn\mWv D]tbmKn°p∂
sX∂v AdnbmXncn°pIbpw sNbvXm¬ Adnhv hfcn√ F∂p
am{Xa√, Adnhns\ hf¿Øm\p≈ ]cn{iaØn¬ \n∂v
]n≥XncnbpIbpw sNøpw.
DZmlcWambn a\pjy\pw arKhpw XΩn¬ Nne hyXym

kßfp≠v. Cu kz`mhßfpsS BsI XpIsb ( Sum
Total)kqNn∏n°m≥ s]mXp kaqlw D]tbmKn°p∂ hm°mWv
a\pjys‚ kzXzw ( human identity). CtX bmYm¿∞ysØ
kqNn∏n°m≥ 2000 sIm√ambn k` D]tbmKn°p∂ hm°mWv
a\pjys‚ ta∑ AYhm a\pjy amlmflyw (human dignity). CXv
c≠pw H∂msW∂v {InkvXym\nIƒ°v AdnbmØXpsIm≠v
s]mXp kaqlambn kwhmZw \SØmt\m, \mw ]dbp∂Xv
s]mXp kaqlsØ t_m[ys∏SpØmt\m \ap°v Ignbp∂n√.
sSenhnj≥ ]cn]mSnIfn¬ sshZnI¿ \SØp∂ kwhmZßƒ
s]mXp P\ßƒ°v a\knemImØXv CXpsIm≠mWv. c≠ma
Xmbn, Nm{InIteJ\ßfn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ hm°pIfpsS
A¿∞w hmbn°p∂ hy‡nIƒ kzbw Duln°pIbmWv. Cu
Dulw aqew Htc ImcyØn\v ]Xn\mbncw A¿∞w cq]s∏SpI
bmWv. Hcp hm°n\v Hcp A¿∞w \¬IptºmgmWv Bib
hn\nabw kaqlsØ \n¿Ωn°m≥ klmbIamIpI. CØc
Øn¬ B¿°pw A¿∞w IrXyambn \n¿hNn°m≥ IgnbmØ
At\Iw hm°pIƒ k`m {]t_m[\ßƒ D]tbmKn°pIbmWv.
At\Iw {]mhiyw D]tbmKn°p∂XpsIm≠v Hcp hm°ns‚
A¿∞w a\ nemIp∂psh∂v tXm∂p∂Xv A_≤amWv .
IqSpX¬ {]mhiyw D]tbmKn®m¬ Hcp hm°ns‚ A¿∞w
Adnbn√. A¿∞w AdnbmXncn°pIbpw F∂m¬ A¿∞w
Adnbpsa∂v kzbw tXm∂pIbpw sNøp∂ hm°pIƒ
At\Iap≠v. Cu Adnhn√mbvabmWv k`m {]t_m[\ßƒ
9
hmbn®m¬ a\ nemIm≥ XS w \n¬°p∂ Hcp {][m\

LSIw. hm°pIƒ°pw {]tbmKßƒ°pw IrXyw (Hcp henb
Afhphscsb¶nepw) A¿∞w \¬Im≥ Cu {KŸw
]cn{ian°p∂p.
3.bmYm¿∞ysØ a\ nem°p∂ B`napJyßfn

ep≈ am‰w
bmYm¿∞ysØ a\ nem°m\p≈ {]mYanI am¿§w
]t©{μnbßfmWv . F∂m¬ ]t©{μnbßƒ°v bmYm¿
∞ysØ°pdn®v `mKnI ⁄m\w \¬Imt\ Ignbq. Cu
]cnanXnsb adnIS∂v bmYm¿∞ysØ°pdn®p≈ ⁄m\w
]q¿ÆXbnseØn°m≥ a\pjy≥ Nne kn≤m¥ßfpw,
kn≤m¥ kap®bßfpw D]tbmKn°p∂p. imkv{Xw, CØcw
a\pjy\n¿ΩnX kn≤m¥ßfmWv.
kn≤m¥ßƒ A]q¿ÆamWv ; AXn\m¬ Ahsb

hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØn hnIkn∏n°mdp≠v . ]e
{KŸßfpw cNn°ptºmƒ cNbnXmhv CØcw am‰ßƒ
Dƒs°m≠n´p≠mIpw. F∂m¬ hmb\°mc≥ Cu am‰w
Dƒs°m≠nńs√¶n¬, cN\Iƒ a\ nem°pI Ffp∏a√.
CØcw am‰ßsfbmWv cN-\b
- nse hnπhw F∂ hm°p sIm≠v
Dt±in°p∂Xv.
DZmlcWambn c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ hnπh

Icamb am‰w k`bn¬ sIm≠ph∂p F∂v ]WvUnX∑m¿
AhImis∏Sp∂p. F¥mWv B hnπhw? B am‰w Adnb
Wsa¶n¬ c≠mwhØn°m≥ Iu¨knen\v ap≥]p≈
Ahÿbpw tijap≈ Ahÿbpw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw
Xncn®dnbWw.
Cu hyXym-k-ßƒ At\-I-ap-≠v. {][m-\-amb H∂v ChnsS

{]kvXm-hn-°mw. c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨knen\p ap≥]v
]cnip≤mflmhv sa{Xm∑mcn¬ am{XamWv hcnI. sa{Xm∑m¿
\¬Ip∂h¿°v am{XamWv ]n∂oSv ]cnip≤mflmhns\
\¬Is∏SpI. k`bv ° v ]pdØp≈h¿ CXns\ hna¿in®n
cp∂psh¶nepw k`bv°IØv Nne ItØmen°m ]ptcmlnX
10
∑m¿ CXns\ tNmZyw sNbvXp. F√m a\pjycpw ]cnip≤m

flmhns‚ BebamsW∂ AhcpsS hmZw c≠mw hØn°m≥
Iu¨knen¬ AwKoIcn®p.
CXns‚ A\¥cêambn k`sb∂m¬ sa{Xm∑mcpsS

kwLsa∂ ap≥[mcWbv°v ]Icw, k`sb∂m¬ ssZhP\
Øns‚ Iq´mbva F∂ ImgvN∏mSv ItØmen° k` AwKo
Icn®p. CØcØn¬ At\Iw hyXymkßƒ k`bpsS ssZh
imkv{X ImgvN∏mSn¬ h∂Xv \Ωƒ a\ nem°msX t]mIp∂p.
F¶nepw CØcw Hcp am‰w D≠mbXv Bsc¶nepw

D∂bn®m¬ k`bnse \nehnep≈ ssZhimkv{XPvR∑m¿ Hcp
]t£ AXns\ \JinJm¥w FXn¿°pw. ImcWw, \nehnep
≠mbncp∂ Hcp sX‰ns\ sX‰msW∂v AwKoIcn°pI hfsc
{]bmkap≈ ImcyamWv. c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨knen\p
ap≥]v k`sb∂m¬ sa{Xm∑m¿ F∂mWv Nn¥n®ncp∂sX∂pw,
]cnip≤mflmhv sa{Xm∑m¿°v am{Xsa e`n°pIbp≈psh∂pw
k` ]Tn∏n®ncp∂psh∂ Cu teJ\`mKw tIcfØnse
ssZhimkv{X⁄∑mcmsW∂v A`n\bn°p∂h¿ (bYm¿∞
ssZhimkv{X⁄¿ Aßs\b√) CØcw {]tabßfpambn
kwhZn°msX, I≠`mhw \Sn°msX, AhKWn®v sIm√m≥
t\m°pw.
]t£, Aßs\bmWv k` ]Tn∏n®ncp∂sX∂v a\ n

em°m≥ c≠v sXfnhpIƒ ]cntim[n®m¬ aXn.
H∂maXmbn \S]Sn ]pkvXIw F∂ {KŸamWv ]pXnb

\nbaØn¬ FgpXs∏´ BZysØ {KŸw. Cu {KŸØns‚
{Ko°v Xes°´v "{]mIvknkv' F∂mWv. Cu hm°ns‚ A¿∞w
bYm¿∞Øn¬ "{]hrØn' F∂mWv. CXv ssZhP\Øns‚
{]hrØnbmtWm, A∏kv t Xm∑mcpsS {]hrØnbmtWm?
]cnip≤mflmhv A∏kvtXme∑mcn¬ am{Xw \ndbp∂p F∂
hmZw \ne\n¬°p∂XpsIm≠v Cu {KŸØns‚ Xes°´v
"{]h¿ØnIƒ' F∂Xn\v ]Icw "A∏kvtXme {]h¿ØnIƒ'
F∂v FgpXn tN¿Øp. k`m {]hrØnIƒ A∏kv t Xme
{]h¿ØnIƒ BbXn\m¬ k`m Ncn{Xsa∂m¬ sa{Xm∑mcpsS
Ncn{Xambn amdn.
11
c≠maXmbn ss__nfns‚ Hmtcm hnh¿Ø\hpw Hcp

"hymJym\amsW∂v' \mw Xncn®dnbWw. hymJymXmhns‚
kn≤m¥a\pkcn®mWv A¿∞w \¬Ip∂Xpw hnh¿Ø\w
sNøp∂Xpw. \S]Sn ]pkvXIØn¬ amXmhpw injy∑mcpw IqSn
{]m¿∞n®psIm≠ncn°ptºmgmWv ]cnip≤mflmhv h∂v
Ahcn¬ \ndbp∂Xv. F{Xt]cmWv AhnsS amXmhnt\msSm∏w
{]m¿∞n®ncp∂Xv ? B apdnbn¬ ]{¥≠p t]c√ AXn¬
IqSpXep≠mbncp∂psh∂v AXn\p ap≥]v kqNn∏n®n´p≠v.
am{Xa√ injy∑mcn¬ \n∂mWv A∏kvtXme∑msc Xncs™
Sp°p∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v ]{¥≠v t]cn¬ IqSpX¬ Ds≠¶n¬
am{XamWv injy∑m¿ F∂ hm°v D]tbmKn°pI. The whole
house was filled with Holy Spirit F∂mWv Cw•ojv ss__nfn¬
FgpXnbncn°p∂Xv . AXns‚ A¿∞w, sIńSw apgph≥
]cnip≤mflmhv \nd™p F∂mWv aebmfw ss__nfn¬
FgpXnbncn°p∂Xv. "whole house" F∂m¬ hoSp apgph≥ F∂√
hnh¿Ø\w sNtø≠Xv (]cnip≤mflmhv hcp∂Xv hońte°√
hoń¬ IqSnbncp∂hcnte°mWv); {]XypX, AhnsS IqSnbncn
°p∂hcn¬ apgph≥t]cnepw F∂mWv.
Cu A¿∞w a\ nem°m\p≈ _p≤n tIcfØnse

ss__nƒ hnh¿ØI¿°v C√mØXpsIm≠√ Aßs\
hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXncn°pXv. {]XypX AhcpsS Nn¥m]≤Xn
hØn°m≥ Iu¨knen\p ap≥]p≈ Nn¥m]≤Xnbn¬ IpSpßn
InS°p∂XpsIm≠mWv . ""hoSpapgph≥'' F∂Xn\v ]Icw
""AhnsS IqSnbncp∂hcn¬ apgph≥ t]¿°pw'' F∂v FgpXn
bm¬ sa{Xm∑mc√mØh¿°pw ]cnip≤mflmhns\ e`n°pw.
CXv Hgnhm°m\mbncn°Ww AhnsS IqSnbncp∂hcn¬
apgph\pw F∂Xn\p ]Icw sIńSw apgph≥ F∂v A¿∞w
\¬InbXv.
sa{Xm∑mcmWv k`sb¶n¬ ssZhP\w sa{Xm∑mscbmWv

klmbnt°≠Xv ; ssZhP\amWv k`sb¶n¬ sa{Xm∑m¿
ssZhP\sØbmWv klmbnt°≠Xv. Cu ImgvN∏mSns‚
hyXymkØneqsS "kvt\lØns‚ kt¥mj'sa∂ A∏kvtXm
enI teJ\w hmbn®m¬, ]cnip≤ ]nXmhns‚ e£yßƒ
a\ nemIpw. ]cnip≤mflmhn\m¬ {]tNmZnXcmb ssZhP\w
hnizmkPohnXw \bn°ptºmƒ Ah¿°p≠mIp∂ PohnX
12
XS ßfn¬ Ahsc klmbn°m≥ AhtcmsSm∏w \S°pI

(klKan°pI) F∂XmWv AP]me\ ZuXyw. bYm¿∞
AP]meI¿ amXm]nXm°fmWv . Cu amXm]nXm°sf
klmbn°pI F∂XmWv sa{Xms‚ ZuXyw. ImgvN∏mSpIfn
ep≈ CØcw am‰ßƒ Xncn®dnbmsX k`bpsS {]t_m[\
ßƒ hmbn®p a\ nem°pI {]bmkamWv.
hnizmknIfne√ ]cnip≤flmhv hcnI, sa{Xm∑mcnemWv

F∂v sX‰mbn k` ]Tn∏n°m\p≈ ImcWw ]cnip≤mflmhns\
Ipdn®v hn.AKkvXot\mkv \¬Inb Nn¥bnep≈ sX‰mWv. Cu
sX‰v XncpØmsX hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ apt∂m´psh®
"sa{Xm∑mcpsS kwLa√' k`, "ssZhP\'amWv k` F∂p
a\ nem°pI km[ya√.
F¥mWv AKkvXot\mkns‚ ssk≤m¥nI sX‰v?
a\pjykrjv S nsb Ipdn®v hnhcn°p∂ L´Øn¬

Dev]Øn {KŸImc∑m¿ C{]Imcw FgpXp∂p. ssZhw arKßsf
aÆn¬ \n∂v krjvSn®p.ssZhw a\pjys\bpw aÆn¬ \n∂v
krjvSn®p. ssZhw a\pjys\ aÆn¬ \n∂v krjvSn®Xn\ptijw
Ahs‚ \mkmc{‘ßfnte°v ssZhw \nizkn®p. At∏mƒ
Ah\v Poh\p≠mbn (Dev]Øn 2:7). CXn¬ \nizk\w F∂
hm°ns‚ A¿∞w F¥mWv? k`bpsS BZyImeL´Øn¬ Cu
hm°ns\Ipdn®p X¿°ap≠mbn. B X¿°Øn¬ \nizk\w
ssZhØns‚ izmkamb "dqlm' BsW∂v At\Iw t]¿
hmZn®p. F∂m¬ ]cnip≤mflmhv h∂Xv tbiphns‚ D∞m\
tijamsW∂ Imgv N ∏mSmWv hn.AKÃn≥ kzoIcn®Xv .
Adnhn√mØ a≠∑mcmWv ssZhØns‚ \nizk\w ]cnip≤m
flmhmsW∂v hmZn°p∂sX∂v AKÃn≥ hmZn°p∂p.
D∞m\Øn\p apºv ]cnip≤mflmhv a\pjy\v \¬Is∏ń
cp∂ns√∂pw "ssZh\Kcsa∂' {KŸØn¬ AKÃn≥ D∂bn®p
(Apendix I).
F∂m¬, C°m-cy-Øn¬ A_≤w ]nW-™Xv AK-Ãn-\m-W.v

a\pjy\v a\pjy\mIm≥, BZman\v ]q¿Æ\mIm≥, A∂v
]cnip≤mflmhns\ Bhiyan√mbncp∂psh¶n¬, ]m]w sNbvXv
13
a\pjyXzw \jv S s∏´ a\pjy\v ho≠pw a\pjy\mIm≥,

c£n°s∏Sm≥, ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ Bhiyan√ F∂p-hcpw. hn.
AK-Ãns‚ hmZw ]n≥Xp-S¿∂m¬ ]m]w sNøp∂Xn\v ap≥]p≈
a\pjy\v ]q¿Æ\mIm≥ ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ Bhiyan√.
CXn\m¬ ]m›mXyk` c£mIc clkyw DZvtLmjn°p
tºmƒ (eØo≥ Ip¿_m\bn¬) tbiphns‚ ]oUm\p`hw,
acWw, D∞m\w F∂o aq∂v Imcyßƒ am{XamWv DZvtLm
jn°pI.
F∂m¬ ]uckvXykÌƒ°mIs´ a\pjy≥ ]q¿Æ

\mIm≥ ]cnip≤mflmhv Bhiyap≠v. AXn\m¬ ]uckvXyk`
c£mIc clkyw DZvtLmjn°ptºmƒ ]oUm\p`hw, acWw,
D∞m\w, ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ BKa\w F∂o \mepImcyßƒ
DZvtLmjn°p∂p. c£mIcclkyØns‚ ]ckyamb
DZvtLmjWamWt√m hn. Ip¿∫m\. Cu ASnÿm\ hyXym
kamWv eØo≥ en‰¿Pnbpw, kotdm ae_m¿ en‰¿Pnbpw
XΩn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂Xv.
c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ \¬Ip∂ G‰hpw henb

am‰w Hmtcm a\pjy\pw ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ BebamsW∂
Imgv ® ∏mSmWv . Hmtcm a\pjy\pw ]cnip≤mflmhns‚
BebamsW∂ Imgv®∏mSn\v hncp≤ambn k`bpsS kmaqly
At_m[Øn¬ (collective unconscious) \ne\n¬°p∂ sX‰mb
[mcW amdmsX hnizmknIƒ°v a\pjys\°pdn®pw, IpSpw_
sØ°pdn®pap≈ ⁄m\w hfcn√.
4. "kvt\lØns‚ kt¥mjhpw' ImgvN∏mSv am‰hpw

hfsc {]ISamb Imgv N ∏mSv am‰ßƒ Cu teJ\w
]n≥XpScp∂p≠v. Ah Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
i ImWs∏Sp∂ ssZhw am¿∏m∏b√ amXm]nXm°fmWv
ii amXm]nXm°ƒ AP]meIcmWv
iii ssZhw a\pjys\ krjv S n°ptºmƒ krjv S nI¿Ωw

]q¿Æa√, Ah≥ Hcp readymade D¬∏∂a√. a\pjy≥
14
Hcp hnØmWv. hnØn¬ \n∂v G‰hpw \√Xv ]pdsØSp

°p∂ Ahs‚ {]hrØnsb klmbn°p∂hcmWv
amXm]nXm°ƒ. Ahsc klmbn°p∂hcmWv sshZnI¿
iv _‘ßfnepsS hfcp∂h\mWv a\pjy≥
v c£bpw Bflkm£mXv°mchpw c≠v am\ßfmWv.

a\pjy\v 3 ASnÿm\ AhÿIfp≠v: (a)BZn]m]w
sNøp∂Xn\p ap≥]p≈ a\pjy≥ (b)]m]w sNbvXXn\p
tijap≈ a\pjy≥ (c) ]cnip≤mflmhns\ \¬In ]m]w
sNøp∂-Xn\v ap≥]p≈ Ahÿbnte°v ]p\¿krjvSn
°s∏´ a\pjy≥. Xs‚ Akv X nXzØn¬ BZn- b n¬
BteJ\w sNøs∏- ´ n- c n- ° p∂ BZna hnfn ]q¿Øn
bm°p∂XmWv Bfl km£mXv°mcw
vi kz¿§cmPy tI{μoIrX e£yØn¬ \n∂v ssZhcmPy

tI{μoIrXXzw (Regno Centrism)
vii bmYm¿∞yw Nn¥-sb-°mƒ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈Xv

(Laudato Si, 201)
Cu Ggv taJeIsfIpdn®p≈ ImgvN∏mSv hyXnbm\

]m›mØeØn¬ "kvt\lØns‚ kt¥mjw' F∂
{KŸØnse A¿∞-X-e-ßƒ a\ nemIpw.
......
Cu {KŸ-Ønse ]e hmN-I-ßfpw
"kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¥mjw'
F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn-®-Xm-Wv.
{]kvXpX teJ-\-Øn¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn® hmN-I-ß-fpsS
Ah-km\w {_m°-‰n¬ JWvUn-I-I-fpsS \º-dp-Iƒ
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
......
15
i. amXm]nXm°ƒ: ImWs∏Sp∂ {kjvSm°ƒ

a\pjys‚ ⁄m\w hfcp∂Xn\v Nne {]tXyI
am¿§ßfp≠v. Cu am¿§ßƒ ssZhw krjvSn®XmWv. CXn¬
{][m\s∏´ am¿§amWv ImgvN. temIØn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂Xpw
ImWs∏SmØXpap≠v. F∂m¬ ImWs∏Sp∂Xn¬ \n∂mWv
ImWs∏SmØhbnte°v a\pjys‚ ⁄m\w hfcp∂Xv. tbip
]dbp∂p Fs∂ "ImWp∂h≥' ]nXmhns\ "ImWp∂p'. AXns‚
A¿∞w ]nXmhn√ F∂√, tbiphns\ I≠pap´p∂XneqsS
Hcph\v ]nXmhns\ ImWm\p≈ hgn Xpd∂p In´p∂psh∂mWv.
{InkvXp ImWs∏SmØ ssZhØns‚ ImWs∏Sp∂ ASbmfhpw
(sign) a\p-jys\ ssZh-Øns‚ Omb-bn-tebv°v ]p\¿kr-jvSn-
°p∂ D]IcWhpamWv (instrument). F√m IqZm-i-I-fp-w a\p-
jys\ ]m]w sNøp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]p≈ \njv°-f-¶m-h-ÿ-bn-
tebv°v ]p\¿kr-jvSn-°m-\p≈ AS-bm-fhpw D]-I-c-W-hp-am-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, {kjvSmhmb ssZhw Fs‚ F√m ]m]ßfpw
£an°p∂p F∂v F\n°v ImWm\pw ]m]w sNøp∂Xn\v
ap≥]p≈ Fs‚ \n¿Ωemhÿbnte°v amdm\p≈ ASbmfhpw
D]IcWamWv Ipºkmcw. AXpsIm≠v ssZhsØ
a\ nem°nsImSp°m\p≈ ItØmen°m k`bpsS t_m[\
hnZybpsS (pedagogue) am¿§amWv IqZmiIƒ. ImWs∏Sp∂
hbn¬ \n∂v ImWs∏SmØhbnte°v ⁄m\sØ hf¿Øp∂
t_m[\hnZysb ItØmen°m k` Mystagogue F∂v hnfn°p∂p.
Cu ]›meØeØn¬ Nn¥n°ptºmƒ a\pjy\mb {InkvXp
hns\ ImWptºmgmWv a\pjy\v ssZhsØ ImWm≥ IgnbpI.
F¶n¬ {InkvXphns\ ImWm≥ F¥psNøWw? \mw ap≥
JWvUnIIfn¬ kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse ]cnip≤mflmhv A∏
kvtXme∑mcn¬ am{XamWv hcnIsb∂v k` ]Tn∏n®ncp∂p.
At∏mƒ BcmWv as‰mcp {InkvXp. A∏kvtXme≥ AYhm
sa{Xm≥. AXv ho≠pw Npcpßn am¿]m∏ am{Xambn {InkvXp
hns\ {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂ GI hy‡n AYhm Alter Christos.
Cu sX‰mb \nKa\ØnemWv ImWs∏Sp∂ ssZhw am¿]m∏
am{XamsW∂v ItØmen°m k` ]Tn∏n®ncp∂Xv.
F∂m¬ a\pjys\ ssZhw krjvSn®Xv ssZhØns‚

OmbbnembXp sIm≠v , amtΩmZok kzoIcn® Hmtcm
hy‡nbpw ]m]w sNøp∂Xn\p ap≥]p≈ BZmans‚ Ah
16
ÿbn¬ BbXpsIm≠v Ahsc√mhcpw as‰mcp {InkvXp

hmsW∂v BZnak`bpsS Imgv®∏mSv hn.tPm¨t]mƒ c≠ma≥
D∂bn®p. At±lØns‚ A`n{]mbØn¬ a\pjy\mWv
ssZhØns‚ IqZmi (Man is the sacrament of God). {^m≥knkv
am¿]m∏ ho≠pw AXns\ hn]pes∏SpØn IpSpw_w
ImWs∏SmØ {XnXzØns‚ ImWs∏Sp∂ cq]amsW∂v
]Tn∏n°p∂p (No.11, 12, 13, 324).
{]k‡amb as‰mcp tNmZyw, Hcp Ip™ns\ krjvSn

°p∂Xv ssZhamtWm? amXm]nXm°fmtWm? ssZhw amXm
]nXm°fneqsSbmWv a\pjys\ krjvSn°p∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v
a\pjys‚ ImWs∏Sp∂ {kjvSm°ƒ amXm]nXm°fmWv.
C¥y≥ kwkv°mcw C°mcyw ap≥t] ]Tn∏n®n´p≠v.

amXm˛]nXm˛Kpcp˛ssZhw F∂ {IaØnemWv kXysØ°pdn
®p≈ ⁄m\w hfcpI F∂XmWv C¥y≥ ⁄m\imkv{X
Øns‚ {][m\ {]tabw.
"kvt\lØns‚ kt¥mj'sa∂ A∏kvtXmenI

teJ\Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ {]tabwXs∂ amXm]nXm°fn¬
\n∂mWv Hcp inip ssZhkvt\lw BZyw A\p`hnt°≠sX
∂mWv. amXm]nXm°ƒ IpńIsf kvt\ln®memWv IpńIfpsS
hy‡nXzw hfcpI. am{Xa√ `¿Ømhv `mcysb Hcn°epw
Dt]£n°mXncn°ptºmgmWv, ssZhw a\pjys\ Dt]£n
°mØh\msW∂v a°ƒ A\p`hn°p∂Xv. CXmWv Hcph≥
Xs‚ `mcysb bmsXmcp ImcWhimepw Dt]£n°cpXv F∂v
]dbp∂Xns‚ ImcWw. AΩ F¥v sX‰v sNbvXmepw A∏≥
AΩsb kvt\ln°p∂psh∂v a°ƒ ImWptºmgmWv, a\pjy≥
F{X sX‰v sNbvXmepw "a\pjys\ Dt]£n°mØ ssZh
kz`mhw' a°fpsS AkvXnXzØnepw Nn¥bnepw Aen™p
tNcpI.
BZnbn¬ {kjvSmhmb ssZhw a\pjy\v \¬ImØ

bmsXm∂pw tbip{InkvXphn¬ ]p\ÿm]n°p∂n√. ssZhw
BZnbn¬ a\pjys\ krjvSn°ptºmƒ D≠mbncp∂ kzm`mhnI
t_m[\{Iasa∂Xv (Natural Pedagogue) amXm]nXm°fpsS
kvt\lw I≠v a°ƒ ssZhsØ ImWpI F∂XmWv. k` Cu
t_m[\ {IaØn\v ]Icw \n¬°cpXv, klmbn°pIbmWv
17
sNtø≠Xv. hn.tXmakv AIzo\mkns‚ hm°pIfn¬, Ir]

kzm`mhnIXbv°v hncp≤a√, Ir] kzm`mhnIXsb ]q¿Øn
bm°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. \ns∂ krjvSn®Xv BcmWv? F∂v
Hcpht\mSv tNmZn°ptºmƒ Ah≥ BZyw ]dtb≠Xv
amXm]nXm°ƒ F∂mWv . AhcpsS kv t \lw I≠n´mWv
IpńIƒ kz¿§ÿ\mb ]nXmhv Bsc∂v Adntb≠Xv .
amXm]nXm°ƒ°v B kv t \lw \¬Im≥ IgnbmXmIp
tºmgmWv "c£mIc hc{]kmZ Øns‚' (salvific grace) Bhiyw
hcp∂Xv. Cu c£mIc ZuXyØn\v t\XrXzhpw kwc-£-Whpw
\¬IpI F∂ ISa am{XamWv sshZnI¿°pw sa{Xm∑m¿
°pap≈Xv. ImWs∏Sp∂ {kjvSmhv am¿]m∏b√, amXm]nXm
°fmsW∂ ImgvN∏mtSmsS Cu A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w
hmbn°Ww.
ii. a\pjys\ ssZhw krjvSn°ptºmƒ F√m ]Wnbpw

]q¿Ønbmb Hcp sdUnsabvUv hkvXphmtWm a\pjy≥?
a\pjy≥ Hcp hnØmsW∂pw, B hnØn¬ hfcm≥

At\Iw _m°nbps≠∂pw, a‰p≈hsc hf¿ØptºmgmWv
a\pjy≥ kzbw hfcp∂sX∂pw AwKoIcn°p∂ Hcph\v
am{Xta "kv t \lØns‚ kt¥mjsa∂' A∏kv t XmenI
teJ\w hmbn®m¬ a\ nemIpI.
ssZhimkv { X⁄¿am¿ ss__nfns\ hymJym\n

®ncp∂Xv XXzNn¥I¿ \¬Ip∂ a\pjys\°pdn®pff
Imgv®∏mSpIfpsS shfn®ØnemWv. {^©v Nn¥I\mb dqt m
hscbp≈ F√m ]m›mXy XXzNn¥Icpw "a\pjy≥' F∂
Xns\ F√m ]Wnbpw Ign™v ]q¿Ønbmb Hcp bmYm¿∞yw
F∂ AhÿbnemWv I≠ncp∂Xv. F∂m¬ dqt mbpsS Emily
F∂ {KŸØnemWv iniphn¬ \n∂v ]q¿Æhf¿®bnte°v
hfcp∂ a\pjys\ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. AXn\ptijw h∂
sltK¬ (Hegel) F∂ XXzNn¥I\mWv a\pjy≥ Hcp
hnØmsW∂pw, {]IrXnsb cq]m¥cs∏SpØp∂XneqsS
Ah\nse B¥cnI a\pjy≥ hfcp∂psh∂pap≈ (process,
{]{Inb) Imgv®∏mSv hy‡ambn AhXcn∏n®Xv. Cu BibamWv
]n∂oSv Imd¬ am¿Ivkv kz¥am°nbXv. c≠mw hØn°m≥
Iu¨kn¬ Cu hmZw AwKoIcn®p. (Apendix II)
18
XpS¿∂v h∂ ]e k`m {]t_m[\ßfnepw Cu XXzw

{]tbmKn®p. sXmgnen\v hkvXp\njvThpw (objective) I¿Xr
\njvThpamb (subjective) am\aps≠∂v k` AwKoIcn°p∂p.
Ipd®pIqSn hy‡ambn ]d™m¬ Hcp a\pjy≥ aÆn¬ \n∂v
IpSap≠m°ptºmƒ Ah≥ Ipih\mbn amdp∂p. B {]hr
Øn°v apºv, B km£mXvImcØn\v apºv, Ah≥ Ipih\√.
a\pjy≥ Ipih≥ Bbn amdp∂XmWv Ahs‚ {]hrØnbpsS
I¿Xr\njvTam\w; aÆv IpSambn amdp∂XmWv {]hrØnbpsS
hkvXp\njvTam\w. AXpt]mse c≠pt]¿ hnhmlw Ign°p
tºmƒ Ah¿ shdpw ]pcpj\pw kv{XobpamWv; AhcpsS
ssewKnIXbneqsS Ip™v D≠mIptºmƒ Ah¿ A∏≥ AΩ
F∂ Ahÿbnte°v amdpIbmWv. Ip™v ssewKnIXbpsS
hkv X p\njv T am\hpw amXm]nXm°fmbn amdpI F∂Xv
ssewKnIXbpsS I¿Xr\njvTam\hpamWv.
CØcØn¬ {]hrØnbneqsS B¥cnI a\pjys‚

hf¿®bv°v `£Ww \¬In, "hfcp∂ a\pjy's\∂ sltKen
b≥ a\pjyZ¿i\Øns‚ ]›mØeØne√msX "kvt\l
Øns‚ kt¥mjw' a\ nem°m≥ Ignbn√.
c≠v Nn¥bnte°v sltKens‚ Imgv®∏mSv hgn]ncn™v

t]mIp∂p≠v. (1) a\pjy≥ P\n°ptºmƒ iq\y\mWv; Ah≥
kzbw A≤zm\n®v iq\yXbn¬ \n∂v Ahs\Øs∂ krjvSn
°p∂p (km¿{Xv). (2) a\pjy≥ \¬Is∏´ NneXn¬ \n∂v
Ahs\Øs∂ krjvSns®Sp°p∂p. H∂masØ Nn¥b\pkcn®v
a\pjy≥ {kjvSmhm-Wv. c≠masØ Nn¥b\pkcn®v a\pjy≥
\¬Is∏´hbn¬ \n∂v krjvSn°p∂h\mWv. as‰mcphn[Øn¬
Ah≥ iq\yXbn¬ \n∂v krjvSn°p∂ {kjvSmh√, \evIs∏´
hbn¬ \n∂v krjvSn°p∂ krjvSn I¿ΩØnse ]¶mfnbmWv.
cm≠masØ Z¿i\w kz¥am°nbn´v thWw Cu A∏kvtXm
enI teJ\w hmbn®p XpSßm≥.
iii. IpSp_Ønse AP]meI¿ amXm]nXm°fmWv

aq∂maXmbn, a\pjy≥ krjvSn°s∏´Xv ssZhØns‚
Ombbnepw kmZriyØnepamWv. ssZhØns‚ Omb a\pjy\v
\¬In F∂Xn\v ÿnchpw, Ne\mflIhpamb am\ap≠v.
ssZhOmb Ahÿ am{Xa√, hnfnIqSnbmWv.
19
DZmlcWambn Hcp \mfntIctam ISpIpaWntbm

tKmXºphntØm ]cntim[n°pI. Hcp \mfntIcsØ, sXßv
sXßns‚ Ombbn¬ krjvSn®psh∂v D∂bn®m¬ AXns‚
A¿∞sa¥mWv? ISpIpaWn°v ISpIpacØns‚ Ombbpt≠m?
tKmXºv hnØn\v tKmXºv sNSnbpsS Ombbpt≠m?
\mfntIcØn\v sXßns‚ Ombbp≠v. B Omb AXns‚
D≈n¬ ad™ncn°p∂ Mystery bmWv. Pew \mfntIcØn¬
\ndbptºmƒ \mfntIcw AgpIn AXns‚ D≈nep≈ sXßv
hf¿∂v ]q¿Æhf¿®sbØn, GXv hr£Øn¬ \n∂mtWm
\mfntIcw D≠mbXv , B sXßns‚ cq]ØnseØp∂p.
]q¿ÆsXßmbn hfcm≥ sXßv \mfntIcØns‚ D≈n¬
\nt£]n®n´p≈ B¥cnI kΩ¿±amWv hnfn (vocation).
ssZhsØt∏msebmIm≥ (ssZhamIm\√) ssZhw

a\pjys‚ lrZbØn¬ \nt£]n® B¥cnI kΩ¿±amWv
ssZhhnfn. a\pjys‚ B¥cnIXbnep≈ Cu {]mYanI
hnfnsb Dev]Øn {KŸImc≥ kaqlsØ krjvSn°pI, `qansb
cq]m¥cs∏SpØpI F∂o c≠v ZuXyßfmbn AhXcn∏n
°p∂p. F∂m¬ PesØ IqSmsX sNSnIfpsS hnØn\v
AgpImt\m apfbv°mt\m IgnbmØXpt]me, ]cnip≤mflm
hn√msX a\pjy\v kaqlamIm≥ Ignbn√.
BZn]m]w sNøp∂Xn\v ap≥]v a\pjy\n¬ ]cnip≤m

flmhv klhkn®ncp∂p. AXpsIm≠v a\pjy≥ {kjvSmhp
sam∂n®v DemØnbncp∂p.- F∂m¬, ssZh-sØ-t∏m-se-bm-Ip-∂-
Xn- \ p- ] - I - c w, kzbw ssZhamIm\p≈ a\pjys‚ tamlw
ssZh\ntj[Øn¬ FØnt®¿∂p. ssZh\ntj[Øns‚
A\¥c êambn ]cnip≤mflmhns\ a\pjy≥ Xs‚
lrZbØn¬ \n∂v ]pdØm°n. AXpsIm≠v a\pjy\v `qansb
cq]m¥cs∏SpØm\√ Ignbp∂X,v IogS°m\mWv. a\pjy\v
CWtNcms\ Ignbp∂p≈p, kaqlambn Pohn°m≥ Ignbp∂n√
(\w. 284). AXpsIm≠v ho≠pw ]cnip≤mflmhns\ \¬In
a\pjys‚ ssZhhnfnsb ]q¿ÆXbnseØn°m\mWv tbip
`qanbn¬ AhXcn®Xv. AkvXnXzØn¬ ssZh\ntj[w Gev]n®
apdnhpW°p∂ c£mIc ssZhhnfnbmWv tbip A∏kvtXme
∑m¿°v \¬InbXv.
20
Xs‚ PohnX]¶mfnbn¬ \n∂pw a°fn¬ \n∂pw G‰hpw

\√Xv ]pdsØSp°p∂ £amioe\mb I¿jIcmWv
amXm]nXm°ƒ ( \w. 319). Ch¿°v apdnth¬°ptºmƒ
klmbn°p∂ Bip]{XnbmWv k` (\w. 291). Hcp I¿j-I≥
hnØns\ ]cn]men°p∂t]me PohnX]¶mfnbpsSbpw
a°fptSbpw IqsS \S∂v (accompaniment), AhcpsS D≈n¬ \n∂v
G‰hpw \√Xv ]pdsØSp°p∂ AP]meIcmWv amXm]n
Xm°ƒ (\w.322).
iv. _‘ßfneqsS hfcp∂ a\pjy≥

Dev]Øn]pkvXIw tcJs∏SpØp∂ a\pjy≥ ˛ BZmw
˛ ssZhw \n¿Ωn® Hcp sdUnsabv U v Dev ] ∂amtWm?
a\pjy\n¿ΩnXn ]q¿Æambpw ssZhØns‚ tPmenbmsW¶n¬
Cu Dev]∂Øns‚ {]iv\ßƒ Ah\pw Ahs\ krjvSn®
ssZhhpambp≈ _‘Øns‚ {]iv\w am{XamWv. CØcw Hcp
]›mØeØnemWv ]cºcmKX BflobX hf¿∂ph∂Xv.
sshZnIcptSbpw ka¿∏nXcptSbpw Bflob hf¿®bv ° v
\¬Inbncp∂ {][m\ {KŸamWv hn.tXmakv As°ºnkns‚
"{InkvXzm\pIcWw.' Cu {KŸw a\pjy\pw ssZhhpambp≈
_‘sØ am{Xw Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p.
Hcp hy‡nbpsS Bflob hf¿®bpsS thcpIƒ amXmhpw

]nXmhpambp≈ _‘ØnemsW∂pw AXpsIm≠v Bflob
hf¿®bv°v XS w \n¬°p∂ Hcp LSIw Hcp-hs‚ amXmhpw
]nXmhpambp≈ _‘amsW∂v {Inkv X zm\pIcWsa∂
{KŸØntem, AXpt]mse hn. Ct·jykns‚ Bflobm
`ymkßfntem ImWm≥ Ignbn√. amXm]nXm°fm¬ Dt]£n
°s∏´h\mWv Xms\∂ ASnÿm\ AkvXnXz {]iv\w ]cn
lcn°m\p≈ Bflob hgn hniIe\w sNøp∂ Hcp coXn
ItØmen°m k` AwKoIcn® Bflob {KŸßfn¬ C√!
P¿Ω≥ BibhmZ (German Idealism) Øns‚ Is≠Ø

emWv a\pjy≥ hfcp∂Xv _‘ØneqsSbmsW∂ Adnhv. CXv
imkv{Xobambn AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv sltKemWv. _‘ßfn
eqsS hfcp∂ hy‡nXzamWv a\pjy\p≈Xv . AwKoImc
ØneqsSbmWv a\pjyhy‡nXzw hfcp∂Xv. a\pjy≥ B{Kln
°p∂Xv a‰p≈hcn¬ \n∂v ]n≥hen°s∏SmØ AwKoImcw
e`n°m\mWv. CXn\p≈ ]cn{iaamWv bp≤w (Hegel).
21
amXmhn¬ \nt∂m ]nXmhn¬ \nt∂m AwKoImcw e`n°m

ØXmWv B¥cnI apdnhv. Cu apdnhv kpJs∏SmsX Aflm
b¿t°m, sshZnI¿t°m, k\ykvX¿t°m XßfpsS ZuXyw
]q¿Æam°pI km[ya√. sltKens‚ Recognition kn≤m¥w,
a\imkv{XØneqsS hf¿∂v Icnkvam‰nIv {]ÿm\ØneqsS
B¥cnIkuJyw F∂ Bflobm`ymkambn ssZhP\Øns‚
CSbn¬ hf¿∂ph∂p. C°mcyw skan\mcn ]cnioe\Ønepw
(\w.203) ZºXnIfpsS PohnXØnse {]iv\]cnlmcØn\pw
(\w.239, 240) D]tbmKn°Wsa∂v Cu A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w
Blzm\w sNøp∂p (\w.246, 263).
Cu `mKw hmbn®m¬ a\ nemIWsa¶n¬, BZw F∂

a\pjys\ ssZhw amXm]nXm°sf IqSmsX krjvSn®p F∂
hmZw k` hymJym-\Ø
- n\v hnt[-ba
- m-°Ww. tbip-hn-eq-sS-bmWv
]nXm- h mb ssZhw BZsØ krjv S n- ® - X v . BZØneqsS
tbiphns\ a\ nem°msX amXm]nXm°fpambp≈ _‘
Øn¬ hf¿∂ tbiphns\ t\m°n BZsØ a\ nem°Ww.
Aßs\ sNøptºmƒ sdUnsabvUv a\pjy\p ]Icw _‘
ßfneqsS cq]w sIm≈p∂ a\pjys‚ {]iv\ßƒ a\ nemIpw.
CXn\v sltKenb≥ a\pjyk¶ev]w kzoIcn°Ww. CXv
kzoIcn®m¬ am{Xta B¥cnI kuJysa∂ {]{Inb am¿]m∏
apX¬ `n£°mc≥ hscbp≈ kIe a\pjy\pw Bhiyap≈
H∂msW∂v a\ nem°pIbp≈q. As√¶n¬ AXv Icnkvam‰nIv
"{`m¥∑mcpsS' Pev]\ambn am{Xw a\ nem°pw.
amXm]nXm°fpambp≈ _‘w A\pZn\w \hoIcn°msX

a\pjy\v krjv S mhnseØpI Akm[yamWv . Cu _‘w
\hoIcn®ns√¶n¬ sshZnI\mbmepw, A¬amb\mbmepw,
Ahcn¬ \n∂v e`nt°≠ kv t \lw a‰p≈hcn¬ \n∂v
{]Xo£n®v apt∂m´pt]mIpw. amXm]nXm°fn¬ \n∂v AwKo
Imcw e`n°p∂Xn¬ \n∂v Ipdhph∂m¬, AXns\ ]cnlcn
°m≥ Hcph≥ Xs∂Xs∂ AanXambn kvt\ln°m≥ tXm∂pw.
Ah\ht\mSv tXm∂p∂ Cu AanXt{]aamWv kztZlt{]aw
(narcisissm). CØ-c-°m¿°v F√m A[n-Im-c-tØmSpw FXn¿∏v
cq]- s ∏- S pw (No.39, 283). F¥mWv kztZlt{]asa∂Xv
39˛mw JWv U nIbnepw AXns‚ ImcWsas¥∂v 283- ˛ mw
JWvUnIbnepw hnhcn°p∂p. C{μnb kpJmkzmZ\w Hcp
kztZlt{]anbpsS e£WamWv. AanXamb ssewKnIhnImcw,
22
t`mP\{]nbw, aZym]m\mk‡n, [\mk‡n, BUw_c {àw,

\oeNn{XZ¿i\w apXembh C{μnb kpJmkzmZ\Øns‚
am¿§ßƒ am{XamWv. Chsb√mw Xs∂ Bcpw kvt\ln°m
\n√ F∂ A\p`hØn¬ \n∂p c£s∏Sm≥ kzbw kvt\ln
°m≥ \SØp∂ ]cn{iaßfmWv.
v. c£bpw Bflkm£mXv°mchpw
a\pjys‚ PohnXZuXysØ°pdn®v Hcp {]tXyI
Imgv N ∏mSv cq]s∏SpØnbm¬ am{XamWv "kv t \lØns‚
kt¥mj'Ønse Nne`mKßƒ a\ nemIpI. Hcp DZml
cWØneqsS AXv hy‡am°mw. Hcp ]nXmhv Xs‚ aIs\
bm{Xbv°p≈ ]Ww \¬In Xriq¿ \n∂pw U¬lnbnte°v
bm{Xbm°n. bm{Xmat≤y amlnbn¬ s{Sbn≥ Hcp aWn°q¿
Xmakaps≠∂v Adn™p. sdbn¬th tÃj\p ap≥]n¬ \n∂v
Ipd®v aZyw hmßn IpSn®v Ah≥ AhnsSbncp∂v Ddßn.
Dd°Øn¬ \n∂v Fgpt∂‰t∏mƒ s{Sbn\pw t]mbn t]m°‰nse
]Whpw \jvSs∏´p. sdbn¬th tÃj\n¬ Cu a\pjy≥
Ae™pXncn™p \S°p∂Xp I≠t∏mƒ sdbn¬th tÃj\v
ap≥]nep≈ Hcp ho´pImc≥ U¬lnhsc t]mIm\p≈ ]Ww
Ah\v \¬In. Abmƒ°v kt¥mjambn. Abmƒ ]Ww \¬In
Xs∂ c£n® hy‡n-bpsS hoń¬ Xmakam°n. ]nXmhv aIs\
U¬lnbn¬ t]mbn sNøm≥ Gev]n® ZuXyw ad∂v Xs∂
c£n® BfpsS kvt\lØn¬ aXnad∂v Pohn°p∂hs‚
AhÿbmWv {InkvXym\nIfptSXv. \o c£n°s∏´pthm? F∂
tNmZyw hgnsX‰n°p∂XmWv . a\pjy\v ssZhw \¬Inb
hnfnsb¥mWv ? AXv ]q¿Ønbm°m≥ Ignbp∂pt≠m?
AXn\mhiyamb Fs¥¶nepw ssZhw a\p-jy\v \¬Inbn
cpt∂m? AXv a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂v \jvS-s∏-ń-cp-∂pthm? AXv a\p-
jy\v Fßns\ Xncn®pIn´pw? Xncn®pInńbm¬ a\p-jys‚
ZuXyw Fßns\ ]q¿Ønbm°pw? ssZhw a\pjy\v \¬Inb
ZuXyw ]q¿Ønbm°p∂XmWv Bflkm£mXv°mcw.
AXn\p]Icw Bflkm£mXv°mcØn\v th≠n {kjvSmhv
\¬Inb Ir]mhcw Hcp-h-\n¬ \n∂v \jvSs∏´Xv Xncn®p
InńbXpsIm≠v Hcph\v PohnXØn¬ kt¥mjap≠mIn√.
ssZhw \¬Inb kaqlsØ krjvSn°pI (s]‰ps]cpIpI)
F∂ hnfn ]q¿ØoIcn°m\p≈ am¿§amWv IpSpw_w.
23
CØcØn¬ IpSpw_sØ AhXcn∏n°m≥ CXphsc k`bv°v

Ign™nń√ (\w. 37). ssZh- c mPyw krjv S n- ° pI bpKm¥y
ZuXyamWv ssZhw a\p-jy\v \¬InbXv. CXn\mhiyamb
Ir]mhcw \jvSs∏´Xv Xncn®v \¬I∂XmWv c£.
vi. kz¿§cmPyhpw ssZhcmPyhpw

kz¿§cmPyw krjvSn°pI F∂Xv ssZhØns‚
tPmenbmWv , F∂m¬ kz¿§sØt∏mse `qanbn¬ Hcp
kaqlsØ krjvSn°pI F∂Xv a\pjys‚ tPmenbmWv.
""kz¿§Ønset∏mse `qanbnepamIWta'' F∂mWv \mw
ssZhtØmSv {]m¿∞n°p∂Xv. Hcp a\pjy\v ssZhw Gev]n
®ncn°p∂ bpKm¥yZuXyw `qanbn¬ ssZhcmPy\n¿ΩnXn
bmsW∂ Hcp ImgvN∏mSv Ct∏mƒ ItØmen°mhnizmknIfn¬
Dt≠m? \nehnep≈ A\oXn \nd™ kwhn[m\sØ
XncpØm\pw, \oXn]pecp∂ Hcp kmaqlnI kwhn[m\sØ
krjvSn°m\pamWv ssZhw Hmtcm a\pjys\bpw Gev]n®n
cn°p∂ ZuXyw. CØcw Hcp kmaqlnI PohnXw, temI
Ønep≈ F√m a\pjycptSbpw kºq¿Æ sFIyw, F∂ hnim
eamb e£yØnemWv ssewKnIXbv°pt]mepw A¿∞ap≈p
F∂v Cu A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w hmZn°p∂Xv. Cu teJ\
Øns‚ F√m A≤ymbØnt‚bpw B`napJyw \oXn]pecp∂
kmaqlnI PohnX kwhn[m\Øn¬ krjv S n°pI F∂
e£yØnte°p≈ a\pjys‚ hf¿®bv ° v Bhiyamb
{]h¿Ø\ßƒ F∂ ImgvN∏mSnemWv. AXpsIm≠v
ssZhcmPytI{μoIrXamb (Regnocentric) ImgvN∏mSn√msX Cu
A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w hmbn®m¬ teJ\Øns‚ ]q¿Æ
A¿∞w a\ nemIn√. 52, 70, 131, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 276, 290,
324 F∂o JWvUnIIƒ IpSpw_sØ, kaqlsØ sIń∏
Sp°p∂ Hcp lºv (hub) Bbn AhXcn∏n°p∂p. as‰mcp
hn[Øn¬ \oXn Pew t]msesbmgpIp∂ Hcp kaqlap≠m
Im≥ GXpXcØnep≈ IpSpw_PohnXw thWw F∂ ImgvN
∏mSv apIfn¬ tcJs∏SpØnb JWvUnIIfn¬ ImWp∂p.
CØcsamcp ImgvN∏mSpw c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn

ens‚ kw`mh\bmWv. "k` B[p\nI temIØn¬' F∂
{]amW tcJ hy‡n, ]m]w, c£, IpSpw_w, kaqlw, sXmgn¬,
cmjv{Sw, A¥mcmjv{S kaqlw F∂ {IaØn¬ kaqlØnep≈
Hcp a\pjys‚ {]hrØnIsf PohnX e£y- a mbn hni- Z o-
Icn°p∂p.
24
Hcp hy‡n Xs‚ PohnsØ apgph≥ a\pjyh¿§Øns‚

kt¥mjØn\p th≠n ka¿∏n°p∂Xns‚ Hcp Lámbn
am{XamWv hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ IpSpw_sa∂ kmaplnI
cq]sØ ImWp∂Xv . AØcsamcp Imgv N ∏mSn¬ Cu
A∏kv t XmenI teJ\w hmbn®ns√¶n¬ IpSpw_sØ
a\pjys‚ e£yambn AhXcn∏n°p∂ sX‰n¬ hoWpt]mIpw.
vii. bmYm¿∞yw Nn¥-tb-°mƒ (FgpØnt\°mƒ)

{]m[m\yap≈Xv
{^m≥kokv am¿]m∏bpsS ImgvN∏mSnse {][m\am‰w
ImWp∂Xv bmYm¿∞yØn\v FgpØnt\°mƒ {]m[m\yw
\¬Ip∂psh∂XmWv. Cu Xes°´v hymJym\imkv{XØn¬
hfsc \n¿ÆmbIamWv . GsXmcp FgpØpw bmYm¿∞y
sØ°pdn®p≈ {KŸImcs‚ I≠ØepIfmWv. AXpsIm≠v
{KŸØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂ {]tabßfpsS A¿∞w
{KŸØne√, {KŸØn\v ]pdØmWv. as‰mcp hn[Øn¬ F√m
{KŸhpw A]q¿ÆamWv. tbipsh∂ bmYm¿∞yØns‚ Hcp
iXam\w t]mepw kphntijØn¬ C√ F∂ {]kvXmh\bmWv
kphntijØnse hymJym\ imkv{X-]-c-amb G‰hpw \√
{]kvXmh\ (tbml. 21 :25).
C°mcyØn¬ ItØmen°mk`bpsS ss__nƒ

hymJym\ \ne]mSv a‰p kÌtf°mƒ kXytØmSv ASpØp
\n¬°p∂p. {KŸØns‚ A¿∞w {KŸØn\v ]pdØmIbm¬
GXv bmYm¿∞yamtWm {KŸØn\v A¿∞w \¬Ip∂Xv B
bmYm¿∞yØnt\mSv tN¿ØpthWw {KŸsØ a\ nem°m≥.
]pXnb \nba{KŸØns‚ A¿∞w tbip {InkvXphnemWv.
hymJymXmhn\v tbip{Inkv X phns\ Fßs\ kphntij
tØmSpIqSn tN¿Øv shbv°m≥ Ignbpw? tbip{InkvXphns\
kphntijtØmSv tN¿Øv shbv°p∂Xns\bmWv Tradition + Text
F∂ ItØmen°m hymJym\imkv{Xkq{XhmIyw.
CXn¬ Tradition F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w ""hmsamgn''

F∂mWv Nne¿ sX‰mbn hymJym\n°p∂Xv. Hcn°epw B{ibn
°m≥ ]‰mØ H∂mWv hmsamgn. tPmk^v dm‰vknwKdpsS
A`n{]mbØn¬ ""ssZhP\amWv '' ]pXnb \nbaØns‚
25
teJI\pw hymJymXmhpw. ssZhmflmhn\m¬ {]tNmZnXcmb

ssZhP\Øns‚ PohnXØn¬ \n∂mWv ]pXnb \nbaw cq]w
sIm≠Xv. ssZhP\w tbip{InkvXphns‚ icocamWt√m.
kphntijw cNn°p∂ ImeL´Ønse ssZhP\Øns‚
XpS¿®bmWv C∂v \ne\n¬°p∂ ssZhP\w AYhm
tbiphns‚ icocw. ssZhP\tØmsSm∏w Pohn°p∂hcmWv
kphntijØns‚ bYm¿∞ hymJymXm°ƒ. PohnXw
Nn¥bpsS ap∂p]m[nbmbXn\m¬ ssZhP\tØmsSm∏w
Pohn°mØh¿°v ssZhP\tØmsSm∏w Nn¥n°m≥ Ignbn√.
k`sb∂m¬ sa{Xm≥ kwLw F∂ sX‰mb Nn¥ \ne
\n¬°p∂Xn\m¬ sa{Xm≥ kwLw Nn¥n°p∂Xnt\msSm∏w
Nn¥n°pI F∂XmWv k`tbmsSmØv Nn¥n°pI F∂Xns‚
A¿∞sa∂v Nne¿°v sX‰n≤mcWbp≠v . k`tbmsSmØv
Pohn°pI F∂XmWv ]mcºcy XpS¿®.
bmYm¿∞ysØ Hgnhm°n {KŸsØ hymJm\n°p∂

h¿°v {KŸØnse sX‰pIƒ a\ nem°pI km[ya√. Ah¿
{ItaW {KŸØns‚ Bcm[IcmIpw. c≠mw hØn°m≥
Iu¨kn¬ tcJIƒ ]q¿ÆamtWm? AXn¬ sX‰p≠mIm≥
km[yXbpt≠m? bmYm¿∞yØn\p t\sc IÆS®v {KŸsØ
Bcm[n°p∂h¿°,v {KŸßsf am{Xw B{ibn®v sX‰pIfn¬
\n∂v sX‰pIfnte°v hogm\p≈ km[yX hfsc A[nIamWv.
{KŸsØ Bcm[n°p∂hcn¬ Hcp sX‰v At\Iw

sX‰pIfnte°v Fßns\ \bn°p∂psh∂v Nne DZmlcW
ßfneqsS ]cntim[n°mw. ItØmen°m k`bpsS ss__nƒ
hymJym\Øns‚ ASnÿm\ kq{XhmIyw ]mcºcyw + {KŸw
F∂mWt√m. c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ tcJIƒ aebmf
Ønte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbv X v {]kn≤oIcn®ncn°p∂Xv
[¿Ωcmw hnZymt£{XamWv . {]kv X pX hnh¿Ø\Øn¬
""ssZhhN\sa∂'' tcJbpsS BapJØn¬ ]mcºcy sa∂m¬
""hmsamgn'' F∂mWv tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv. c≠mw hØn
°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ tcJtbmSv tN¿Øp {]kn≤oIcn®ncn°p∂
Cu BapJw tcJbpsS `mKa√. F¶nepw hmb\°mc\v CXv
tcJbpsS `mKsa∂ tXm∂ep≠m°pw. {KŸsØ Bcm[n
°p∂ Hcp ssZhimkv{XhnZym¿∞n ]mcºcysa∂m¬ hmsamgn
sb∂ efnX {]kvXmh\bn¬ ]cnanX\m°s∏Spw. At±lw Hcp
26
sa{Xm\mbn amdnbm¬ ]mcºcysa∂m¬ hmsamgnbmsW∂

At±lØns‚ {]t_m[\sØ B[nImcnIambn hnizmknIƒ
IW°m°pw. CØcw A_≤ßfnte°v t]mImXncn°m≥
{KŸw hmbn°p∂h¿ \nc¥cw {KŸhpw bmYm¿∞yhpw
XΩnep≈ tN¿® ]cntim[n®psImt≠bncn°Ww.
k`bpsS HutZymKnI tcJbnse sX‰pIƒ Fßs\

bmWv A[nImcnIfneqsS BtKmf ItØmen°mk`bnse
{]amZamb Hcp sX‰mbn XpScp∂sX∂v Nq≠n ImWn°mw.
a\pjy≥ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ bmYm¿∞yßƒ FhnsS\n∂v ,
Fßs\ D≠mbn F∂Xv XXzimkv{XØns‚ {][m\s∏´
tNmZyamWv. \ne\n¬°p∂ Hcp bmYm¿∞yØn¬ \n∂mtWm
Ct∏mgp≈ {]]©w D≠mbXv? F∂XmWv {][m\ tNmZyw.
{]]©Øn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ F√m bmYm¿∞yßfptSbpw
ASnÿm\ kz`mhw iq\yXbmsW∂v Is≠ØnbXv
_p≤\mWv. tPm_ns‚ ]pkvX-I-Ønepw C°mcyw ImWm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. ""{]]©sØ ssZhw iq\yXbn¬ Xq°nbnń cn°p∂p''
(tPm_v 26:7). ""aIt\, Rm≥ bmNn°p∂p, BImitØbpw
`qantbbpw t\m°pI. Ahbnep≈ Hmtcm∂pw ImWpI.
D≠mbncp∂hbn¬ \n∂√ ssZhw Ahsc krjvSn®sX∂v
a\ nem°pI. a\pjycpw AXpt]msebmWv krjvSn°s∏´Xv''
(2 a°_mb¿ 7:28). ssZhw {]]©tØbpw a\pjyt\bpw
C√mbv a bn¬ \n∂v krjv S n®psh∂XmWv ]cºcmKX
ItØmen°m hnizmkw. Cu hnizmkØn\v A\ptbmPyamb
{]m¿∞\IfmWv en‰¿PnbpsS `mKambncp∂Xv. ""a\pjym \o
aÆmIp∂p, aÆnte°v aSßpw \q\w '' F∂ {]m¿∞\ Icn
°pdn Zn\Øns‚ Hm¿ΩbmNcWamWv. {]]©Ønse Hmtcm
a\p-jy\pw PohPmesØt∏mse iq\yXbn¬ \n∂v cq]w
sIm≠h\msW∂v kzbw Xncn®dnbpI F∂XmWv {InkvXob
B≤ymflnIbpsS ASnØd (tXmakv As°ºnkv, {InkvXm\p
IcWw, 3˛mw ]pkvXIw, 18˛mw A≤ymbw; 3˛mw ]pkvXIw,
40˛mw A≤ymbw).
F∂m¬ a\pjys‚ Bflmhv ssZhØn¬ \n∂v

h∂XmsW∂pw, AXn\m¬ a\pjy≥ acn®m¬ Ahs‚
Bflmhv ssZhØnte°v t]mIpsa∂pap≈ as‰mcp Nn¥
temIØn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂p. πmt‰m cNn® Phaedo F∂
27
{KŸØn¬ CXmZyw tcJs∏SpØn. πmt‰mWnÃpIƒ Cu

tcJsb B[nImcnIambn IcpXn hnIkn∏n®XmWv \ntbm
πmt‰mWnkw. \ntbmπmt‰mWn kØns‚ G‰hpw {]_e\mb
Nn¥I\mWv tπmń\qkv (Plotinus) tπmń\qkns‚ {KŸamWv
"G\oUv . ' "G\oUv ' F∂ {KŸØns‚ X\n]I¿∏mWv
i¶cmNmcycpsS AssZzXw.
tπmń\qkns‚ Nn¥b\pkcn®v hyXymkßƒ (differences)

ssZhØn¬ \n∂p≈ AI¬®bpw Xn∑bpamWv . hkv X p,
{]hrØn, Nn¥, [ym\w, A\¥bnse eb\w apXembhbmWv
A]q¿ÆXbn¬ \n∂v ]q¿ÆXbnte°p≈ {]bmWw. Cu
]≤XnbneqsS bmYm¿∞ysØ I≠Xp sIm≠mWv
‘Contemplation is the supreme activity’sb∂v Nne¿ sX‰n≤cn®Xv. Nne
ItØmen°m ssZhimkv { X⁄∑mcpw Cu XXzimkv { X
]≤XnbpsS sIWnbn¬s∏´p (trapped). {InkvXpaXw
[ym\tØ°mƒ {]h¿Ønbv°mWv H∂mw ÿm\w \¬Ip∂Xv.
kv t \lamWv k¿tΔm¬Irjv S w, [ym\a√. {]hrØnbpsS
B≤ymflnIXbmWv {^m≥kokv am¿∏m∏ "kvt\lØns‚
kt¥mj'Øn¬ apt∂m´p shbv°p∂Xv.
F√m hyXymkßsfbpw (Differences) C√mbva sNbvXv

Rm≥ kzbw km¿Δ{XnIXbmsW∂ t_m[ØnseØp
∂XmWv "ssZsshIysa∂v' Nn¥n°p∂Xv bmYm¿∞yas√∂v
slK¬ hmZn°p∂p. CØcØnep≈ F√m hy‡nIsfbpw
slK¬ òIchmZnIƒ F∂mWv hnfn°p∂Xv . CØcw
hy‡nIƒ°v ]cn[nIfn√s{X! F∂m¬ BcmWv henbh≥?
kzbw ]cnanXs∏SpØp∂h\mWv henbh≥. kzbw ]cnanX
s∏SpØmØh¿°v kmaqlnIPohnXw km[ya√. AhcmWv
X∂njvS°m¿ (Caprice). (Hegel, Philosophy of Right, Para 5 and its addition,
Para 13 and its addition) {^m≥knkv am¿∏m∏ ]dbp∂p kzmX{¥yw
]cnanXs∏SpØWw, hyXym-k-ßsf \ne-\n¿Øn Hcpa Is≠-
ØWw (\w. 139 )
tπmń\pkns‚ Imgv®∏mSn¬ Hcph≥ Ah\hs\ I≠v

AXn\\pkcn®v Hcph≥ kzbw hf¿∂m¬, AXmWv òIchmZw
(Terrorism). òIchmZØns‚ Cu hnØv a\pjys\ Ipdn®p≈
28
hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ tcJIfnepw, km¿Δ{XnI aXt_m[\

{KŸØnepw, am¿∏m∏amcpsS {KŸßfnepw IS∂pIqSnbn´p≠v.
{KŸsØ a\pjys\∂ bmYm¿∞yhpambn tN¿Øv sh®v
Nn¥n°mØh¿ CØcw sX‰pIsf hngpßpIbpw, Ah¿
AdnbmsX a\pjy\nse òIchmZsØ hf¿ØpIbpw
sNøp∂p. tπmń\qkns‚ kzm[o\ hebØnep≈ Nne
hmNIßƒ Xmsg ]dbp∂hbmWv.
“Often refusing god as his source, ......” (Church in the modern world, 13)
F∂ hmIy-`mKw hfsc \ncp]{ZhIcamsW∂v tXm∂mw.
F¶nepw a\pjys‚ Dev]Øn ssZhØn¬ \n∂√, iq\yXbn¬
\n∂v krjvSn°s∏´ aÆn¬ \n∂msW∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ Cu
hmIy`mKw \ntj[n°p∂p. AXn\p ]Icw ssZhØn¬ \n∂v
h∂p, ssZhØnte°v t]mIp∂psh∂ tπmń\qkns‚
Nn¥bnte°v Cu hmIy`mKyw hgnXncn®p hnSp∂p. Cu sX‰n
t∏mI¬ a\ nem°m≥ ItØmen°m k`bpsS km¿Δ{XnI
aXt_m[\ {KŸw ]cntim[n°mw. ""a\pjys‚ Bflmhns‚
DdhnSw (Origin) ssZhØn¬ \n∂mWv'' (Chatechism of Catholic
Church, 33).
a\pjy≥ ssZhØn¬ \n∂ph∂p ssZhØnte°v

t]mIp∂psh∂ tπmń\qkns‚ hnIehmZw tPmk^v
dm‰vknwK¿ Xs‚ {KŸßfn¬ ]e {]mhiyw Bh¿Øn°p∂p.
tbip{InkvXphns‚ PohnXw hnhcn°p∂ {KŸØnse Nne
hmIyßƒ D≤cn°mw. “Hevean, then, means that other divine summit from
which we all come and to which we are all meant to return” (Joseph Ratzinger,
Jesus of Nazareth, p 142, Bloomsbury, paperback 2008, London) as‰mcp
{]kvXmh\ “Because our being comes from god” (Ibid p 149) as‰mcp
{]ÿmh\ “Living far away from home, from his origin” (Ibid p 205).
dm‰vknß¿ cNn® "en‰¿PnbpsS ssNX\yw' F∂ {KŸ

Øn¬ tπmń\qkns\ t]scSpØv ]d™v a\pjy≥ ssZhØn¬
\n∂ph∂p ssZhØnte°v t]mIp∂psh∂v Bh¿Øn°p∂p.
""CXv hniZambn ]cma¿in°m≥ {ian°p∂Xn\p apºmbn
]pd∏mSns‚bpw {]XymKa\Øns‚bpw amXrIbn¬ \nKqVambn
ÿnXn sNøp∂, ]ehn[Ønepw IqSpX¬ {]m[m\ya¿ln
°p∂, c≠masØ km≤yX \Ωƒ {i≤nt°≠Xp≠v. H∂ma
29
Xmbn ]ucmWnIImesØ alm\mb XXzNn¥I≥ sπmń\q

kns‚ (Plotinus) IrXnIfn¬ Hcp]t£ G‰hpw BI¿jIambn
Bhnjv°cn°s∏ń´p≈ Hcp Bibap≠v. hnhn[ cq]ßfn¬
an° Ass{IkvXh aXßfnepw Bcm[\m k{ºZmbßfnepw
CXp ImWs∏Sp∂p. ssZhnIa√mØ H∂ns‚ Bhn¿`mhØn\p
ImcWamb ]pd∏mSns\ ImtW≠Xv ]pdtØ°p t]mIp∂
H∂mbnń√, adn®v ]X\ambn´mWv. ssZhnIXbpsS Dbcßfn¬
\n∂p≈ ]X\w hogvNbpsS \nbaßƒ hgn IqSpX¬ Bgßfn
tebv°v, ssZhØn¬ \n∂pw hfsc hfsc AIeßfnte°p
io{LØn¬ \oßp∂p. CX¿∞am°p∂Xv ssZhnIa√mØ
hy‡n hoWpt]mbXmsW∂mWv. ]cnanXn HcpXcw A]cm[
amWv ; \ntj[mflIamb Ft¥m BWv . A]cnanXambh
bnte°p Xncn®psIm≠ph∂p thWw AXns\ c£n°m≥.
AXpsIm≠v Xncn®p≈ bm{X AKm[ßfnte°p ]X\w
FØptºmƒ Xs∂ Bcw`n°p∂p. AtXmSpIqSn Akv{Xw
apIfntebv°v e£ywhbv°p∂p. Ahkm\w ]cnanXambhbpsS
"]m]w', ssZhw A√mXncn°pI F∂Xv, A{]Xy£amIp∂p.
B A¿∞Øn¬ ssZhw F√m‰nepw F√mamIp∂p. Xncn®p
hchns‚ am¿§w A¿∞am°p∂Xv c£bmWv. c£sb∂Xv
\ΩpsS AkvXnXzØns‚ bYm¿∞ `mcambncn°p∂
]cnanXmhÿbn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN\amWv. ]n≥Xncnbens‚ Cu
Ne\hpambn Bcm[\bv ° v _‘ap≠v . [q¿Ø ]p{Xs‚
]›mØm]\nanjØn¬ D≠mbXp t]mse Hcphs‚ hogvNsb
°pdn®p≈ {io{Lmht_m[amWnXv ; Xm≥ FhnsS \n∂p
h∂psh∂v At∏mgmWv Ah≥ Xncn™pt\m°nbXv. Cu
XXzNn¥If\pkcn®v Adnhpw Akv X nXzhpw tbmPn®p
t]mIp∂p. AXpsIm≠v Bw`sØ°pdn®p≈ Cu ]pXnb
ho£Ww AXnte°p Xncn®p≈ Hcp BtcmlWamWv .
apºp≠mbncp∂Xnte°p≈ t\m´w F∂ A¿∞Ønepw
F√m‰nepap]cnbmbXv F∂ \nebnepw Bcm[\ AXns‚
kz`mhØm¬ Xs∂ AdnhmsW∂p ]dbmw. Adnsh∂
\nebn¬ CXv Ne\hpw ]n≥Xncnbepw c£bpamWv'' (tPmk^v
dm‰vknwK¿, "en‰¿PnbpsS ssNX\yw,' am¿tØmam hnZym\n
tIX≥ 2005, Nß\mt»cn p. 21-22).
iq\yXbn¬ \n∂v cq]w sImSpØv A\¥X Zm\ambn

\¬Insb∂XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. A\¥X a\pjys‚ kz`m
30
ha√, a\pjy\v A\¥XbpsS Omb am{Xtabp≈q. ssZhw

a\pjys\ A\¥XbpsS Ombbn¬ krjvSn®p (⁄m\w 2:23).
GsXmcp {KŸhpw A]q¿ÆamIbm¬, {KŸw Xs∂ Nn¥bmI
bm¬, bmYm¿∞yØn¬ \n∂v th¿s∏SpØn {KŸsØ
Bcm[n®m¬ F{X henb hy‡nbmbmepw {]ÿm\ambmepw
sX‰n¬ \n∂v sX‰nte°v hgpXnhogpw. CXn√mXncn°m≥,
⁄m\w hfcm≥ {KŸtØ°mƒ, Nn¥tb°mƒ henb
bmYm¿∞ysØ H∂maXmbn ]cnKWn°Ww. hn.tPm¨ t]mƒ
c≠mas‚ hm°pIfn¬ ⁄m\ hf¿®bnse {][m\ LSIw
⁄m\hpw bmYm¿∞yhpw XΩnep≈ tN¿®bmWv (hn. tPm¨
t]mƒ II "bp‡nbpw hnizmkhpw' \w. 56 ) Cu tN¿®
]cntim[n°p∂h¿°mWv ""kvt\lØns‚ kt¥mjsa∂'
teJ\sa∂√, GXv FgpØpw a\ nemIpI.
31
Fgp- Ø ns‚ A]q¿ÆX
IpSpw_w: ssZhhN-\-Øns‚
shfn-®-Øn¬
ItØm-en°m k` ]Xn-\mev a\p-jy-{]-hr-Øn-Isf Imcp-

Wy-{]-hrØn-Iƒ F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNøp-∂p. "hgn-sX-‰n-t∏m-b-
h¿°v t\¿hgn ImWn-°pI' F∂-Xm-Wv AXn¬ {][m-\-s∏´
Hcp {]hrØn. {^m≥knkv am¿]m-∏-bpsS "kvt\l-Øns‚
kt¥mjw' F∂ A∏-kvtXm-enI {]t_m-[\w IpSpw-_-ßƒ°v
hgn-sX-‰m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ {]Imi tKm]p-c-am-Wv. HºXv A[ym-b-
ß-fn-eqsS IpSpw_w F∂ ssZhnI ÿm]\w t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-
hn-fn-Ifpw Ah-bv°p≈ ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßfpw Cu {KŸw \n¿t±-
in-°p-∂p. hnip≤ {KŸhpw k`m {]t_m-[-\-ßfpw ]T\ hnj-
b-ß-f-√, {]XypX Ah Hcp-h\v kzbw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw kzbw
sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øm-\p-ap≈ IÆm-Sn-bm-Wv. Cu ImgvN-∏m-tSm-Sp-
IqSn Cu {KŸw hmbn-®m¬ \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ A¤p-X-ßƒ
ImWpw.
kotdm ae-_m¿ k`-bpsS hnhm-lt- Lm-jØ - ns‚ `mK-amb

BZy-Km\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv "]pXnb IpSpw-_-Øns‚ IXn-cp-Iƒ
hnS-cp-∂p, Xncp-k` hnP-b-Øn¬ sXmSp-Ip-dn-b-Wn-bp∂p' F∂
{]kvXm-h-\-tbmSp IqSn-bm-Wv. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kt¥mjamWv
k`-bpsS kt¥mjw F∂ kotdm ae-_m¿ en‰¿Pn-bnse
32
{]mcw-`-Km-\-Ønse {]kvXm-h-\-tbmSp IqSn-bm-Wv (\w. 1) Cu

{]t_m-[\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hnhm-l-Øn\p apºv Zº-
Xn-I-fn¬ tXm∂p∂ Cu kt¥mjw hyXykvX Xc-Øn-ep≈
{]Xn-k‘ - n-Isf A`n-ap-Jo-Ic
- n-°p-tºmƒ ZpxJ-ambn amdp-∂p. Cu
ZpxJsØ Fßs\ adn IS°mw?
IpSpw- _ - P o- h n- X - Ø nse k¶- S - I - c - a mb A\p- ` - h - ß sf

kt¥m-j-am-°n-am-‰p∂ tbip-hns‚ km∂n[yw A\p-`-hn-°m-
\p≈ hgn-Iƒ Cu {KŸw hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p. tbip ]d-bp-∂p, ""\nß-
fpsS ZpxJw kt¥m-j-ambn amdpw.'' ZpxJsØ kt¥m-j-am-°nam-
‰m-\p≈ DØ-c-ßƒ Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ hmb-\-°m-c\v Fßs\
a\- n-em-°m≥ Ignbpw? Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ \¬Ip∂ \n¿t±-i-
ßƒ s]mXp-X-Xz-ß-fm-Wv. s]mXp-X-Xz-ßsf \ΩpsS cmPy-Øn-
s‚bpw {]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw
{]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ws - a-¶n¬ Ah tIc-fØ - ns‚ kmwkvIm-
cnI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ N¿®bv°p hnt[-b-am-°Ww (\w. 3).
AØcw Hcp e£y-tØmSpIqSn-bmWv Cu {KŸw Fgp-Xp-
∂-Xv. Cu {KŸw hmbn-°p∂ GsXm-cp-h\pw Kuc-h-tØmsS
CXns\ kao-]n-®m¬ hgn sX‰n-b-h¿°v t\¿hgn ImWn-°pI
F∂ k`-bpsS {]hr-Øn-bn¬ `mK-`m-°m-Im≥ Ign-bpw. AXn-
\m¬ ""Cu {KŸw s]s´∂v hmbn-®p-Xo¿°m≥ Rm≥ Blzm\w
sNøp-∂n-√. Hmtcm `mKhpw £am-]q¿Δw hmbn-®m¬ As√-¶n¬
Xß-fpsS {]tXyI Bh-iy-ßsf∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ `mK-ß-
fn¬ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-®m¬ IpSpw-_-ßƒ°pw IpSpw-_-t{]-jn-X-
Xz-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°pw AXv D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn-cn°pw''
(\w. 7).
Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ BZy A[ymbw IpSpw-_s - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈

ssZhnI ]≤Xn hn. {KŸ-Øn¬ F{]-Imcw hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-
∂psh∂v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. IpSpw-_w- kw-hn-[m\w sNøp-tºmƒ
{kjvSm-hns‚ lnXw F¥mWv? D¬]Øn ]pkvXIw apX¬
shfn- ] mSp hsc IpSpw_w F∂ kwhn- [ m\w \mw I≠p-
ap-´p-∂p.- a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ]pcp-j\v tbmPn®
Hcp CWsb At\z-jn-°p∂ {kjvSm-hns\ \mw ImWp-∂p.
a°ƒ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Ah¿°v tbmPn® Hcp CWsb
tXSp∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ {kjvSm-hns‚ kz`mhw kz¥w Pohn-X-
Øn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. {kjvSm-hns‚ hgn-I-fn¬ k©-cn-°p-
33
∂-h¿ kz¥w A≤zm-\-êw A\p-`-hn-°p-sa∂pw Ahs‚ `mcy

`h-\-Øn¬ ê-k-ar-≤-amb ap¥ncns®Sn-bm-sW∂pw Ahs‚
a°ƒ Heohp ssXIƒ t]mse-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw k¶o¿Ø-I≥
Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂p (k¶o¿Ø\w 128:1˛6).
BZysØ A[ym-b-Ønse BZy-J-WvUnI hmbn-°p-

tºmƒ Xs∂ hmb-\-°m-cs‚ a\- n¬ Hcp tNmZy-ap-b-cpw. Pohn-
X-]-¶m-fnbpw a°fpw \n[n-bm-sW-∂mWv Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS
A¿∞w. F∂m¬ Fs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Ah¿ Hcp `mc-am-
W-t√m! IpSpw_w B\μw Xcp-sa∂v ss__nƒ ]d-bp-∂p,
F∂m¬ IpSpw_w thZ-\bpw kl-\hpw \¬Ip-∂p-sh-∂-Xs√
bmYm¿∞yw (\w. 5)! F∂m¬ Cu Nn¥ Cu {KŸ-Øns‚
(hn. {KŸ- Ø n- s ‚bpw) hmb- \ - ° m- c \v Hcp ZuXy- t _m[w
\¬I-Ww. ssZh-Øns‚ lnXw Hcp `mKØpw AXn\v hncp-≤-
amb bmYm¿∞yw adp-`m-K-Øpw. Cu bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ \Sp-
hn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v ssZh-Øns‚ lnXw \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈
{]m¿∞-\-bmWv kz¿-§-ÿ-\mb ]nXmth F∂ {]m¿∞-\.
""Aß-bpsS CjvSw kz¿§-Øn-se-t∏mse `qan-bn¬ (Fs‚ Pohn-
X-Øn¬) BtI-W-ta.'' ssZh-Øns‚ CjvSw `qan-bn-em-Im≥
Rm≥ F¥mWv sNtø-≠Xv? F∂ tNmZy-hp-ambn \mw ssZh-
k-∂n-[n-bn¬ sN∂m¬ ssZhw AXn\v DØcw \¬Ipw.
Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p≈ ssZh-Øns‚ DØ-c-Øn-te°v {]th-

in-°m-\p≈ hgn-Iƒ kn\Up ]nXm-°-∑m-cn-eqsS ASpØ
JWvUn-I-I-fn¬ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn 10˛mw JWvUnI
kv{Xo]p-cpj _‘-Øns‚ ssZhnI ]≤Xnsb hnh-cn-°p-∂p.
Cu ]≤Xn \mw kzoI-cn-°p-∂pthm? ssZhw a\p-jys\ ssZh-
Øns‚ Omb-bn-emWv krjvSn-®-Xv. ssZh-Om-bbv°v At\Iw
A¿∞-X-e-ß-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ BZy A[ym-b-
Øn¬ c≠v Xe-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.
1. ssZhw {kjvSm-hm-Wv. AXp-t]mse a\p-jy\pw ssZh-

tØmSv tN¿∂p-sIm≠v {kjvSm-hm-Wv (\w. 10).
2. ssZhw ]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hp-ambn GI-

i-co-ca
- m-Wv. AXp-t]mse a\p-jy\pw `¿Ømhpw `mcybpw a°fpw
tN¿∂v GI-i-co-c-am-Wv (\w. 11, \w. 13).
34
krjvSn-I¿Ωhpw ssZh-Om-bbpw
{kjvSm-hns‚ krjvSn-I¿Ω-Øn-ep≈ a\p-jys‚ ]¶m-fn-
Ø-amWv ssZh-Omb F∂ hymJym\w IqSp-X¬ Nn¥bv°v hnt[-
b-am-°-Ww. -D¬]Øn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Xs∂ (a) s]‰p-s]-cp-IpI
(b) `qansb cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂o c≠v ZuXy-ßƒ (hnfn-
Iƒ) ssZhw a\p-jy\v \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. Cu ZuXy-ß-fn¬ `qansb
cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂m¬ Irjn-bm-sW∂pw as‰mcp hn[-
Øn¬ sXmgn-em-sW∂pw k` hymJym-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ a\p-
jys‚ ssewKnI {]hr-Øn-bn-eqsS a\p-jy≥ Ip™p-ßsf P\n-
∏n-°p-tºmƒ AXv {kjvSm-hns‚ krjvSn-I¿Ω-Øns‚ kmZr-iy-
am-sW∂ (image) {]kvXm-h\ Cu A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ\
Øns‚ {][m-\hpw \n¿Æm-b-I-hp-amb kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. Cu
{KŸ-Ønse {]kvXp-X-`mKw hmbn-®n´v ssZhw ssewKn-I-X-bn-
eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jys\ krjvSn-®-sX∂v hymJym-\n-®m¬ B
{]kvXm-h\ sX‰m-sW∂pw ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p
(\w. 10).
{kjv S mhv a\p- j ys\ krjv S n- ® Xpt]mse ssewKn-

IXbneqsS a\p-jy≥ a\p-jys\ krjvSn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \ΩpsS
amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ BcmWv? ImW-s∏-SmØ {kjvSm-hns‚ ImW-
s∏-Sp∂ cq]-ßƒ. ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {kjvSm-hns\ kvt\ln-°mØ
Hcp-h\v ImW-s∏-SmØ {kjvSm-hns\ Fßns\ kvt\ln-°m≥
Ign-bpw. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ aZy-]m-\n-If
- m-sW-¶ntem? Ah¿ kzØv
`mKw sh®-t∏mƒ ]£-t`Zw ImWn-®-h-cm-sW-¶ntem? AΩ
GsX-¶nepw Hcp aIs‚ `mKw \n∂v A∏s‚ kºØv ap-gp-h≥
B aI\v Xosd-gpXn sImSp-ØX - m-sW-¶ntem? A∏≥ GsX-¶nepw
Hcp aI-s\tbm aI-sftbm am{Xw kvt\ln-°p∂h\m-sW-¶ntem?
{kjvSmhv Hcp-h\v \¬Inb Zm\-ßƒ {kjvSmhv ]n≥h-en-°p-I-
bn-√. a\p-jy\v AXv X≈n-°-f-bmw. CØcw {]hr-Øn-Iƒ
sNbvXmepw amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ÿm\w {kjvSmhv Ah¿°p
\¬In-b-Xm-Wv.
apI-fn¬ Nq≠n ImWn® IpSpw_ {]iv\ß

- f
- mWv D¬]Øn
]pkvX-I-Ønse 50 A[ym-b-ßƒ.
1. Imtbs‚ _en kzoI-cn-®n-√. Bt_-ens‚ _en kzoI-

cn-®p (ssZh-]n-Xm-thm, kz¥w ]nXmthm?).
35
2. Gkm-hns\ ]‰n®v bmt°m_v F∂ aI\v F√m kzØ-h-

Im-ihpw Xń-sb-Sp-°m≥ AΩ Iq´p- \n∂p.
3. bmt°m_v ]Xn-s\m∂v a°-tf-°mƒ D]-cn-bmbn tPmk-

^n\v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W\ \¬In.
4. kmd-bpsS \n¿_‘w aqew A{_lmw aqØ aI≥

Ckvam-tb-ens\ acp-`q-an-bn¬ Dt]-£n®v Cf-b-a-Is\ hoń¬
Xma-kn-∏n-®p.
CØ-c-Øn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ {]h¿Øn-®m¬ apSn-b-\mb

]p{X-∑m¿ ]nXr-kz-Øns‚ Ah-Imiw hmßn Iq´p-Im-tcm-sSmØv
[q¿Ø-Sn-°p-∂p. ]nXr-kzØv A∏s‚ HuZm-cy-amtWm (gift)
aIs‚ Ah-Im-i-amtWm (right)? Ah-Im-i-ambn ]nXr-kzØv
kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h≥ \mi-Øn-te°v t]mIp-∂p. F∂m¬ Zm\-ambn
kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h≥ \μn ]d-bp-∂p. ssZh-tØmSv amXm-]n-Xm-°-
fn-eqsS e`n® A\p-{K-l-ßƒ°v \μn ]d-bp-tºmƒ e`n-®Xv hf-
cp-∂p. \ΩpsS AkvXnXzw amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS Zm\-am-Wv. ssZh-
Øn\pw \ap°pw CS-bn-ep≈ krjvSn-I¿Ω-Ønse a[y-ÿ-cmWv
(mediators) amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ. Ah-cn¬ \∑-bp-≠v, Xn∑-bp-≠v. Aß-
s\-b-√mØ Bcpw Cu `qan-bn-en-√. AXp-sIm≠v \n\°v Zo¿Lm-
bp pw sFiz-cyhpw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ amXm-hns\bpw ]nXm-hn-
s\bpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {kjvSm-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-I (Ft^-
tkmkv 6:1˛4).
CXp-t]mse amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ a°sf krjvSn-°p-Ib - mtWm

AtXm {kjvSm-hns‚ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ ]¶p tNcp-I-bmtWm? ]¶p
tNcp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ hf¿Øp ]nXm-°-fm-Wv. Hcp
I¿j-I≥ hnØns‚ D≈n¬ \n∂v sNSnsb ]pd-sØ-Sp-°p-∂Xp
t]mse Ipń-bpsS D≈n¬ \n∂v Gd-dhpw \√Xv ]pd-sØ-Sp-°p∂
I¿j-I-cmWv amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ (\w. 15, 16, 17, 18). amXm-]n-Xm-°-
fpsS kzØ√ a°ƒ. a°-fpsS kq£n-∏p-Im-cmWv amXm-]n-Xm-
°ƒ. AXp-sIm≠v {kjvSm-hns‚ lnXw F¥mtWm B ]≤-
Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v a°sf hf¿ØpI F∂-XmWv amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS
IS-a. kz¥w a°ƒ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ amXm-]n-
Xm-°ƒ Zp:Jn°p∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv? Ahs‚ ZpxJ-Øn¬
]¶p tNcp-I-bmtWm? AtXm _‘p-an-{Xm-Zn-Iƒ CX-dn-bp-tºmƒ
36
Ah-cpsS apºn-ep≈ am\-lm-\n-tbm¿Øn-´mtWm? Fs‚ tN´s‚

aI≥ F©n-\o-b-dm-Wv, Fs‚ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS aI≥ tUmIvS-
dm-Wv, Fs‚ AΩm-hs‚ aI≥ kn.-F.-°m-c-\mWv, Fs‚ aI≥
am{Xw ]Tn-®n-√, Rm≥ Fßns\ \m´p-Im-cpsS apJØv t\m°pw?
Cu Nn¥ ss]im-Nn-I-am-Wv. Ipń-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv
icn-bm-W,v F∂m¬ Ah¿ \ΩpsS kzØ-√, Ah¿ \ΩpsS A[ym-
]-Ic- m-Wv, amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v Xpey-cmb kzX{¥ hy‡n-If - m-Wv.
Ahsc hf¿Øp-∂X - n-eqsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ hf-cp-Ib
- m-Wv.
{XnXzhpw ssZh-Om-bbpw
ssZh-Omb F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ as‰mcp hymJym\w \¬Ip-
∂Xv tbip-hm-Wv. ssZh-Øn¬ aq∂v hy‡n-If- p-≠v. Ah¿ aqhcpw
tN¿∂v Htcsbmcp AkvXn-Xz-amWv. Cu alm-c-lkyw A\m-h-
cWw sNøp-∂Xv kv{Xo ˛ ]pcpj sFIy-Øn-em-W.v Ah¿ Ccp-
hcpw c≠m-W,v F∂m¬ GI ico-c-amWv (\w. 11, 12, 13). k`
F∂m¬ F¥mWv? H∂m-Im≥ hnfn-°-s∏´hcpsS kaq-l-amWv
k`. hn. tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ C°mcyw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p.
ImW-s∏-SmØ ssZhsØ ImWm-\pw A\p-`-hn-°m\pw tbip
ÿm]n® D]-I-c-W-am-Wt√m (instrument) k`. {]mY-an-I-ambn
Cu D]-I-cWw IpSpw-_-amWv (John Paul II, Theology of Body).
hn. Nmh-d-b-®s‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ IpSpw_w BIm-i-tam-£-Øns‚
kmZr-iy-amWv (image of heaven).
IpSpw-_w, k`, kaqlw F∂o aq∂v bmYm¿∞y-ß-sfbpw

Iqń-bn-W-°p∂ IÆn-bmWv {XnXzw. {XnXzw a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-
Xz-Øn\v Cc-´-am\w (double dimension) \¬Ip∂p. a\p-jy≥ Htc
kabw (simultaneously) kzX{¥ hy‡n-bm-Wv, kmaq-ln-I-\m-Wv.
hy‡n-XzsØ \ntj-[n-°msX kmaq-lnI Pohn-bmbn amdp-∂-
Xns‚ bYm¿∞ ]cn-io-e\ thZn-bmWv IpSpw-_w. `mcy-bpsS
]q¿ÆX `¿Øm-hnepw `¿Øm-hns‚ ]q¿ÆX `mcy-bnepw F∂
A¿∞-Øn-e√ ChnsS _‘sØ ImWp-∂-Xv. `mcy ]q¿Æ-
bm-Wv, `¿Ømhv ]q¿Æ-\m-Wv, F¶nepw Ah¿ ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-
ß-fm-Wv. {]`m-j-Is‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ ""ssZhw F√m-‰n-s\bpw Zzμ-
ß-fmbn krjvSn-®p. Ah ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ß-sf-¶nepw X∂n¬
Xs∂ ]q¿Æ-ß-fm-Wv'' ({]`m-j-I≥ 42:25). `mcy-`¿Øm-°-∑m¿
XΩn-ep≈ kvt\lw, {XnXz-Ønse ]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw XΩn-ep≈
37
kvt\l-am-Wv. Cu kvt\l-amWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv. Cu kvt\l-

amWv `mcy-sbbpw `¿Øm-hn-s\bpw Hcp ico-c-am°n cq]m-¥-c-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. kvt\l-sa∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞-sa-s¥∂v hym-
Jym-\n-°m≥ A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-Øns‚ 4˛mw A[ymbw apgp-
h\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. F¶nepw kvt\l-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp
{]kv X m- h \ Cub- h - k - c - Ø n¬ {]tbm- P - \ - I - c - a m- W v . tbip
\tΩmSv hmKvZm\w sNbvXXv temIm-hk - m\w hsc \tΩmSp IqsS-
bp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv. Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-tbmSv CtX {]kvXm-h\ \S-
Øm-\mWv {^m≥knkv am¿]m∏ \tΩmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂X - v. CXn-
\p≈ amXr-I-bmbn \{k-Ønse Xncp-°p-Spw-_sØ Cu tcJ
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p (\w. 30).
""Cutim adnbw butkt∏ Fs‚ Bflm-hn\v Iq´m-bn-cn-

°-W-ta'' F∂ kpIr-X-P]w Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v {]mhiyw lrZ-
b-Øn¬ a{¥n-®p-sIm-≠mWv hmgvØ-s∏´ adnbw t{Xky kz¥w
IpSpw-_-Ønse {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf AXn-Po-hn-®-Xv. Cu AXn-Po-h-
\-amWv At\-Im-bncw IpSpw-_-ßsf c£n-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]-I-
c-W-ambn Xncp-°p-Spw-_- k\ym-kn\n kaqlw ÿm]n-®-Xv. hn.
Nmh-d-b-®\v lrZ-b-Øn¬ ]qPn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ a{¥w CXp
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu {KŸw hmbn-®m¬ F¥v {]mtbm-KnI
\n¿t±-i-amWv e`n-°pI? \ap°v aptº IS-∂p-t]mb hnip-≤m-
flm-°ƒ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Xncp-°p-Spw-_sØ ]qPn-®p. Cu `‡n
Ahsc {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ klm-bn-®p.
{^m≥knkv ]m∏-bpsS hm°p-If - n¬ ""]nXm-hn-s‚bpw ]p{X-

s‚bpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s‚bpw sFIy-—m-b-bn¬ hy‡n-I-fpsS
Hcp Iq´m-bva-bmbn amtd-≠-Xn\v Hcp IpSpw-_sØ Hcp ]pcp-
j\pw Hcp kv{Xobpw Ah-cpsS a°ƒ°p-ambn `c-ta¬∏n-®n-cn-
°p-∂p-sh∂v ssZh-h-N\w \tΩmSv ]d-bp∂p'' (\w. 29).
""Hmtcm IpSpw-_hpw \{k- nse hnip≤ IpSpw-_-Øns‚

sF°-Wn-te°v t\m°-Ww. ]qP cmPm-°-∑msct∏mse Znhy-in-
ip- h n- s \bpw Ahs‚ AΩ- t bbpw Ipdn®v [ym\n- ° m\pw
"Ip\n™v' B inip-hns\ Bcm-[n-°m\pw \ΩpsS IpSpw-_ß - ƒ
£Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. adn-b-sØ-t∏mse \√ ImeØpw IjvS-Im-
eØpw [oc-Xt- bmSpw {]im-¥X - t- bmSpw IqSn Ah¿ t\cn-Sp-Ibpw
ssZhw Ah¿°mbn sNbvX henb Imcy-ßƒ lrZ-b-Øn¬
kq£n-°p-Ibpw thWw'' (\w. 30).
38
IpSpw_w t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIƒ
{^m ≥kokv am¿∏m∏bpsS kvt\lØns‚

kt¥mjw F∂v A∏kv t XmenI teJ\Øns‚ H∂mw
A≤ymbw ss__nƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂ IpSpw_Z¿i\w
F∂Xmbncp∂p. amXm]nXm°ƒ ImWs∏Sp∂ krjvSm°fmWv,
{XnXzØns‚ amXrIbnemWv ssZhw IpSpw_sØ kwhn[m\w
sNbvXncn°p∂Xv, XncpIpSpw_amWv IpSpw_Øns‚ amXrI,
a\pjy≥ kt¥mjn°m\p≈ kwhn[m\amWv IpSpw_w,
kt¥mjhpw kl\hpw IpSpw_ _‘ßfpsS Ahn`mPy
`mKamWv F∂o ktμißfmWv H∂mw A≤ymbw N¿®
sNøp∂Xv. F∂m¬ teJ\Øns‚ c≠mw A≤ymbw IpSpw_w
t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIfpsS hyXykvX taJeIfpw, Ahsb
{]Xntcm[n°p∂Xn¬ hy‡nIƒ°pw, IpSpw_ßƒ°pw,
k`bv ° pw kaqlØn\pw D≠mIp∂ ]mfn®Ifpw N¿®
sNøp∂p.
a\pjys‚ Omb {XnXzØnt‚XmsW∂v k` ]Tn∏n

°ptºmƒ, a\pjys‚ hy‡nXzØn\v Htc kabw c≠v
AhÿIfps≠∂v \mw ImWp∂p. Htc kabw Ah≥
39
hy‡nbmWv, AtX kabw Ah≥ kmaqlnI\mWv. CXn¬

a\pjys‚ hy‡nsb∂ Ahÿsb am{Xw ]cnKWn®v ,
kmaqlnIw F∂ Ahÿsb kw]q¿Æambn X≈n°fbp∂
{]hWXbmWv IpSpw_ {]iv\ßfpsS ASnthcmbn Cu {KŸw
Nq≠n°mWn°p∂Xv . ""adphiØv Atßb‰sØ hy‡n
tI{μoIrX hmZamIp∂ h¿≤n®p sIm≠ncn°p∂ A]ISsØ
Xpey tXmXn¬ ]cnKWn°Ww. B hmZw IpSpw__‘ßsf
Zp¿_es∏SpØp∂p'' (\w. 23). Hcp IpSpw_Ønse Hcp
hy‡nbpsS B{Klßƒ a‰phy‡nIfpsS \ne\n¬]n\v Xs∂
A]ISw hcpØnbmepw, B B{Klßƒ \ndthdp∂XneqsS
bmWv hy‡nXzXzw cq]s∏SpI F∂v hym]Iambn Nn¥n°p∂p
(\w. 23). hn. tXmakv As°_nkns‚ hm°pIfn¬ ""Hmtcm
a\pjy\pw F√m‰nt\°mfpw D]cnbmbn Ah\hs\ kvt\ln
°p∂p.'' a\pjys‚ D≈n¬ Hfn™p InS°p∂ Cu ]m]amWv
IpSpw_tØbpw, kmaqlnI kwhn[m\ßtfbpw XI¿°p∂
{][m\ i{Xp. Cu Nn¥ ImcWw, sFIyw thtWm, X\na
(Ah\hs‚ {]tXyIXIƒ) thtWm F∂ tNmZyØn\v
X\nabv°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p. Hcp IpSpw_Ønse AwKßƒ
Xs∂ `h\Ønepw tlménepw F√mhcpw Htc `£Ww
Ign°pI F∂Xv t]mepw hy‡nXzØn\v hncp≤amb
\ne]mSmsW∂ kmwkv ° mcnI kmlNcyamWv \ne\n¬
°p∂Xv. tN¿®sb ˛ sFIysØ AYhm kmaqlnI
PohnXsØ ˛ \ntj[n°p∂ at\m`mhw ImcWw ""bYm¿∞
Øn¬ hnhmlnXcmIp∂hcpsS kwJy Ipd™phcp∂p.
At\Iw cmPyßfn¬, H‰bv ° v Pohn°mt\m klhmkw
IqSmsX H∂n®v kabw Nnehgn°mt\m Xocpam\n°p∂hcpsS
kwJy IqSn°qSn hcp∂p'' (\w. 23). ChnsS ]ckv ] cw
D]tbmKn°pI Fs∂mgnsI as‰m∂pw C√mXncn°p∂p.
AXpsIm≠v ""hy‡nIƒ kmaqlnI kwhn[m\Øn¬ \n∂v
A\p`hn®p sIm≠ncp∂ ]n¥pW Ipd™psIm≠ncn°p∂p''
(\w. 33).
c≠v òXnIƒ IpSpw_ßsf ]nSnIqSnbncn°p∂p. 1) GXv

\nanjhpw Fs‚ IpSpw_w XI¿°s∏Smw. 2) IpSpw_w Hcp
hy‡nbpsS hy‡n]camb t\´ßsf XSt™°mw (\w. 34).
40
k`mwKßƒ Bfl]cntim[\ sNøWw

hy‡nam{XhmZhpw kmwkv ° mcnI kmlNcyßfpw
Iq´mbvasb FXn¿°pIbpw, H‰bv°p Pohn°p∂ PohnXsØ
t{]m’mln∏n°p∂ kn≤m¥ßfpw, hmZKXnIfpw AhXcn
∏n°pIbpw sNøptºmƒ \ΩpsS `mKØv Nne t]mcmbvaIƒ
\ne\n¬°p∂Xmbn ]cnip≤ ]nXmhv Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p.
(a) IpSpw_w t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIsf A]e]n®m¬

am{Xw k`mwKßfpsS ISa Ahkm\n°n√. F¥psIm≠v
IpSpw_w? F¥psIm≠v GI`mcymXzw? F¥psIm≠v hnhml
tamN\w sNøcpXv ? F∂o Imcyßsf IqSpX¬ \∂mbn
AhXcn∏n°m≥ \ap°v IgnbWw. ""H‰bv°v Pohn°msX
hnhmlhpw IpSpw_hpw Xncs™Sp°p∂Xn\p≈ ImcWßfpw
e£yßfpw AhXcn∏n°m\p≈ DØchmZnXz]q¿Æhpw
DZmØ]q¿Æhpamb ]cn{iaamWv \ap°v Bhiyambncn°p
∂Xv''(\w. 35). sshImcnIm\p`hßsf t\cnSmt\m, ]cnjvIrX
cmbncn°m\p≈ B{Klw sImt≠m, hnhmlw Ign®ns√¶n¬
hb v ImeØv Iqń\v Bcpw D≠mIn√ F∂v hmZn®p sImt≠m
hnhmlsØ \ymboIcn®m¬ AXv bYm¿∞ {InkvXpaXsØ
shfns∏SpØp∂n√ (\w. 35).
(b) hnhmlsØ°pdn®p≈ Ir{Xnahpw Aaq¿Øhpamb

BZ¿iw \mw AhXcn∏n°pIbpw ""kvt\lØn¬ hfcm\p≈
hnfnsb ]ckv]c klmbsa∂ AXns‚ BZ¿isØ, IpńIsf
IqSpXep≠m°pI F∂ ISasb°pdn®v am{Xw Du∂n]d™p
sIm≠v, aqSn°fbp∂hn[w \mw AhXcn∏n°p∂p'' (\w.36).
AanXamb ssZhimkv{XhXv°cWw hnhmlsØ IqSpX¬
BI¿jIam°m≥ klmbn°msX, AXns\ hnIrXam°m≥
klmbn°p∂p.
(c) am¿∏m∏bpsS aq∂masØ hna¿i\w ^manen

A∏Ãte‰v sk‚dpIfnse hnhml]q¿Δ ]cnioe\Ønse
hnjbLS\sb hna¿i-\h - n-t[-ba
- m-°m≥ \sΩ klm-bn-°p∂p.
hn. ]utemkns‚ tdma¿s°gpXnb teJ\w ]m›mXy XXz
Nn¥sb hna¿in°p∂XmWv. Adnhn√mbvabmWv kaqlØnse
F√m {]iv\ßfpsS ImcWsa∂mWv tkm{Iókv, ]vfmt‰m,
AcntÃmń¬, knktdm apXemb F√m XXzNn¥Icpw
41
hmZn®ncp∂Xv. F∂m¬ hnip≤ ]utemkv ]dbp∂p, a\pjys‚

ASnÿm\ {]iv\w, Adnhn√mbvab√, Ignhn√mbvabmWv.
Adnbp∂ XXzw {]tbmKn°m≥ Ignbp∂n√ F∂XmWv hn.
]utemkns‚ {]iv\w, AXmWv ItØmen°m k` D∂bn°p∂
a\pjys‚ {]iv \ w. Adn™Xv {]h¿Øn°Wsa¶n¬
AXn\p≈ IgnhmWv Ir]mhcw (grace) (tdma¿ 7:1). ]cnip≤m
flmhv Hcph\n¬ hkn°ptºmgmWv Hcph\v Ir]mhc
kar≤nbp≠mIp∂Xv. hnhmlØn\pw sFIyØn\pw, Iq´mbva
bv°pw Bhiyap≈Xv Ir]mhcamWv. ""Ir]mhctØmSp≈
Xpdhns\ t{]m’mln∏n°msX (1) kn≤m¥]chpw (2) Poh
imkv { X[¿Ω]chpw (3) [m¿ΩnIhpamb {]iv \ ßsf
Du∂n∏dbp∂XpsIm≠p am{Xw \mw IpSpw_ßƒ°v th≠{X
]n¥pW \¬IpIbmbncp∂psh∂pw, hnhml_‘sØ
i‡ns∏SpØpIbmbncp∂psh∂pw Zo¿LImew hnNmcn®p.
PohnXImew apgph\p≈ `mcsa∂Xnt\°mƒ (1) hy‡n]camb
hnImkØn\pw (2) PohnX kmêyØn\pw th≠nbp≈
kzbwNmeI]Yambn hnhmlsØ AhXcn∏n°m≥ \ap°v
{]bmkw tXm∂p∂p. XßfpsS ]cnaXn°p≈n¬ \n∂psIm≠v
kphntijtØmSv Bhp∂{X {]XypØcn°p∂hcpw, k¶o¿Æ
kmlNcyßfn¬ kz¥w Xncn®dnben\\pkcn®v {]h¿Øn
°p∂hcpamb hnizmknIfpsS a\km£nIƒ°v ÿm\w
\¬Im≥ \Ωƒ {]bmks∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p. \mw hnfn°
s∏ńcn°p∂Xv a\km£nIsf cq]s∏SpØm\mWv, ]Icw
shbv°m\√'' (\w. 37).
Cu JWv U nIbnep≈ c≠v hm°pIƒ°v IqSpX¬

hniZoIcWw BhiyamWv (1) Ir]mhc kar≤n Hcph\v
Fßns\ e`n°pw? IqZmiIfneqsS. IqZmiIfn¬ ]s¶Sp°p
tºmƒ F¥v am\knIamb Hcp°amWv Bhiyambncn°p∂Xv?
IqZmiIƒ Fßs\bmWv Hcphs‚/HcphfpsS PohnX
]¶mfnbpambp≈ {]iv\ßsf Xo¿°p∂Xv? ]et∏mgpw CØcw
tNmZyßƒ D∂bn°p∂XpXs∂ sX‰mbn hymJym\n
°s∏Sp∂p. ]m∏mbpsS hm°pIfn¬ ""\ΩpsS hnizmk Imcy
ßƒ AhXcn∏n°pIbpw a‰p a\pjytcmSv s]cpamdpIbpw
sNbvX coXn Nnet∏mƒ {]iv\ k¶o¿Æamb kmlNcyw
krjvSn°m≥ klmbn®n´ps≠∂Xv AwKoIcn°m≥ th≠
hn\bhpw, bmYm¿∞y t_m[hpw \ap°p≠mIWw'' (\w. 36).
42
(2) IpSpw_Øn\v PohnXkmêyhpambp≈ (self - fullfillment)

_‘sa¥mWv? Hcp a\pjy≥ P\n°ptºmƒ Ah≥
hnØmsW∂v a\ nem°Ww. _‘ßfneqsSbmWv Hcph≥
hfcp∂Xv. AΩ, A∏≥, ktlmZcn ktlmZc∑m¿, _‘p°ƒ,
Kpcp°∑m¿, PohnX]¶mfn, a°ƒ F∂nhcneqsSbmWv Hcph≥
Xs‚ hf¿® ]q¿Æam°p∂Xv. hnhmltijw Hcp Ip™p
≠mbm¬ Hcph≥ A∏\mIptam? Ip™ns‚ Hmtcm L´Ønepw
Ahs\ hf-cm≥ klm-bn-®p-sIm-≠mWv {ItaW Hcp A∏s‚
A∏XzØn\v (Fatherhood/Motherhood) hf¿® D≠mIp∂Xv.
Hcph≥ hnhmlnX\mIptºmƒ `¿ØmhmIp∂Xns‚ BZy]Sn
IS°p∂tXbp≈q. {ItaWbmWv Ahs‚ kzXzw hf¿∂p
hcp∂Xv. CØcØn¬ Hcp a\pjys‚ hf¿®bpw hnImkhpw
kw`hn°p∂ tI{μamWv IpSpw_w. AXpsIm≠v _‘ßfnep
≠mIp∂ F√m {]iv\ßfpw BPoh\m¥w Ahs\ kzm[o
\n°pw. C°mcyamWv Cu teJ\Øns‚ 239, 240 JWvUnI
Ifn¬ hnhcn°p∂Xv. `¿Ømhv `mcytbbpw Ip™nt\bpw
Dt]£n®m¬ a°ƒ CuUn∏kpamcmbn hfcpsa∂v a\ximkv{Xw
]Tn∏n°p∂p. _lp`mcyXzw \ne\n¬°p∂ cmPyßfnepw,
kaqlßfnepw a°ƒ Xo{hhmZnIfpw, A{IaImcnIfpambn
hfcp∂p. A∏≥ AΩsb thZ\n∏n°p∂Xv I≠m¬ Xs∂
a°ƒ A{IaImcnIfmIpw. Aßs\sb¶n¬ A∏≥ `mcy
tbbpw a°tfbpw Dt]£n®v as‰mcp kv{Xosb ]cnWbn®m¬
a°ƒ°p≠mIp∂ am\knI hyY Duln°mhp∂tXbp≈q.
kztZl t{]aw (Narcissism) F∂ ]m]w

BZysØ A≤ymbØn¬ a\pjy≥ ssZhOmbbnemWv
krjvSn°s∏´sX∂pw, ssZhØns‚ Omb {XnXzambXn\m¬,
a\pjys‚ Ombbpw {XnXzamsW∂pw \mw I≠p. AXn\m¬
a\pjy≥ ""hy‡n'' F∂ XeØn¬ \n∂v "" kmaqlnI≥'' F∂
XeØnte°v hfcWsa∂pw \mw I≠p. Cu hf¿® \jvSs∏
´m¬ a\pjy≥ Hcp hy‡n am{Xambn Npcpßpw. kz¥w CjvS
ßsf a‰p≈hcpsS CjvSßfpambn kacks∏SpØn
s°m≠mWv kmaqlnI PohnXw Bcw`n°p∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v
Fs‚ CjvSßsf XyPn°m≥ Rm≥ Xømd√ F∂v Hcph≥
Nn¥n°pIbpw, AXn\\pkcn®v am{Xw {]h¿Øn°p∂
h\pamWv kztZlt{]aw (Narcissism). ""\Ωƒ kvt\l]camb
43
_‘ßtfmSv (A∏≥, AΩ, ktlmZcßƒ, PohnX]¶mfn,

a°ƒ) ùXnI hkvXp°tfmSpw, ]cnÿnXntbmSpw s]cpamdp∂
t]mse s]cpamdp∂p: F√mw hens®dnbmhp∂XmsW∂v ,
kzoIcn°epw Hgnhm°epw ]mSps≠∂pw NqjWw sNøpIbpw
Ahkm\Xp≈nhsc ]ngns™Sp°phm≥ Ignbpsa∂pw
IcpXp∂p. kztZlkvt\lw Xßƒ°v A∏pdw t\m°m≥,
kz¥w IgnhpIƒ°pw, B{Klßƒ°pw Bhiyßƒ°pw
A∏pdwt\m°m≥, a\pjysc Ignhn√mØhcm°p∂p. Hcp
hkvXpXIqSn {i≤nt°≠Xmbn´p≠v. AXmbXv hm¿≤Iy
ØnseØnbhcnemWv _‘XI¿® IqSpX¬ kw`hn°p∂Xv''
(\w. 39).
kztZlt{]aw a\pjys\ kz¥w kpJØn¬ Xf®nSp∂p.

buh\ ImeØnep≈ AtX ssewKnI A\p`hw {]mbam
bmepw e`n°pw F∂v a\pjy≥ hymtamln°p∂p. ""At\I¿
XßfpsS sshImcnIXbptSbpw ssewKnI PohnXØnt‚bpw
BZna L´Øn¬ \ne\n¬°m\p≈ {]hWX ImWn°p∂p''
(\w. 41). CXv km[n°msX hcptºmƒ A«oe kmlnXyØnepw,
ssewKnI Nn{Xßfnepw _me- ] n- U - \ - ß - f nepw XßfpsS
]q¿ØoIcn°m\mImØ B{Klßsf \nh¿Øn°m≥ A`bw
tXSp∂p.
ssewKnIXsb B{Kln°ptºmgpw Ip™pßsf

P\n∏n°p∂Xn¬ kztZlt{]aw a\pjys\ XSbp∂p. Hmtcm
Ip™p P\n°ptºmgpw Hcp ]nXmhnt‚bpw/amXmhnt‚bpw
kzmX{¥yw ]cnanXam°s∏SpIbmWv. hy‡nam{XhmZn°v
kz¥w kpJkuIcyßƒ°v Ipdhp≠mIp∂Xv AwKoIcn°m≥
Ignbn√. Db¿∂ P\\ \nc°v F∂ ImcWØm¬t∏mepw
Ip™pßfpsS P\\sØ XSbnSp∂ {]h¿Ø\sØ k`
X≈n°fbp∂p (\w. 42).
Zmcn{Zyw, sXmgnen√mbva, aZy]m\w, `h\an√mbva, ab°p

acp∂ns‚ D]tbmKw, Km¿lnI ]oU\w, aZy]m\w apXemb
At\Iw sh√phnfnIfm¬ Hmtcm IpSpw_hpw a¿±n°s∏Sp∂p.
kz¥w kpJw am{Xw t\m°p∂ ]nXmhn\pw/amXmhn\pw,
Bsc¶nepw Ah¿s°Xnsc h∂m¬ Ahsc {Iqcambn ]oUn∏n
°p∂p. ""saIv k nt°mbnse sa{Xm∑m¿ Nq≠n°mWn®Xp
44
t]mse IpSpw_Ønse A{Iaw kmaqlnI A{IaßfpsS

]pXnb cq]ßsf P\n∏n°p∂p. Hcph\nse A{Iahmk\bp≈
hy‡nXzØns‚bpw, {]hWXbptSbpw ImcWw IpSpw_
_‘ßfmsW∂v Is≠Øm\mIpw.... amXm]nXm°fpambp≈
_‘w an°t∏mgpw kwL¿jmflIhpw, kwL´\mflIhpw
Bbncn°¬, amXm]nXm°fpw IpńIfpw XΩnep≈ _‘
ßfn¬ i{XpX F∂nhbp≈ IpSpw_ßfnemWv CXv kw`hn
°p∂Xv'' (\w. 51).
enwK kw_‘amb Nne ImgvN∏mSpIƒ kv{XobptSbpw,

]pcpjt‚bpw ]ckv]c ]qcIXzsØ ]q¿Æambpw \ntj[n
°p∂p. kv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw ssewKnIambn XpeycmsW∂v
Ah¿ hmZn°p∂p (\w. 56). CXv IpSpw_Øns‚ ASnØd Xs∂
XI¿°p∂p. kv { Xobpw ]pcpj\pw ssewKnI hyXymkan
s√¶n¬ kv{Xo kv{Xosb hnhmlw sNøp∂Xpw, ]pcpj≥ ]pcp
js\ hnhmlw sNøp∂Xpw sX‰√mXmbnØocpw. kz¥w
icocsØ kpJØn\mbn D]tbmKn°pIbpw sNømw, a°ƒ
F∂ DØchmZnXzsØ Hgnhm°pIbpw sNømw. CØcw
kmaqlnI, kmwkv°mcnI kmlNcyßfnepw IpSpw_w F∂
kwhn[m\sØ \ne\ndpØp∂ ZºXnIƒ°pth≠n k`
ssZhØn\p \μn ]dbp∂p (\w. 57).
c≠mw A≤ymbw IpSpw_w t\cnSp∂ bYm¿∞ sh√p

hnfn a\pjys‚ D≈n¬ Ddßp∂ ""Rm≥'' t_m[amsW∂p
Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. tbip ]dbp∂p Bsc¶nepw Fs∂
A\pKan°m≥ B{Kln°p∂psh¶n¬ Hcphs‚ D≈nse
""Rm≥'' t_m[sØ Dt]£n®v IpcnipIƒ kt¥mjtØmsS
Gs‰Sp°ptºmƒ ""Rßfmbn'' amdpsa∂mWv . ""Rm\pw''
""Rßfpw'' XΩnep≈ hnShv \nIØWsa¶n¬ Ipcniv
BhiyamWv. I¿Ømhns‚ Ipcniv IpSpw_sØ c£n°s´.
45
tbip [ym\w : IpSpw-_Ø

- ns‚ hnfn
kv t\l-Øns‚ kt¥mjw F∂ teJ-\Ø - ns‚ c≠mw

A[ymbw IpSpw_w t\cn-Sp∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xm-
bn-cp-∂p. Hcp IpSpw_w t\cn-Sp∂ c≠v Xcw {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fmWv
Cu {KŸ-Øn-ep-≈X - v. BZy-tØXv a\p-jys‚ D≈n¬ \n∂v hcp-
∂-Xm-Wv, c≠m-a-tØXv a\p-jys‚ ]pd-Øp-\n∂v ˛ kwkvIm-c-
Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. CØcw {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf t\cn-Sp∂-Xn¬
k`-bv°p≈ t]mcm-bvabpw c≠mw A[ymbw Nq≠n-°m-Wn
-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ssZh-sØ-°mƒ D]-cn-bmbn Ah-\-hs\
kvt\ln-°p-∂p-sh-∂XmWv F√m ]m]-ß-fp-sSbpw aqe-]m-]w.
Aflm-b-cm-bmepw sshZn-I-cm-bmepw k\y-kvX-cm-bmepw a\p-jy-
\mtWm, Ahs‚ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv "kz¥w kpJw'
F∂ tI{μ-Øn-te-°m-Wv. Cu tI{μ-amWv kztZ-l-t{]-aw. Cu
]m]sØ XI¿°m≥ Ah-t\-°m-fp-]cn ssZh-sØbpw a‰p a\p-
jy-scbpw kvt\ln-°m≥ a\p-jys\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Ir]m-
h-c-k-ar-≤n-bm-Wv. hnf°v IØp-tºmƒ shfn®w hcp-∂Xp
t]mse, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv Hcp-h-\n¬ hkn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-\n¬
Ir]m-h-c-k-ar-≤n-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn\v a\pjys‚
lrZ-b-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-cm-\p≈ am[y-a-amWv tbip-{InkvXp.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ Hcp a\p-jy\v \¬Im-\p≈ hgn-bmWv
46
IqZm-i-Iƒ. IqZm-i-I-fn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ Ir]m-h-c-k-ar-≤n-bmWv

Hcp-hs‚ kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn-sebpw IpSpw_ Pohn-X-Øn-sebpw
{]iv\-ßƒ°p≈ ]cn-lmcw F∂v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂Xn¬ \mw
]cm-P-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv kzbw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn
c≠mw A[ymbw apt∂m´p sh®-Xv. hnhm-l-Øns‚ A¿∞-sØ-
°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ D≠m-Im≥ Cu
A[ymbw \sΩ Blzm\w sNøp-∂p.
tbip-hn-eqsS a\p-jy-\n-te°v {]th-in-°p∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-

flm-hmWv a\p-jy-\nse kzm¿∞-Xsb XI¿Øv a\p-jys\
kvt\ln-°m≥ ]cym-]vX\ - m-°p-∂X- v. Cu {]{Inb a\- n-em-°m≥
tbip-hns‚ apJ-Øp- t\m°n \mw [ym\n-°-Ww. tbip-hns‚
apJ-Øp-t\m°n [ym\n-®p-sIm≠v IpSpw-_sØ°pdn®v IqSp-X¬
a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ {ia-amWv Cu teJ-\-Øns‚ aq∂m-a-[ym-bw.
{]mY-anI kphn-tij {]tLm-jWw

Hcp IpSpw_w \nc-¥c \ho-I-c-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-I-W-
sa-¶n¬ ""IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw IpSpw-_-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw kphn-tij
ktμiw Ft∏mgpw {]Xn-[z-\n-°-Ww.'' B ktμ-i-Øns‚ tI{μ-
am-bn-´p≈ sIcn‹ ""AXn-kp-μ-chpw hnin-jvS-X-chpw AXym-
I¿j-Ihpw G‰hpw Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xp-am-Wv.'' Cu ktμiw F√m
kphn-tij {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- p-sSbpw ImX-em-Wv. ""\mw AXv hnhn[
coXn-I-fn¬ tIƒ°p-Ibpw GsX-¶nepw Hcp cq]-Øn¬ \mw
Ft∏mgpw {]tLm- j n- ° p- I bpw sNtø- ≠ - X m- W v . ...F√m
ss{IkvXh ]cn-io-e-\hpw sIcn-‹-bn-te°v Bg-Øn¬ {]th-
in-°pI F∂-XmWv'' (\w. 58).
hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-ap≈ ]Z-amWv 58˛mw JWvUnI

Bh¿Øn- ° p∂ sIcn‹. sIcn‹ F∂ {Ko°v hm°ns‚
A¿∞w {]mY-anI kphn-tijw F∂m-Wv. F¥mWv {]mY-anI
kphn-tijw? Hcp-h≥ BZy-ambn tI´ {InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈
hN-\ß- ƒ F∂mWv Nne¿ CXns\ hymJym-\n-°p-∂X - v. F∂m¬
Xncp-k` BZy-ambn temI-tØmSv {]kw-Kn® kphn-tijw F∂v
A¿∞w \¬Ip∂Xmbn-cn°mw \√-Xv. Xncp-k` BZy-ambn
temI-tØmSv tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®v ]d™ {]kwKw
GXmWv ? (A∏- k v t Xme) {]hrØn- I ƒ F∂ {KŸ- Ø n¬
47
hn. ]t{Xm-kns‚ c≠v {]kw-K-ßfpw hn. sÃ^m-t\m-kns‚ Hcp

{]kw-K-hp-ap-≠v. Cu aq∂v {]tLm-j-W-ß-fmWv k` temI-
tØmSv BZy-ambn ]d™ kphn-ti-jw. CXn¬ BZysØ
{]kwKw ]{¥≠v A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ Hcp-an-®mWv \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
]{¥≠v t]¿ Fgp-t∂‰v \n∂v, hn. ]t{Xmkv D®-Øn¬ kwkm-
cn-®p. Cu aq∂p {]kw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw kmcmwiw H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv
˛ ""\nßƒ Ipcn-in¬ Xd®p sIm∂ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ ssZhw
acn-®hcn¬ \n∂v Dbn¿∏n®p'' (A∏-kvtXme {]hrØn-Iƒ 2:23).
Cu {]tLm-jWw tIƒ°p∂ Hcp-h≥ F¥mWv a\- n-em-t°-
≠Xv ? AXnse "\nßƒ' F∂ ]Z- Ø n¬ tIƒ°p- ∂ - h ≥
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂pthm? tIƒ°p-∂-h≥ \nßƒ F∂ ]Z-Øn¬
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah≥ C{]-Imcw ]d-bW - w, ""Rm≥ Ipcn-
in¬ Xd®p sIm∂ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ {kjvSm-hmb ssZhw
Dbn¿∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p'' CXv G‰p-]-d-bp-∂-XmWv DØa a\-kvXm]
{]I-cWw.
\qdp h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv tIcf ss{IkvX-h¿ D]-tbm-Kn-

®n-cp∂ IpSpw_ {]m¿∞\m {KŸ-Øn¬ DØa a\-kvXm] {]I-
cWw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xriq¿ AXn-cq-]X A[y-£-\mb am¿
B≥{Uqkv XmgØv ]nXm-hns‚ Bio¿hm-Z-Øm¬ Xriq¿
hymIp-e-am-Xm-hns‚ _kn-en°m ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v hnX-cWw
sNøp∂ "IpSpw-_-kJn' F∂ {]m¿∞-\m-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚
aq∂mw `mK- Ø ns‚ c≠m- a sØ {]m¿∞\ C{]- I m- c - a mWv ,
""Cutim, Rm≥ sNbvX ]m]-ß-fm¬ …ohm ta¬ \ns∂ Rm≥
Xd-®p. \ns‚ Xncp-ap-dn-hp-Isf \njvTq-camw hÆw ]e-t∏mgpw
Rm≥ \s\mº-c-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ak-l-\ob ]oU-I-tf‰p Ipcn-in¬
Xd-bv°-s∏´p ITn-\-a-cWw \o A\p-`-hn-®Xv ]m]n-bmb Rm≥
Imc-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.'' tbip acn-®Xv Fs‚ ]m]-ßƒ°v "th≠n'
am{X-a-√, Fs‚ ]m]-ßƒ "aqe'amWv F∂ Adn-hmWv ]cn-ip-
≤m-flmhv \¬Ip∂ ]m]-t_m[w F∂v hn. tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-
a≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p (tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥, "I¿Ømhpw Poh-Zm-
Xmhpw' \w. 29). AXp-sIm≠v "sIcn‹' ho≠pw ho≠pw {ihn-
°-Ww F∂ {^m≥knkv am¿]m-∏-bpsS Blzm\w A\p-kcn-
°p∂ Hcp-h≥ DØa a\-kvXm]{]I-cWw CS-bv°nsS sNm√n-
s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°pw.
tbip-hns\ \mw Ipcn-in¬ Xd-®v h[n®p; Ahs\ ]nXm-

hmb ssZhw Dbn¿∏n-®p. Aßs\ tbip-hns\ Ipcn-in¬ h[n®p
48
F∂ Fs‚ ]m]w {kjvSmhv C√m-Xm°n F∂v \mw [ym\n-

®m¬, {kjvSm-hns‚ kvt\lw \mw a\- n-em-°pw. kz¥w GI-
Pm-Xs\ h[n-®h
- c- mb \tΩmSv ssZhw ImWn-°p∂ Icp-Wb- mWv
tbip-hns‚ [ym\w a\p-jy\v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. kz¥w GI-Pm-
X-s\-°mƒ ssZhw Fs∂ kvt\ln-°p-∂p, Cu kvt\l-amWv
IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ASn-Ød. ""\ap-°mbn kzbw _en-b¿∏n-°p-
Ibpw \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ \nXyw hkn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ {InkvXp-
hn¬ shfn-hm-°-s∏´ ssZh-]n-Xm-hns‚ A\¥ kvt\l-Øns‚
shfn-®-Øn¬ am{X-amWv ss{IkvXh IpSpw-_-sa∂ clkyw
]q¿Æ-ambn shfn-s∏-Sp-∂Xv'' (\w. 59). Cu tI{μsØ Hgn-hm-
°n- b m¬ IpSpw- _ sØ°pdn- ® p≈ Hmtcm {]tLm- j - W hpw
A¿∞-c-ln-X-am-Wv (\w. 59).
IpSpw_w ÿm]n-®Xv BcmWv?

Cu teJ-\-Øns‚ 61 apX¬ 65 hsc-bp≈ JWvUn-I-I-
fn¬ tbip Xs‚ ]c-ky-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Nne IpSpw-_-ß-fp-ambn
D≠m- b n- c p∂ _‘w hni- I - e \w sNøp- ∂ p. Ncn- { X- Ø n¬
IpSpw_w aq∂v Ah-ÿ-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-bn.
1. {kjvSmhv GZ≥ tXm´-Øn¬ cq]w sImSpØ IpSpw_w
2. {kjvSm-hns‚ kvt\lw \ntj-[n-®Xp aqew XI¿∂p-

t]mb IpSpw_w
3. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-eqsS {kjvSm-hns‚ kvt\lw e`n-

°p∂Xp aqew BZn-am-h-ÿ-bn-te°v {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn hf-cp∂
IpSpw-_w. {^m≥knkv ]nXm-hns‚ hm°p-If - n¬ ""hnhm-lØ
- ns‚
Aew-L-\o-bX ˛ "ssZhw tbmPn-∏n-®Xv a\p-jy≥ th¿s∏-Sp-Øm-
Xn-cn-°s´' (aØm-bn. 19:6) F∂Xv a\p-jy-hw-i-Øn-\p-ta¬ h®
\pI-ambn ImW-cp-Xv. ]ns∂tbm hnhm-l-Øn¬ H∂m-bn-Øo¿∂-
h¿°v \¬I-s∏´ Zm\-ambn ImW-Ww.... ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-Wm-
]q¿Δ-amb kvt\lw Ft∏mgpw \ΩpsS am\p-jnI bm{X-tbmSp
IqSn-bp-≠v. Ir]m-h-c-Øn-eqsS (grace) ITn-\-s∏´ lrZ-b-ßsf
kpJ-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw Ipcn-ins‚ hgn-bn-eqsS
Bcw-`-Øn-te°v Ahsc XncnsI \bn-®p. ssZh-Øns‚ BZna
]≤-Xnsb ]p\-:ÿm-]n-°p∂ shfn-]m-Sns‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bmbn
hnhm-l-Øns‚ A¿∞sØ {]tLm-jn® {InkvXp-hns‚ amXrI
49
kphn-ti-j-ßƒ IrXy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v'' (No. 62).

th¿s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hmØ hn[w H∂m-bn-Øo-cpI F∂ {]kvXm-
h\ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv `mc-a-√, Zm\-amWv (gift) F∂v Xncn-®-
dn-b-Ww. Hcp hml-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿Øm¬
\ΩpsS G‰hpw henb Bhiyw Ah th¿s∏-SmsX H∂m-bn-cn-
°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp sIń-S-Øns‚ ]Wn Ign-™m¬ \ΩpsS
G‰hpw henb Bhiyw hnhn[ `mK-ßƒ th¿s∏-SmsX H∂m-
bn-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp cmjv{S-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb KpWw
AXnse hyXykvX kwÿm\-ßƒ th¿s∏-SmsX H∂m-bn-cn-
°pI F∂XmWv. as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ th¿s∏-S¬ Agp-I-em-Wv.
AXp-sIm≠v acWw hsc H∂m-bn-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv ac-WsØ
Iog-S-°m-\p≈ am¿§w. AXn-\m¬ sFIyw `mc-a-√, kΩm\-
am-Wv. Cu kΩm\w bmYm¿∞y-am-Ip∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-eqsS
ssZhw a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-Øn-te°v sNmcn-bp∂ ssZh-kvt\-l-Øn-
eq-sSbm-Wv (tdma¿. 5:5). BZn-]m]w hgn a\p-jy≥ ssZh-kvt\-
lsØ \nc-kn-®t- ∏mƒ sFIyw \jvSs - ∏-´p. Cu sFIyw ˛ H∂m-
bn-cn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv ˛ ]p\-ÿm-]n-°m≥ ""AXym-h-iy-amb Ir]
k` tbip hgn hnhm-l-Øn-t∑epw IpSpw-_-Øn-t∑epw sNmcn-
bp∂p'' (\w. 63). Xncp-k`
- bv°v kz¥-ambn ssIh-ia - p-≈Xv tbip-
{InkvXp am{X-am-Wv.
k` {InkvXp-hn-eqsS IpSpw-_-Øn\v F¥mWv \¬Ip-∂Xv

F∂v Xncn-®d- n-bm≥ tbip-hns‚ ]cky Pohn-XØ- nse Nne kw`-
h-ßƒ [ym\n-°-Ww. Im\m-bnse Ieym-W-hn-cp-∂v, emk-dn-
s‚bpw ktlm-Z-cn-am-cpsS `h-\-Øn-ep≈ kμ¿i-\-ßƒ, ]t{Xm-
kns‚ AΩm-bn-b-Ωsb kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv, aI-fpsS tcmKm-h-
ÿ-bn¬ AΩ-bpsS ZpxJ-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN¿∂v kuJyw \¬Ip-
∂-Xv, hy`n-Nm-c-Øn¬ ]nSn-°-s∏´ ]m]n-\nsb Icp-W-tbmsS
klm-bn-°p-∂Xv apX-em-bh tbip IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ CS-
s]-Sp-∂-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv (\w. 64).
Hcp kv{Xosb hnhmlw Ign-°p-tºmƒ Hcp ]pcp-j≥

Fßs\ Ahsf kwc-£n-°Ww F∂-Xns‚ amXr-I-bmWv
hn. Hutk-∏v. Hcp Ip™v K¿`-]m-{X-Øn¬ Dcp-hm-bm¬ Fßs\
Hcp AΩ {]Xn-I-cn-°Ww F∂-Xns‚ amXr-I-bmWv ]cn-ip≤
I\y-Im-a-dn-bw. ssZh-ln-X-Øn\v Aß-s\-bm-Is´ F∂v {]Xyp-
Ø-cn-°m-\p≈ amXr-Ibpw a[y-ÿ-cp-amWv Cutim adnbw
50
Hutk-∏v. ssZh-Øns‚ CjvSw t]mse Fs‚ Pohn-XØ - n¬ kw`-

hn-°s´ F∂ adn-b-Øns‚ hN\w amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ a\- n¬
[ym\n-®m¬ {`qW-lXy sNøp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v tamN\w t\Smw.
Hmtcm Ip™pw K¿`-Øn¬ Dcp-hm-Ip-tºmƒ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS
apJw Ccp-≠p-t]mtbm? AtXm amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ kt¥m-jn-°p-
∂pthm? Bfl-tim-[\ sNøm-\p≈ taJ-eb - m-Wn-Xv. {]m¿∞n®pw
]c-º-cm-KX hnizmkw ImØp-kq-£n®pw ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚
kt¥mjw êw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂Xp hsc ImØn-cp∂-h-cmWv
Bń-Sb- ∑
- m¿, ]qP-cm-Pm-°∑
- m¿, tbml-∂m≥ amwZm-\b - psS amXm-
]n-Xm-°ƒ. CXmWv {InkvXp-a- ns‚ cl-kyw. Cu kt¥mjw
\ap°pw A\p-`-hn°mw (\w. 66).
IpSpw_w k`-bpsS {]t_m-[-\-ßfn¬

k` {InkvXp-hn-eq-sS- ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ \¬In-s°m≠v
Ir]m-h-c-k-ar-≤n-bn-eqsS IpSpw-_sØ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-∂p-sh∂
ktμiw {^m≥knkv ]m∏ ]pXn-b-Xmbn \¬Ip-∂-X-√. k`m
-{]-t_m-[-\-ß-fn-eqsS \¬I-s∏´ ASn-Ø-dsb hf¿Øn, B\p-
Im-enI kw`-h-ßsf ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ hymJym-\n-°p-I-bm-Wv.
P\-X-I-fpsS {]Imiw (epsa≥sP-≥knbpw) lypamt\ hosØ,
Fhm-©n-enbw \yq¨kym-¥n, ân-em-bn-cnkv I¨tkm¿tkym,
{KmØn-koapw kmt\, tZhqkv Imcn-Ømkv F∂o k`m {]t_m-
[-\-ßƒ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw N¿® sNøp-∂p.
k` B[p-\nI temI-Øn¬ F∂ c≠mw hØn-°m≥

Iu¨kn¬ tcJ IpSpw-_sØ a\p-jy-h¿§-Øns‚ Hgn-hm-°m≥
Ign-bmØ kmaq-ly-cq]w F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
hnhmlw BNm-ctam IqZm-itbm?

IpSpw-_-Øn\v ssZhw \¬Inb ASn-ÿm\ Zm\w (gift)
H∂m-bn-cn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hm-Wv. Cu Ignhv {]mY-an-I-ambn imco-
cn-I-amWv, c≠m-a-Xmbn kmwkvIm-cn-I-am-Wv. F∂m¬ ico-c-
Øn\pw kwkvIm-c-Øn\pw Zº-Xn-Isf kºq¿Æ sFIy-Øn-
te°v \bn-°pI km[y-a-√. Zº-Xn-I-fpsS kΩ-Xhpw Ah-cpsS
imco-cnI kwtbm-Khpw sFIy-Øn-te°v {]th-in-°m≥ ssZhw
krjv S n® am¿§- ß - f m- W v . F∂m¬ Chbv ° v Zº- X n- I sf
kºq¿Æ sFIy-Øn-te°v {]th-in-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXp
51
sIm≠mWv amtΩm-Zo-km-bnse ]hn-{Xo-I-cWw, hnhmlw F∂

IqZm-i F∂n-h-bn-eqsS sFIy-Øns‚ am¿§amb Ir]m-hcw k`
a\p-jy\v \¬Ip-∂Xv. Ir]m-h-cw, a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn°v hncp-≤-
a-√, {]XypX Ir]m-hcw a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xnsb ]q¿Æ-am-°p-I-bmWv
(\w. 75).
Hcp-an®v kl-h-kn-°p-∂-h¿, knhn¬ \nbaw A\p-k-cn®v

am{Xw hnhm-ln-X-cm-b-h¿, hnhmlw _‘w th¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´v
hnhm-ln-X-cm-b-h¿ F∂n-h-tcmSv Ah-cpsS sFIyw ]q¿Æ-am-
°m≥ Ir]m-hcw Bh-iy-ap-s≠∂v \mw Ahsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øp-Ibpw {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn Ahsc {InkvXp-hns‚ kvt\l-Øn-
te°v \bn-°p-Ibpw thWw (\w. 78).
P∑w \¬Iepw Ipń-Isf hf¿Øepw

ssewKn-IX - b
- psS Ahn-`m-Py-`m-Ka - mWv k¥m-t\m¬]m-Z\ - w.
ssewKn-I-X-bn¬ kpJ-ap≠v (pleasure), ssewKn-I-Xbv°v DØ-c-
hm-Zn-Xz-ap≠v (responsibility). ssewKn-I-X-bpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv
1. Pohn-X-]-¶m-fnsb Ah-fpsS / Ahs‚ acWw hsc kwc-£n-
°pI, 2. ssewKn- I - X - b psS kzm`m- h nI A\- ¥ - c - ^ - e - a mb
Ip™ns\ kzoI-cn-°pI F∂o c≠v Xe-ßƒ. Hcp kztZ-l-
t{]an (Narcissit) Xs‚ Hmtcm {]hrØn-bnepw kpJsØ kzoI-
cn-°p-Ibpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-XzsØ X≈n-°-f-bpIbpw sNøp-∂p. Cu
{]{In-b-bmWv hnhm-l-tam-N-\hpw K¿`-\n-tcm-[-\-hpw. Ch c≠pw
sX‰m-sW∂ k`m {]t_m-[-\sØ Cu teJ-\hpw Bh¿Øn®v
{]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.
am{X-a√
- , Hcp kv{XobpsS K¿`-]m-{Xhpw amXm-]n-Xm-°f - psS
kvt\lhpw Ip™ns‚ Ah-Im-i-am-sW∂v ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv
]Tn-∏n-°p∂p (\w. 83). Ata-cn-°-bn¬ pro - choice movement F∂
t]cn¬ Hcp kwL-S-\-bp-≠v. Cu kwL-S\ hmZn-°p-∂Xv Hcp
kv{XobpsS K¿`-]m-{X-Øn¬ Hcp Ip™p hf-c-W-tam, th≠tbm
F∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw kv{Xo°m-sW-∂m-Wv.
Cu hmZsØ Cu teJ\w JWvUn-°p-∂p. Ip™n\v K¿`-
]m-{X-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v am{X-a-√, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS
Bfl-Zm-\-Øns‚, kvt\l-Øns‚ `mK-amb ssewKn-I-X-bpsS
A\-¥-c-^-e-ambn K¿`-]m-{X-Øn¬ cq]w sIm≈m-\p≈ Ah-
Im-i-ap-s≠∂pw ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. ""CXc am¿§-
52
ß-fm-e-√msX kvt\l-Øn¬ \n∂v P\n-°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

Fs¥-∂m¬ Ah-t\m, Ahtfm Hcm-fpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ s]´-
X-√, ]ns∂tbm Zm\-am-Wv. AXv amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ZmºXy
kvt\l-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb kvt\l-{]-hr-Øn-bpsS ê-
am-Wv'' (\w. 81). a\p-jy-Po-h≥ et_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv sX‰m-Wv.
P\n-∏n-°m≥ am{X-a-√, Ipń-Isf hf¿Øm\pw amXm-]n-Xm-

°ƒ°v IS-a-bp-≠v. Cu IS-a-bpsS `mK-amWv a°-fpsS hnZym-
`ym-kw. C∂sØ kaqlw hnZy-`ymk {]{In-bsb amXm-]n-Xm-
°-fn¬ \n∂v th¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p (\w. 84).
amXm ]nXm Kpcp ssZhw F∂o kzm`m-hnI (natural) {]{In-

bsb XI¿°p∂ hnZym-`ymk kao-]-\-ßƒ kaq-l-Øn\v A]-
I-S-I-c-am-sW∂ Xncp-k-`-bpsS ap≥Ime kao-]-\-ßƒ Cu
teJ\w Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv IpSpw-_-Øns‚
sFIy-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv k`-bpsS sFIyw sIń-∏S- p-°p-∂X
- v. AXp-
sIm≠v k`-bpsS sFIy-Øns‚ tI{μw IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \ne-
\n¬°p∂ sFIy-am-Wv. ""Krl-k-`-I-fp-sS-sb√mw PohnXw
sIm≠v \nc-¥cw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS
IpSpw-_-amWv k`. hnhml IqZm-i-bpsS i‡n-bn¬ Hmtcm
IpSpw-_hpw ê-Øn¬, k`-bv°p≈ Hcp \∑-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
Cu ho£-W-{]-Imcw IpSpw-_hpw k`bpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c
{]h¿Ø-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nn¥ k`bv°v \ΩpsS Ime-L-´-
Ønse Aaq-ey-Zm-\-am-sW∂v t_m[y-s∏-Spw. k` IpSpw-_-Øn\v
\∑-bm-Wv, IpSpw_w k`bv°pw'' (\w. 87). C\n-sb-¶nepw IpSpw-
_-Øn\v k`-bpsS Bh-iy-ap-≠v, F∂m¬ k`bv°v IpSpw-_-
ß-fpsS Bh-iy-an√ F∂ Nne-cpsS sX‰n-≤m-c-Wbv°v am‰-
ap-≠m-I-s´.
53
4
kvt\lw hnhm-lØ
- n¬
Cu A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-Øns‚ BZysØ A[ym-

b-Øn¬ ssZhw a\p-jy\v \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv {XnXz-Øns‚
Ombm-b-sW∂v \mw a\- n-em-°n. {XnXz-Øns‚ Omb-sb-∂m¬
hyXykvX kzX{¥ hy‡n-Iƒ tN¿∂v GI bmYm¿∞y-am-IpI
F∂- X m- W v . CØ- c - Ø n¬ c≠v hy‡n- I ƒ GI- i - c o- c - a m-
Ip∂XmWv IpSpw-_w. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ sFIy-Øns‚ t{kmX-
mWv kvt\lw. kvt\l-ap-s≠-¶n¬ sFIyw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn
D≠m-Ipw. kvt\lw Imc-Whpw sFIyw ê-hp-am-Wv. Cu
kv t \lw \jv S s∏- S p- t ºm- g p- ≠ m- I p∂ A\- ¥ - c - ^ - e - a mWv
IpSpw_w t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ. Cu sh√p-hn-fn-I-fmWv c≠m-
a-[ym-b-Øns‚ {]ta-bw. Cu kvt\lw e`n-°p∂ t{kmX- mWv
tbip[ym\w. tbip[ym-\-amWv aq∂m-a-[ym-b-Ønse hnj-bw.
tbip [ym\-Øns‚ tI{μw sIcn-‹-bm-Wv. "sIcn-‹' {ihn-

°p-Ibpw [ym\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv a\p-jy-\n¬
kvt\lw hf-cp-∂-Xv. Hcp A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-Øns≥d hmb-
\-°m-c\
- v, teJ\w a\- n-em-°m≥ XS- a
- mbn \n¬°p-∂Xv CØ-
c-Øn-ep≈ hm°p-I-fm-Wv. Hcp hm°p IqSp-X¬ {]mhiyw
Bh¿Øn-®p-]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ AXns‚ A¿∞w a\- n-ep≠v F∂v
54
\mw sX‰n-≤-cn-°pw. amß F∂ hm°p tI´m¬ \ΩpsS a\-

n¬ amß {]Xy-£-s∏-Spw, N° F∂p tI´m¬ N° a\- n¬
hcpw. HmSp-I, NmSp-I, Ccn-°p-I, Xn∂pI F∂o F√m ]Z-ßƒ
{ihn-°p-tºmgpw B hkvXp-hn-s‚tbm, {]h¿Øn-bp-sStbm
Nn{Xw a\- n¬ ImWp∂XmWv a\- n-em-°-ens‚ BZy-]-Sn.
"sIcn‹' F∂ hm°ns‚ Nn{Xw tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥
hc-bv°p-∂p-≠v. k` \S-Ønb BZysØ kphn-tij {]tLm-
j-W-amWv sIcnKva! tbip-hns‚ Ipcnip ac-W-Øn-\v c≠v
am\-ß-fp-≠v: 1. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb am\w 2. Bflo-b-am-\w.
Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn tbip-hns\ Ipcn-in¬ Xd-®Xv tdma≥ ]S-

bm-fn-I-fm-Wv. tbip acn-°p-∂Xv Hmtcm a\p-jy-t‚bpw ]m]w
aqe-amWv F∂-XmWv Ipcn-ip-a-c-WØns‚ Bflob am\w. Cu
kw`-h-Øn\v ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv \¬Ip∂ A¿∞w Xmsg ]d-bp-
∂-XmWv. BZmw apX¬ temIm-h-km\w hsc Bsc√mw ]m]w
sNbvXpthm Ah-sc√mw tbip-hns‚ Ipcn-ip-a-c-W-Ønse {]Xn-
I-fm-Wv. F∂m¬ tbip-hns\ ]nXm-hmb ssZhw Dbn¿∏n-®-Xn-
\m¬ \mw ]m]-Øn¬ \n∂v tamNn-X-cm-Wv. Rm≥ tbip-hns‚
ac-W-Øn\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-bm-sW-¶nepw ""tbip acn-®-h-cn¬ \n∂v
D∞m\w sNbvXX - n-\m¬'' Fs‚ ]m]w F∂n¬ Fßs\ Btcm-
]n-°m≥ Ignbpw? tbip Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰n-s√-¶n¬ Rm≥ Fs‚
]m]-Øn¬ acn-°pw. a\p-jy≥ tbip-hns\ h[n®p, F∂m¬
ssZhw tbip-hns\ Dbn¿∏n®p F∂ {]tLm-jW - a
- mWv k`-bpsS
BZy {]tLm-j-Ww. Hmtcm hnip≤ Ip¿_m-\-bnepw k` Cu
{]tLm-jWw Bh¿Øn®psIm≠n-cn°p-∂p. Cu kw`hw [ym\n-
°p-tºm-gmWv ssZhw a\p-jys\ F{X-am{Xw kvt\ln-°p-∂p-
sh∂v a\p- j y≥ A\p- ` - h n- ° p- I (hn. tPm¨ t]mƒ II,
"I¿Ømhpw Poh-Zm-Xmhpw' \w. 29)
sIcn-‹-bn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ kvt\lw \mw kzoI-cn-®m¬

a. AØcw kvt\l-Øns‚ ê-ßƒ F¥m-Wv? b.Zmº-Xy-
kv t \lw Fßs\ hfcpw? c.Xo{h- X - b p≈ kv t \l- Ø n¬
Fßs\ FØn-t®cpw? F∂o aq∂v Imcy-ß-fmWv Cu A[ym-
b-Øns‚ {]Xn-]mZy hnj-bw. Cu teJ-\-Øns‚ \mem-a-[ymbw
kvt\lsØ \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ kvt\lsØ \n¿Δ
-Nn-°msX Cu A[ymbw a\- n-em-°pI {ia-I-c-am-Wv. ssZhw
kv t \l- a m- I p∂psh∂v {]kv X m- h n- ° p- t ºmƒ kv t \l- s a∂
55
]Z-Øn\v F¥v {]h¿Øn-bmWv a\- n¬ Hm¿Ω hcp-∂Xv? s_\-

UnIvSv ]Xn-\m-dm-a≥ am¿]m-∏m-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw
Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]Z-amWv kvt\lw (s_\-UnIvSv XVI,
"ssZhw kvt\l-am-Ip∂p'). hn. ]utemkv tbip-hns‚ kz`m-
hsØ Hcp {]tXyI coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ""Hmtcm-cp-
Ø\pw Xß-tf-°mƒ {]m[m\yw a‰p-≈-h\v \¬I-s´'' (^nen-
∏n-b¿ 2:4). tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Cu at\m-`mhw a\p-jys‚ lrZ-
b-sØ `cn-°p-∂-XmWv kvt\lw. ap≥- A-[ym-b-ß-fn¬ \mw
I≠p a\p-jy≥ temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m-‰n-t\-°mƒ {]m[m\yw
Ah-\-h-\p-X-s∂-bmWv \¬Ip-∂-sX-∂v. CXmWv \m¿kn- w.
CXns‚ t\¿ hn]-co-X-amWv kvt\lw. a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fn¬
A]-c\v Ft∂-°mƒ {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ F√m {]hrØnbpw
kvt\l-am-Wv.
ssZhhpw a\p-jy-cp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn¬ ssZhw kz¥w

GI-Pm-X-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ kvt\ln-®Xv a\p-jy-s\-bm-Wv.
kz¥w GI-PmXs\ Dt]-£n-°m≥ X°-hn[w ssZhw Ahs\
{Iqin-®-hsc kvt\ln-®p. Cu {]hrØnsb AKms∏ AYhm
\ncp- ] m- [ nI kzbwZm\w ( unconditional self - donation ) F∂v
hnfn-°mw.
Cu kvt\lw a\p-jy\v km[y-a-√m-ØXpw ssZh-Øn\v

am{Xw km[y-am-b-Xp-am-Wv. Cu kvt\l-an-√msX {XnXzm-flI
Iq´mbva Akm-[y-am-Wv. Cu kvt\l-amWv ssZhnI Poh≥. Cu
kvt\l-amWv krjvSmhv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-eqsS a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-
Øn-te°v sNmcn-bp-∂X - v (tdmam. 5:5). Cu kvt\l-Øn\p am{Xta
kv{Xosbbpw ]pcp-j-s\bpw H‰ ico-c-am°n am‰p-hm≥ Ign-bpI.
Cu kvt\l-amWv k¿tΔm¬Ir-jvSw (1tImdn 13:13). Hcp a\p-
jy\v Cu kvt\lw e`n-®m¬ am{Xsa \¬Im≥ Ign-bq. Cu
kvt\lw a\p-jy\v e`n-°p∂ am¿§-amWv tbip-{In-kvXp. Cu
kvt\l-an-√msX a\pjy≥ a\p-jy-\√ - . AXn-\m¬ tbip-{In-kvXp-
hns\ IqSmsX a\pjy\v a\pjy-\m-Im≥ Ign-bn-√. Cu kvt\l-
Øn\v Xmsg ]dbp∂ ê-ß-fp-≠v. Cu ê-ß-fn-s√-¶n¬ Hcp-
h-\n¬ kvt\lw C√. ê-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wt√m hr£sØ Xncn-
®-dn-tb-≠-Xv. ""kvt\lw Zo¿L-£-a-bp-≈Xpw Zb-bp-≈-Xp-am-Wv.
kvt\lw Akq-b-s∏-Sp-∂n-√; Bfl-{]-iwk sNøp-∂n-√. Al-
¶-cn-°p-∂n-√. kvt\lw A\p-Nn-Xa - mbn s]cp-am-dp-∂n-√. kzm¿∞w
56
(self - interest) At\z-jn-°p-∂n-√, tIm]n-°p-∂n-√, hntZzjw

]pe¿Øp-∂n-√. AXv A\o-Xn-bn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂n-√. kXy-
Øn¬ BÀm-Zn-°p-∂p. kvt\lw kI-eXpw kln-°p-∂p. kI-
eXpw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. kI-eXpw {]Xym-in-°p-∂p, kI-et- Øbpw
AXn-Po-hn-°p∂p'' (1 tImdn. 13:4˛7).
""A\pZn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw Ipń-Ifpw Cu

kvt\lw A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw AXns\ hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p''
(\w. 90). hn. ]utemkv {]Jym-]n-°p∂ kvt\l-Øns‚ 13 e£-
W-ßƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Ds≠-¶n¬, IqSp-tºmƒ IpSpw-_-Øn¬
Cº- a p- ≠ m- I pw. Cu ê- ß ƒ krjv S n- ° m≥ a\p- j y\v
kz{]-bXv\w sIm≠v km[y-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ kvt\l-Øns‚
t{kmX- mb ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ e`n-°m≥ Zº-Xn-am¿ tbip-
hns\ kao-]n-°Ww F∂mWv k` Blzm\w sNøp-∂-Xv.
kvt\lhpw Zo¿L-£abpw
Zo¿L-£a F∂ hm°ns‚ bYm¿∞ A¿∞w ""hnIm-c-
]-c-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw t{Zmlw Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ {]hr-Øn-sb-∂mWv'' (\w. 91). Hcp a\p-jy≥ kzbw
tI{μo-Ir-X-ambn Nn¥n-°p-tºm-gmWv hnIm-c-]-c-ambn {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂-Xv. CXv tIm]-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-∂p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-
eqsS am{X-amWv ssZhw ""tIm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnap-J-\mWv''
(]pd. 34:6, kwJy 14:18) F∂v shfn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]m]n-I-tfm-
Sp≈ Imcp-Wy-Øn¬ ImWn® £am-ioew Ahn-SpsØ i‡n-
bpsS bYm¿∞ AS-bm-f-am-Wv. Cu ImcpWyw kzbw A\p-`-hn-
°m-Ø-h¿ Ct∏mgpw ""ssZh-Øns‚ tIm]w [ym\n-°p∂p.''
tIm]n-°p-∂-h≥ sIme-]m-X-In-bm-Wv, AXv ssZh-am-bm-epw. a\p-
jys‚ Omb-bn¬ a\pjy≥ ssZhsØ krjvSn-°p-tºm-gmWv
tIm]n-°p∂ ssZhw ap∂n¬ hcp-∂-Xv. Ft∏m-gmWv \mw tIm]n-
°p-∂-sX∂v ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. 1. _‘-
ßtfm, a\p-jytcm ]q¿Æ-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v Nn¥n-°p-tºmgpw
2. \sΩ-Øs∂ tI{μ-ÿm-\Øv ÿm]n®v Imcy-ßƒ \ΩpsS
CjvSw t]mse \S-°-W-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-tºmgpw .... (\w. 92),
\mw tIm]n-°p-Ibpw A{I-am-k‡ - c
- m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F\n°v
F¥v sX‰pw hcmw, \nßƒ ]cn-ip-≤-cm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v Nn¥n-
°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw \n\°v F¥p sX‰pw kw`-hn°mw F∂m¬
57
Rm≥ ]cn-ip-≤\ - m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ £a \Ωn¬

apf-°p-∂p. ""Ah¿ Fs∂ ]nSn®p \n¿Øn-bmepw Fs‚ ]≤-Xn-
Iƒ XI¿Ømepw {]h¿Ø\- ˛ Nn¥m coXn-I-fn¬ Ae-ń-bmepw
Rm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂Xp t]mse Ah¿ BIp-∂n-s√-¶nepw F\n-
°Xv {]iv\-an-√. Rm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn
B hy‡n {]h¿Øn-°p-s∂-¶nepw Cu hy‡nsb kzoI-cn-°p-
∂-XmWv Zo¿L-£a'' (\w. 92).
kvt\lhpw Zbbpw
Zb-sb-∂m¬ F¥mWv? \¬Ip-∂-Xns‚ kt¥mjw A\p-
`-hn-°m≥ Xn-cn®p Xcm≥ tNmZn-°msX \¬Ip-∂X - n-s‚bpw tkhn-
°p-∂X - n-s‚bpw kt¥m-jØ- n-\p-th≠n am{Xw \sΩ-Øs∂ DZm-
c-X-tbmsS sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-XmWv Zb. CØ-c-Øn¬ ssZh-a-l-
Xz-Øn-\p-th≠n am{Xw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-XmWv \∑ {]hrØn.
kvt\lw Hcp \ma-a√ (noun), {Inb-bmWv (verb) (\w. 93, 94).
kvt\lhpw Akq-bbpw
as‰m-cp-h\v ]X-\-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ \mw kt¥m-jn-°p-Ibpw
as‰m-cp-h\v kt¥m-j-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ \mw ZpxJn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂-XmWv Akq-b. kvt\ln-°p-∂-h≥ as‰m-cp-h\v Zp:Jap≠m-Ip-
tºmƒ Zp:Jn°p-Ibpw as‰m-cp-h\v kt¥m-j-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ
kt¥m-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hn. ]utemkv ]d-bp-∂p, "Ic-bp-
∂-ht- cmSpIqsS Ic-bp-hn≥, Nncn-°p-∂h
- t- cmSpIqsS Nncn-°p-hn≥.'
{^m≥knkv ]m∏m-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ {ihn°mw: -""A-kqb \sΩ
\Ωn¬ Xs∂ AS-®p-]q-ń-bn-Sp-∂p. bYm¿∞ kvt\lw \sΩ
as‰mcp hy‡n-bpsS t\´-ßsf hne aXn-°m≥ i‡n-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p. AXv Ah-s\tbm As√-¶n¬ Ah-sftbm Hcp òj-Wn-
bmbn ImWp-∂n-√. Akq-b-bpsS Acq-]n-bn¬ \n∂v kvt\lw
\sΩ kzX-{¥-am-°p-∂p'' (\w. 97).
kvt\lhpw Bfl-{]-iw-kbpw
Bfl-{]-iwk F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w hn⁄m\ K¿Δv,
hy¿∞m-`n-am-\w (elitism) F∂n-hsb kqNn-∏n°p-∂p. Xß-sf
-∏-‰n-Ø-s∂-bp≈ AXn-`m-j-W-Øn¬\n∂p ]n∑mdn, a‰p-≈-
h-cn¬ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-°m≥ kvt\lw \sΩ t{]cn-∏n°p-∂p.
58
kvt\l-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Xßƒ {i≤m-tI-{μ-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v Hcp-

h≥ B{Kln-°p-∂n-√. ""Xßƒ a‰p-≈-h-tc-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Adn-
hp-≈-h-cm-I-bm¬ IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-h-cm-sW∂v Nne¿ Icp-
Xp-∂p. AXv a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ sIń-h-bv°m\pw Ah¿ B{K-ln-
°p-∂p. F∂m¬ \sΩ IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-h-cm-°p-∂Xv a‰p-
≈-hsc a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°pIbpw
Zp¿_-esc Bt«-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºm-gmWv'' (\w. 97).
""IpSpw-_-Ønse ]IzX {]m]n-®-hsc∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿

Ak-l-\o-b-amw-hn[w Hu≤-Xyap≈h-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p'' (\w. 98).
""kvt\lw hn\-b-Øm¬ ap{Zn-X-amWv. \mw a‰p-≈-hsc lrZ-b-
]q¿Δw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv £an-°p-Ibpw Ahsc
ip{iq-jn-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa-¶n¬ \ΩpsS Al-¶mcw kpJ-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw hn\bw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw thWw'' (\w. 98).
Hcp `h-\-Øn¬ A∏-t\m, AΩtbm CS-hI [ym\Øn\p-

tijw am\-km-¥-c-s∏-s´∂p Icp-Xp-I. 50 hb- p-hsc icn-bmbn
IpSpw-_-{]m¿∞\ sNm√mØ AΩ-tbm, A∏t\m IpSpw-_-
{]m¿∞\ sNm√m≥ XpS-ßn-bm¬ aq∂p hb- mb Ipń apX¬
F√m-hcpw Xßƒ At∏mƒ am{Xw [ym\-Øn-eqsS ssIh-cn®
A®-S°- Ø- n¬ {]m¿∞\ sNm√Wsa∂v \n¿_-‘n-°pw. CØcw
A[n-Imc {]a-Ø-Xsb Bfl-{]-iw-k-bpsS `mK-am-bn-´mWv Cu
teJ\w ImWp-∂-Xv. 50 hb- n¬ hnip-≤-\m-Im≥ Xocp-am-\n®
hy‡n°v Xs‚ a°-ƒ°v 25 hb- p-h-sc-sb-¶nepw am\-km-¥-c-
s∏-Sm≥ Ah-kcw \¬In-°qsS? (\w. 296).
kvt\lhpw HuNn-Xyhpw
""A\p-Nn-Xa
- mbn s]cp-am-dp-I- F-∂m¬ kwkvImciq\ytam,
acymZ sI´tXm Bb s]cp-am‰w F∂m-Wv. kvt\lw ]cp-ja - √
- ,
AXns‚ {]hrØn-Ifpw hm°p-Ifpw BwKy-ßfpw cq£tam,
I¿°-itam A√ kpJn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. a‰p-≈-hsc shdp-∏n-°p-
I- s b- ∂ Xv AXv shdp- ° p∂p'' (\w. 99). ""bYm¿∞- Ø n¬
kvt\lw F{X Bg-s∏-Sp-∂p-thm, A{X IqSpX¬ A]-cs‚
kzmX{¥yw BZ-cn-°m\pw Ahs‚ lrZ-b-I-hmSw Xpd-°p-
∂Xphsc ImØn-cn-°m\pw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p'' (\w. 99).
""a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°m≥ Icp-Wm-]q¿Δ-

amb t\m´w Bh-iy-amWv'' (\w. 100). Cu t\m´w a‰p-≈-h-cpsS
59
Ipd-hp-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ \ntj-[m-flI at\m-`m-hsØ

X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p.-Ip-d-hp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-
°msX "aIs\ ss[cy-am-bn-cn-°p-I' (aØmbn 9:2) "\ns‚
hnizmkw hep- X mWv ' (aØmbn 15:28) "Fgp- t ∂¬°pI'
(am¿t°mkv 5:41) "`b-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°pI' (aØmbn 14:27) XpS-ßnb
kzm¥- \ - h - N - \ - ß ƒ ]d- b m≥ ]cn- i o- e n- ∏ n- ° - W w. CØcw
hm°pIƒ Xcw XmgvØp-I-tbm, Zp:Jn∏n-°p-Itbm, tIm]w [z\n-
∏n- ° p- I tbm, Ah⁄ {]I- S n- ∏ n- ° p- I tbm sNøp- ∂ - h - b - √ .
""\ΩpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ ]c-kv]cw kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ tbip-
hns‚ kuayX A\p-I-cn-°-Ww'' (\w. 100).
kvt\lhpw DZm-c-Xbpw
kv t \lw kz¥w Xm¬]cyw At\z- j n- ° p- ∂ n- √ . Cu
{]kvXm-h\ B[p\nI a\-imkv{X k¶¬]-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-
am-Wv. self - esteem F∂Xp Xs∂ Ah-\-hs\ kvt\ln-°pI
F∂-Xm-Wv. C°m-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv Cßs\
]d- b p- ∂ p, ""a‰p- ≈ - h sc kv t \ln- ° m≥ Ign- b p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈
(a\x-im-kv{X-]c - a
- mb) ap≥hy-hÿ - s- b∂ \ne-bn¬ am{Xta \sΩ-
Øs∂ kvt\ln-°p-∂X - n\v {]m[m-\y-ap-≈q... kz¥w Imcy-Øn¬
Aev]Øw ImWn-°p-∂-h-t\-°mƒ Aev]-\mbn Bcp-an√''
({]`m-j-I≥ 14:5˛6, \w. 101).
A]-c-cpsS Xm¬]cyw am{Xw Ft∏mgpw At\z-jn-°p∂

GI-a-\p-jy≥ "AΩ'-bm-Wv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
kvt\ln-°p-∂Xv AΩ-am-cm-Wv. ""Ah¿ kvt\ln-°-s∏-S-W-sa-∂-
Xn-t\-°mƒ kvt\ln-°m≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p-∂p'' (\w. 102). \oXn-
bpsS/\nb- a - Ø ns‚ Bh- i y- ß ƒ°v AXo- X - a m- b n- c n- ° m≥
AΩ-am¿°v Ign-bpw.
\oXn-bpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ°v AXo-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂XmWv

DZm-c-X. \oXnbpw DZm-c-Xbpw IqSn-t®¿∂-XmWv kvt\lw. \oXn
F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w IrXy-ambn a\- n-em°nbmemWv
DZm-c-X, kvt\lw F∂o ]Z-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-Ip-I.
BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \oXn F∂ hm°n\v \¬Ip∂ ASn-ÿm\
\n¿h-N\w πmt‰m-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. πmt‰m-bpsS "dn∏-ªnIv' F∂ {KŸ-
Øn-s‚ BZy A[ymbw XpS-ßp-∂Xp Xs∂ \oXnsb \n¿h
- N n- ® n- ´ m- W v . A¿ln- ° p- ∂ h\v A¿ln- ° p- ∂ Xv sImSp- ° pI
60
F∂-XmWv \oXn (πmt‰m, "dn∏-ªnIv'). temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m

Icm-dp-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\w \oXn-bm-Wv. Rm\pw Hcp sXmgn-
em-fnbpw XΩn¬ Hcp Icm-dn¬ G¿s∏´p F∂p Icp-Xp-I.
"8 aWn-°q¿ tPmen sNøp-I 500 cq] Iqen Xcmw.' Cu Icm¿
{]Imcw 7 aWn-°q¿ tPmen sNbvXm¬ A\o-Xn, 8 aWn-°q¿
tPmen sNbvXm¬ \oXn, 9 aWn-°q¿ tPmen sNbvXm¬ kvt\lw.
Cu Icm¿ {]Imcw 400 cq] Iqen sImSp-Øm¬ A\o-Xn, 500
cq] Iqen sImSp-Øm¬ \o-Xn, 600 cq] Iqen sImSp-Øm¬
kvt\lw. \oXnsb AXn-ew-Ln-°p-∂-XmWv DZm-c-X. \oXn-sb-
∂m¬ an\naw kvt\l-am-Wv. Hcp tPmenbpw sNømsX apgp-h≥
tPmen-bp-sSbpw Iqen \¬Ip∂ ]nXm-hmb ssZh-Øns‚ kz`m-
h-amWv tbip shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. \sΩ-Øs∂ kzX-{¥-ambpw
]q¿Æ-ambpw \¬Im≥ \sΩ {]m]vXc - m-°p∂ AØcw HuZmcyw
km[y-amtWm? AsX! Fs¥-∂m¬, kphn-tijw AXv Bh-
iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ""Zm\-ambn \nßƒ°v Inń; Zm\-am-bn-Øs∂
sImSp-°p-hn≥'' (\w. 102).
kvt\lw, hntZz-jw, tIm]w

Zo¿L-£-a-sb-∂m¬ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS IpdhpI-tfmSpw sX‰p-
I-tfmSpw s]s´∂v {]Xn-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p∂ Hcp kz`m-h-am-Wv.
Zo¿L-£-a-bn-s√-¶n¬ ]pdsa \n∂p≈ {]tIm-]-\-ßƒ B¥-
cnI tIm]sØ D±o]n-∏n®v, B hy‡n-tbmSv shdp∏v Ie¿∂v
Ahsc AI-‰n-\n¿Øm≥ \sΩ t{]cn-∏n-°pw. CØcw B¥-
cnI i{XpX hf¿Øp-∂Xv B¿°pw klm-b-I-a-√. ""Kpcp-X-c-
amb A\o-Xn-bvs°-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ am{Xsa tIm]w
Btcm-Ky-{]-Za
- m-Ip-∂p-≈q. AXv a‰p-≈h
- t- cm-Sp≈ at\m-`m-hØ
- n¬
\nd-bp-tºmƒ t{Zml-amWv'' (\w. 103).
""Rm≥ Fß-s\-bmWv IpSpw-_-Øn¬ kam-[m\w ÿm]n-

°pI? Rm≥ ap´p-Ip-Øn-s°m-≠mtWm? A√, sNdnb Hcm-wKyw
hgn.... kam[m\w ÿm]n-°msX Znhkw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥
CShc-cpXv'' (\w. 104).
kvt\lw £an-°p∂p
""shdp- ∏ n\v hn]- c o- X - a mWv £an- ° ¬. a‰p- ≈ - h - c psS
Zu¿_eyw a\- n-em-°m\pw Ahsb ]cn-K-Wn-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw
61
{ian-°p∂ `mhm-flI at\m-`m-h-amWv'' (\w. 105). Cu kz`mhw

\jvS-s∏-´m¬ ]I ho´pI F∂ Zml-Øn-te°v \bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
£an-°m≥ Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ sIcn-‹-bn¬ Bg-s∏-S-Ww.
""ssZhw \tΩmSp ImWn® hyh-ÿ-bn-√mØ kvt\lw

\mw AwKo-I-cn-®m¬ \ap°v £an-°m≥ Ign-bpw. Cu kvt\lw
\ap°v e`n-®Xv \mw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-
Po-hnXw [mc-W-bp-sStbm ]n¥p-W-bp-sStbm t{]m’m-l-\-Øn-
s‚tbm Hcn-S-am-ImsX ÿnc kwL¿j-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-kv]c
hna¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw Hcn-S-am-bn-cn-°pw.'' (\w. 108).
kvt\lw kXy-Øn¬ BÀm-Zn-°p∂p

Hcp `mcybpw `¿Ømhpw XΩn¬ hg-°m-sW-¶n¬, a°ƒ
]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ, kz¥w a°-fm-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw `mcybpw
`¿Ømhpw D≈n¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""F¥m-bn, Rm≥
]d-™Xv \o A\p-k-cn-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠-t√ Cßs\ kw`-hn-
®Xv, A\p-`h
- n-t®m!'' Cu {]kvXm-h\ A\ys‚ ]cm-Pb - Ø
- n-ep≈
Hcp-hs‚ kt¥m-j -{]-I-S-\-am-Wv. kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-cn¬ CØcw
kz`mhw D≠m-In-√. a‰p hm°p-I-fn¬ ]d™m¬ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS
alXzw \mw ImWp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Ign-hp-Is - fbpw kXv{]-hrØn-
I-sfbpw hne aXn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ AhcpsS \∑-bn¬
\mw kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. ""Xß-fpsS PohnX ]¶m-fn-tbmSp t]mepw
Ft∏mgpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw a’-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv Ah-
cpsS ]cm-P-b-ß-fn¬ cl-ky-ambn kt¥m-jn-°p-∂-h¿°v CXv
Akm-[y-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p'' (\w. 109). ""a‰p≈hcpsS kt¥m-j-
Øn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂-hsc \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv khn-ti-j-amw-
hn[w hne-a-Xn-°p∂p'' (\w. 110).
kvt\lhpw kl-\hpw
F√mw kln-°p-∂p-sh∂ hm°n\v kl\w aqew D≠m-
Ip∂ \mhns‚ D]-tbm-K-Øns‚ {Ia-t°-Sn-s\-bmWv ]cn-ip≤
]nXmhv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcmƒ \sΩ Xo{h-ambn thZ-\n-
∏n-°p-tºmƒ "\o h√ A]-I-S-hp-ap-≠mbn acn®p t]mI-s´,' "\o
Im≥k¿ h∂v thZ-\n®v NmIpw,' "\o ]n®-°m-c-\mbn sXcp-hn¬
sX≠p-∂Xv ImWpw' F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hn[n-hm-N-I-ßƒ D®
-cn-°pw. ""kI-eXpw kln-°p-I-sb-∂m¬ ZrVhpw \n¿`-b-hp-amb
62
Hcp Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ {]Jym-]n-°m-\p≈ t{]c-Wsb \nb-{¥n®v

hn[n-{]-kvXm-h\ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂v A¿∞-am-°p∂p''
(\w. 112).
""kvt\l-Øn¬ H∂n-°-s∏´ Zº-Xn-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw \√Xp

]I-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-bpsS Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw Ip‰-ß-
fp-a√ \√ hiw ImWm≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p-∂p. Fß-s\-sb-¶nepw
Ip‰-s∏-SpØn ]d-bp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \ni-_vZX ]men-°m≥ Ah¿
{ian-°p-∂p'' (\w. 113). Cu \ni-_vZX A`n-\-b-a-√, kvt\ln-
°p∂ a\- ns‚ hnim-eX - b
- m-Wv. F√m-h¿°pw sX‰p ]‰m-sa∂pw
sX‰n-t\-°mƒ D]cn B hy‡nsb kvt\ln-°p-∂p-sh∂ {]Jym-
]-\-amWv \ni-_vZ-X.
kvt\lw kI-eXpw hniz-kn-°p∂p

hnizmkw F∂ ]Zw c≠v hm°p-I-fn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-
∂p-≠v. a. belief b. faith. Belief F∂ hm°v πmt‰m-bpsS ⁄m\-im-
kv{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. A⁄X (ignorance) `mKn-I-
⁄m\w (belief) Adnhv (understanding) ⁄m\w (wisdom) F∂o
\mep L´-ß-fn-eqsS Adnhv hf-cp-∂p-sh∂ kn≤m-¥-Ønse
c≠mw L´-amWv belief. hnizm-k-sa-∂m¬ Cu A¿∞-amWv
]ecpw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Faith F∂ hm°v Faithful F∂ hm°ns‚
aqe-cq-]-am-Wv. CXv _‘sØ (relationship) ImWn-°p-∂p. ssZhw
hmKvZm-\-ß-fn¬ hniz-kvX-\m-Wv, ssZhw Acpƒ sNbvX Imcy-
ßƒ \nd-th-dp-sa∂v hniz-kn® \o `mKy-hXn (eq°. 1:45) ⁄m\-
im-kv{X-Øns‚ coXn-bn¬ Cu hm°ns\ a\- n-em-°-cp-sX∂pw
]‰n-°p∂-h-\√ Fs‚ ]¶mfn F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv hnizmkw
F∂ ]ZsØ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-sX∂pw ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv Hm¿Ωn-
∏n-°p-∂p (\w. 114).
PohnX]¶m-fnbpw a°fpw Xs∂ h©n-t®°mw F∂

kwibw Hcp-hs‚ IpSpw-_-Ønse kt¥mjw \in-∏n-°p-∂p.
Rm≥ hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hne aXn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-
sh∂v A\p-`-hn-°m≥ Ign-bmØXpsIm≠v IpSpw-_-Ønse
Hmtcm AwKhpw clkyßƒ kq£n-°p-∂p. ""]cm-P-b-ßfpw
Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw ad-®p-sh-bv°p-Ibpw Xm≥ Bbn-cn-°p∂-Xn¬
henb Bfm-sW∂v `mhn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw'' (\w. 115). CXp-sIm-
≠mWv Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw \pW ]d-bp-∂Xv (\w. 115).
63
kvt\lw kI-eXpw {]Xym-in-°p∂p

PohnX ]¶m-fn-bnepw a°-fnepw hnizkvXX Ds≠∂v \mw
AwKo-I-cn-®m¬, `mhn-bn¬ Ah¿ Ipd-hp-I-sf√mw amdn A{]-Xo-
£nX kuμcyw hcp-sa∂v {]Xo-£-tbmsS ImØn-cn-°p-∂p.
PohnX ]¶m-fn-bnse Ipd-hp-I-fn¬ \n∂v \∑-bp-≠m-°m≥ ssZh-
Øn\v Ign-bp-sa∂v \mw {ItaW a\- n-em-°pw. am{X-a√ Cu
Pohn-Xm-\p-`hØneqsS D∞m-\-tijw \mw tbip-hn-eqsS ]cn-
h¿Øn-°-s∏´v Pohs‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bn¬ FØn-t®cpw F∂ {]Xym-
ibpw hf-cp∂p (\w. 117).
kvt\lw kI-eXpw AXn-Po-hn-°p∂p

\ΩpsS i{Xp-hns‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Dcn-™p-am-‰m-\m-hmØ
\∑-bp-s≠∂v kvt\lw ImWn®p Xcp-∂p. Cu ImgvN-bp-s≠-
¶n¬ GXp sh√p-hn-fn-sbbpw t\cn-Sm-\p≈ \nc-¥c k∂-≤X
e`n-°p-∂p. tbip-hns\ {Iqin-°p-tºm-gpw {Iqin-°p-∂-hs‚ lrZ-
b-Ønse ssZh-Omb Is≠-Ønb kvt\l-amWv tbip-hns‚
i‡n. ]nXm-hn-t\mSpw a\p-jy-h¿§-tØm-Sp-ap≈ kvt\l-Øm¬
tbip-hn\v A‘-Imcw \nd™ aWn-°q-dns\ AXn-Po-hn-°m≥
Ign-™p.
""IpSpw-_P
- o-hn-XØ
- n¬ AXns\ òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ F√m
Xn∑-bv°psa-Xnsc t]mcm-Sm≥ \sΩ klm-bn-°p∂ kvt\l-
Øns‚ i‡n hf¿Ø-Ww. Ah⁄, a‰p-≈-hsc ]p—n-°¬,
t{Zmln-°m-\p≈ B{K-lw, Fs¥-¶nepw t\´-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈
B{Klw F∂n-hbv°v kvt\lw Iog-S-ßp-∂n√'' (\w. 119).
""Hcp-h≥ / Hcp-hƒ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fnsb Dt]-£n®p t]mb-

Xn-\p-ti-jhpw tcmK-tam, kl-\tam D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ -D-t]-£n-
°-s∏´ hy‡n, Dt]-£n® hy‡nsb klm-bn-°p-∂Xp ImWp-
tºmƒ F\n°v (]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hn\v) A¤pXw tXm∂p∂p''
(\w. 119). AXmWv kvt\lw.
"kv t \l- Ø ns‚ kt¥mjw' F∂ A∏- k v t Xm- e nI

teJ\Øns‚ \memw A[ym-b-Øns‚ ]IpXn `mKw am{X-amWv
apI-fnse hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. kvt\l-Øns‚ ]Xn-aq∂v e£-W-ßƒ
64
am¿]m∏ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Cu e£-W-ßƒ Cu teJ-\-ßƒ

hmbn-°p-∂-h\v D≠v F∂v tXm∂p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah\v ssZh-Ir-
]-bpsS Bh-iy-an-√. C√ F∂v tXm∂p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah\v ssZh-
Ir-]-bpsS Bh-iy-ap-≠v.
tbip injy-∑m-tcmSv ]d-bp-∂p, ""\nß-fn¬ ssZh-kvt\lw

C√'' (tbml. 5:42). CXv Xß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv ]d-bp-∂-sX∂v
Ah¿°v a\- n-em-bn. \apt°m?
65
5
hf-cp∂ kvt\lw
Hcp hr£-sØ Xncn-®-dn-bpI AXns‚ ê-ßfn¬

\n∂m-Wv. CØ-c-Øn¬ Hcp a\p-jy-\n¬ kvt\lw Dt≠m,
C√tbm F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ kvt\l-Øns‚ ]Xn-aq∂v
ê-ßƒ hn. ]utemkv Xs‚ teJ-\-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p
(1 tImdn. 13:4-7). {^m≥knkv am¿]m-∏-bpsS "kvt\l-Øns‚
kt¥m-j-'Øns‚ \memw A[ymbw hnh-cn-°p∂Xv kvt\l-
Øns‚ ]Xn-aq∂v ê-ßƒ F¥mWv? Ah Fßns\ A\p-Zn\
Pohn- X - Ø n¬ {]tbm- K n°mw? B kv t \l- Ø n¬ Fßs\
hfcmw? F∂n-hb - m-W.v Ign™ A≤ymb-Øn¬ kvt\lw F¥m-
sW∂pw AXns‚ êßƒ F¥m-sW∂pw \mw a\- n-em-°n.
Cu A≤ymb-Øn¬ A\p-Zn\w Fßs\ Cu kvt\l-Øn¬ hfcmw
F∂ am¿]m-∏b - psS \n¿t±-iß
- f
- mWv \mw I≠p-ap-´p-∂X
- .v
Zmº-Xy-kvt\-l-Øn-ep≈ hf¿®
]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhpw F∂ aq∂v hy‡n-
Iƒ kvt\l-Øn¬ H∂m-bn-cn-°p∂-Xp-t]mse, kv{Xobpw ]pcp-
j\pw kvt\l-Øn¬ H∂mbn Pohn®v {XnXz-Øns‚ Pohn-°p∂
AS-bm-fa
- mbn amdpI F∂-Xm-Wv, ZmºXy Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ e£yw
66
(\w. 121). CØ-c-Øn¬ Hcp AS-bm-f-ambn Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v amdm-

\p≈ i‡n-bmWv Ir]m-h-cw. Cu Ir]m-hcw \¬Ip-∂Xv IqZm-
i- I - f m- W v . IqZm- i - I - f n- e qsS {Inkv X p ]cn- i p- ≤ m- fl m- h ns\
\¬Ip-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-eqsS ssZhw a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-ß-fn-
te°v ssZh-kvt\lw sNmcn-bp∂p (tdma¿ 5:5). ""I¿Ømhv
\¬Ip∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]pXnb Hcp lrZbw \¬Ip-∂p.
{InkvXp \sΩ kvt\ln-®-Xp-t]mse ]c-kv]cw kvt\ln-°m≥
kv{Xosbbpw ]pcp-j-s\bpw i‡-cm-°p-∂p. Zmº-Xy-kvt\lw
B¥-cn-I-ambn {Ia-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ]q¿Æ-X-bn-se-Øn-
t®-cp-∂p. Zmº-Xy-]-c-amb ]c-kvt\-l-amWv B ]q¿Æ-X''
(\w. 120). ""hnip-≤o-Ir-Xhpw hnhml IqZm-i-bpsS Ir]m-h-c-
Øm¬ kº-∂-am-°-s∏-´Xpw {]Im-in-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xp-amb kvt\l-
amWv'' ZmºXy PohnXw (\w. 120).
BPo-h-\m¥ ]¶p-h-°¬
sshhm-lnI _‘-Øn¬ H∂p-tN-cp-tºmƒ ""tIhew
Xm¬°m-enIamWv Xß-fpsS kvt\l-sa∂v kvt\ln-°p-∂-h¿
Icp-Xp-∂n√'' (\w. 123). ""kvt\l-Øns‚ sFIyw F{X Zp¿_-
e-am-sW-¶nepw AXv Ime-L-´-Øns‚ ]co-£sb AXn-Po-hn-°p-
sa∂v hnhm-l-Øns‚ BtLm-j-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ hniz-
kn-°p∂p'' (\w. 123). ""Xß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ]c-kv]cw
kvt\ln-°-W-sa∂v am{X-a-√, Ah¿ hniz-kvX-cmbn Hcp-an®v \ne-
\n¬°-W-sa∂pw Ipń-Iƒ B{K-ln-°p∂p'' (\w. 123).
Hcp Ipń°v amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ hg-°-Sn-°p-∂Xv kln-°m≥

Ign-bn-√. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ th¿]n-cn-bpI F∂-Xns‚ thZ\ Ipń-
I-fn¬ \n∂v ambv°m≥ Ign-bn-√. CØ-c-samcp sFIy-Øns‚
Bhiyw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂Xv Hcp BNm-c-Øn¬ \nt∂m, AtXm
GsX-¶nepw {KŸ-Øn¬ D≈-Xp-sIm-t≠m, GsX-¶nepw ssZh-
imkv{X kq{X-hm-Iy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nt∂m A√,
{]Xyp-X, AXv ""a\p-jy-hy-‡n-bpsS kzm`m-hnI hmk-\-I-fn¬
thcp-d-®-XmWv'' (\w. 123). a\p-jy-s\m-gn-sI-bp≈ arK-ßƒ
CWsb D]-tbm-K-tijw Dt]-£n-°p-∂p. arKßƒ _lp-`m-cym-
Xz-amWv ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ a\p-jy\v arK-Øn¬ \n∂v
hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp al-Xz-ap-≠v. Cu al-Xz-amWv hn. {KŸw
Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. ""Hcp-h\pw Xs‚ buh-\-Im-esØ `mcy-
67
tbmSv Ahn-iz-kvXX ImWn-°m-Xn-cn-°-s´, Fs¥-∂m¬ Rm≥

hnhm-l-tam-N-\sØ shdp-°p-∂p, F∂v I¿Ømhv ]d-bp∂p''
(aem-°n. 2:14˛16).
Cu sFIy-Øn\v ]e sh√p-hn-fn-I-fp-≠v. Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn°v

ssewKnI Ign- h p- I ƒ C√m- X m- b n, ]¶m- f n- b psS imco- c nI
sshI-eyw aqew Ip™p-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂n-√, PohnXw Bcw-`n®v
Ipd®v \mfp-Iƒ°p≈n¬ A]-I-S-Øn¬ s]´v Pohn-X-]-¶mfn
tcmKn-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-bpsS am\-knI tcmKw aqew
Fs‚ `mhn-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ apgp-h≥ XI-cp∂p. AØcw kμ¿`-ß-
fn¬ Hcp ]S-bm-fn-bpsS a\ v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ir]mhcw a\p-
jys\ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
am¿]m-∏-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬, ""Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠Xpw \ne-

\n¿Øm≥ ]S s]mcp-tX-≠Xpw ho≠pw P\n-t°-≠Xpw acWw
hsc \ho-I-cn-t°-≠Xpw acWw hsc ]pXp-Xmbn Is≠-Øm≥
Ign-tb-≠-Xp-amb Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn (IpSpw-_-Øn¬ c‡-km-
£nXzw hcn-°m≥) hnhm-lsØ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Zp¿_-
ehpw tcmKm-Xp-c-hp-amb Hcp kvt\lw al-Ømb Hcp ka¿∏-
W-sØ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-√. ÿnc-amb hf¿®-bpsS
{]{Inb XS-bp∂ £W-`w-Kp-c-X-bpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v AXv
Iog-Sßpw'' (\w. 124). ""CXn\v Ir]m-hcw Bh-iy-amWv'' (\w. 124).
kt¥m-jhpw kuμ-cyhpw
kpJ-sa-∂m¬ ]t©-{μn-b-ßƒ kwXr-]vX-am-°-s∏-Sp-
tºmƒ In´p∂ ckm-\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wv. kt¥m-j-sa-∂Xv G¬∏n-°-
s∏´ ZuXyw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp-h-\n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ lrZ-
b-Øns‚ hnIm-k-am-Wv. h¿j-ßƒ ]n∂n-Sp-tºmƒ hnhm-l-Po-
hn-X-Øn¬ ssewKn-I-kpJw Ipd-™p-h-cpw. CØcw L´-Øn¬
B\μw D≠m-I-W-sa-¶n¬ a‰p-≈-hsc Dƒs°m-≈p∂ lrZ-b-
hn-im-eX D≠m-I-Ww. `mcy-bpsS kuμcyw Ipd-bp-tºmƒ Zmkn-
bn¬ (ho´p-tPm-en-°m-cn-bn¬) A`n-emjw ]q¿Øo-Ic - n-°m≥ {ian-
°p-∂X - ns‚ ImcWw kpJ-Øn-eqsS B\-μn-°m-\p≈ {`m¥-amb
At\z-jWw aqe-am-Wv. bYm¿∞ kvt\l-ap-≈-h\v kpJ-Øn¬
am{X-a-√, Zp:JØnepw B\-μ-ap-≠m-Ipw (\w. 126).
68
Hcp hy‡n Xs‚ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fnsb kvt\ln-°m-\p≈

ImcWw F¥mWv? Ahƒ / Ah≥ Fs‚ kvt\lw e`n-°m≥
A¿l-bmWv F∂ al-Ømb tbmKyX Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-XmWv
Ahs‚ / Ah-fpsS kuμ-cyw. Fs‚ Pohn-X]
- ¶
- mfn Ft∂-°mƒ
Fs‚ kvt\lw e`n-°m≥ A¿l-bm-Wv.
Hcp hy‡n°v a‰p hy‡nsb ]p—-tØmsS t\m°mw. Hcp

hy‡n°v a‰p hy‡nsb kvt\l-tØmsS t\m°mw. a‰p-≈-h-
cn¬ kt¥mjw D±o-]n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bpI F∂Xv e£y-am-Ip-
tºmƒ AXv kz¿§-Øns‚ ap∂m-kzm-Z-\-am-Wv. a‰p-≈-hsc
kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-tºm-gmWv \ap°v bYm¿∞ kt¥m-j-ap-≠m-Ip-
∂-Xv. ""a‰p hy‡n-Iƒ tcmKn-I-fm-bmepw hr≤-cm-bmepw BI¿j-
I-Xz-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmgpw Ah-cn¬ Xs∂ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-h-cmbn
IW-°m-°p∂ B ImgvN-∏m-Sn-emWv kvt\l-Øns‚ kuμ-cy-
im-kv{X-]-c-amb A\p-`hw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xv'' (\w. 128). Rm≥
Fs‚ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fnsb kvt\ln-°p-∂Xv B hy‡n-bpsS
kuμcyw aqe-amtWm B hy‡n-bpsS [\w aqe-amtWm? B
hy‡n-bpsS Btcm-Kyw aqe-amtWm? B hy‡n Fs∂ kwc-
£n-°p-∂Xp sIm≠mtWm? B hy‡n Fs∂ klm-bn-°p-∂Xp
sIm≠mtWm? AtXm kvt\ln-°m≥ th≠n AYhm B hy‡n-
bpsS kt¥mjw am{Xw e£y-am-°n-s°m-≠m-tWm. kvt\ln-
°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Pohn-°p-tºmƒ kt¥mjw e`n-°p-∂p.
hnhmlw kvt\ln-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw

hnhm-ls - a-∂Xv sshIm-cn-Ihpw imco-cn-Ih
- p-am-bp≈ kwXr-
]vXn-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ H∂p-tN-c-e-√, AXv kvt\ln-°m-\p≈ Ah-
kcw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp a\p-jys‚ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw
hy‡n-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw AXns‚
A¿∞w Is≠-Øp-∂p. IÆn\v ImgvN t]mse, DZ-c-Øn¬
hni∏p t]mse, a\p- j y- \ n¬ kv t \ln- ° m- \ p≈ kz`mhw
Hfn- ™ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. Cu kz`m- h - Ø ns‚ ]q¿Øo- I - c - W - a mWv
hnhmlw (\w. 131, 132).
Cu kvt\lw kzbw hf-cp-Ibpw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNø-

W-sa-¶n¬ Rm≥ \μn ]d-bp-∂p, Rm≥ am∏p tNmZn-°p-∂p,
Fs∂ H∂p klm-bn-°ptam F∂o aq∂p hmN-I-ßƒ \nc-¥cw
69
IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn-°-Ww. \μn, tJZn-°p-∂p, Zb-hmbn

F∂ hm°p-Iƒ \nc-¥cw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ
am{Xsa kvt\lw hf-cp-I-bp-≈q. AXn-\p-]-Icw IpSpw-_-_-‘-
ß-fnse \ni-_vZX lrZ-bsØ XI¿°pw. \nßƒ `£Ww
Ign-®pthm? au\w; \n\°v kpJ-amtWm? au\w; C∂v ]pd-
tØ°v t]mIt≠? au\w; hoSv hrØn-bm-°p∂ tPmen-°m-c≥
h∂pthm? au\w; \nßƒ Ftßm-´mWv t]mIp-∂Xv? au\w; C∂v
kvIqfn¬ t]mIp-∂nt√? au\w; F∂mWv ]co£? au\w... ""X°-
k-ab
- Øv ]dbp∂ X° hm°p-Iƒ kvt\lsØ A\p-Zn\w kwc-
£n-°p-Ibpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpw'' (\w. 133). ""CØcw kvt\l-
Øn\v hf-cm≥ ]cn-[n-bn-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ AXv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hm-
Ip∂ A\¥ ]c-kvt\-l-Øn-ep≈ ]¶p-tNc-emWv'' (\w. 134).
bmsXmcp hn[ Ipdhpw C√mØ Hcp kºq¿Æ IpSpw-_hpw
bmYm-¿∞yØn¬ C√. F√m IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw GsX-¶nepw Hcp
Ipd-thm, A]q¿Æ-Xtbm \ne-\n¬°p∂p (\w. 135).
kwhmZw
au\sØ adn-IS- ∂v kwhm-ZsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-tºmƒ
kvt\lw hf-cp-∂p. kwhm-ZØ - n¬ a‰p-≈h - ¿ ]d-bp-∂X
- ns\ Xcw-
Xm-gvØc - p-Xv. Ah¿°pw Fs¥-¶nepw kw`m-h\ sNøm≥ Ignbpw
(\w. 138). A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ kzcw D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ AXv apdn-s∏-
Sp-Ø-en-te°pw Ifn-bm-°-en-te°pw \bn-°pw. am{X-a-√, A[n-
Im-c-Øns‚ kzcw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw t{Zmln-°m\pw am{Xta
klm-bn-°p-I-bp≈q (\w. 139). ""Ah-km-\-ambn, tbmKy-amb Hcp
kwhm-Z-ap-≠m-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Fs¥-¶nepw ]d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-
sa∂v \ap°v AwKo-I-cn-°mw. AXm-Is´, hmb-\, hy‡n-]-c-amb
hnNn-¥-\w, {]m¿∞-\, \ap°v Np‰-ap≈ temI-tØm-Sp≈ Xpdhv
F∂n-hb - m¬ t]mjn-∏n-°s - ∏´ kº-∂X - b
- psS êa√msX as‰m-
∂p-a-√. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬ Hcmƒ t]mepw C°m-cy-Øn¬ A[zm-
\n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬, IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw izmkw apń-°p-∂Xpw kw`m-
jWw Zcn-{Z-am-°-s∏´Xpw BIpw'' (\w. 141).
hnIm-chpw kvt\lhpw
a\p-jy≥ hnIm-cß- f
- n-emWv Pohn-°p-∂X
- v. kpJw, thZ-\,
kt¥m-jw, Zp:Jw, hm’-eyw, `bw F∂nh a\p-jy-{]-h¿Ø-\-
70
Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bm-Wv. Chsb Xo{h-hn-Im-c-ßƒ F∂v ]d-

bp-∂p. Hcp hy‡nsb ImWp-tºmƒ Rm≥ BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp∂p
F∂Xv sX‰-√. F∂m¬, B BI¿jWw B hy‡nsb Iogvs∏-
Sp-Øm≥ Fs∂ t{]cn-∏n-®m¬ Rm≥ Fs‚ kzm¿∞-Xsb tkhn-
°p∂p (\w. 145). hnImcw Hcp kzX{¥ {]hrØn-bpsS ASn-Ø-
d-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv B {]hrØn-bpsS AKm-[-Xsb {]Im-in-∏n-
°m≥ Ign-hp-≈-Xm-bn-cn°pw (\w. 146). \n¿Δn-Im-cX Hcp ]pWy-
a-√, hnImcw Hcp ]m]-a√ (\w. 144, 145). Xo{h-hn-Im-c-Øm¬
\nd-bp-tºm-gmWv \∑-{]-hrØn-Iƒ kvt\lsØ ]q¿Æ-am-°p-
∂-Xv.
a\p-jys‚ ssewKn-IX ssZh-Øns‚ B\μw

Cu A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-Øns‚ 147˛mw JWvUnI
apX¬ 164˛mw JWvUnI hsc kvt\lhpw ssewKn-IX - bpw k\ym-
khpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. {]mb-]q¿Øn-
bmb aIs\tbm aI-sftbm hnhm-l-Øn-s\m-cp°n Ahsc aW-
h-d-bn-te°v B\-bn-°p-tºmƒ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°p≈ am\-kn-
Im-hÿ km[m-c-W-bmbn F¥m-bn-cn°pw? a°-fpsS lWn-aq¨
amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v B\μw \¬Ip-∂p. adn-®v, at\m-tcm-Kn-I-fmb
amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v a°-fpsS aW-hd Akqb \¬Ip-∂p. ]nXm-
hmb ssZhw a°-fpsS aW-h-d-bn¬ B\-μn-°p-∂p.
Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ k` ssewKn-I-Xbv°v Nne hne-°p-Iƒ

G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv F¥n-\mWv? Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p≈ adp-]S- n-bmWv
_\-UnIvSv ]Xn-\m-dm-a≥ am¿]m-∏-bpsS "ssZhw kvt\l-am-
Ip∂p' F∂ teJ-\-Øns‚ BZy-`m-Kw. I\y-Im-XzsØ k`
Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv hnhm-lP - o-hn-XsØ XmgvØn-°m-Wn-°m-
\-√, a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ka-{K-Xsb shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-Wv.
hnhm-lhpw k\ym-khpw
ssZhØn\v a\pjy\p-ambn´p≈ _‘w imiz-Xa - m-Wv. a\p
jy≥ ssZhsØ \ntj-[n-®mepw ssZhw a\p-jys\ \ntj-[n-
°p-I-bn-√. Cu _‘sØ `qan-bn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv hnhm-
l-_-‘-Øn-em-Wv. ssZh-a-\p-jy-_-‘-Øns‚ (kz¿§-Øns‚)
Ncn-{X-]c
- a
- mb AS-bm-fa
- mWv IpSpw-_w. AXp-sIm-≠mWv hnhm-l
-Po-hnXw imiz-X-am-I-W-sa∂v k` iTn-°p-∂-Xv. hnhml _‘w
71
th¿s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS temIw I≠p-ap-´p-∂Xv ssZh-

Øns‚ kz`m-h-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-am-Wv. F∂m¬, a\p-jy≥ ssZh-
hp-am-bp≈ sFIyw XI¿Ø-Xn-\m¬ IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw c≠v A]-
I-S-ß-fn¬ sN∂p-tN-cp-∂p. (1) CWsb Dt]-£n-°p∂p (2) CW-
bmWv Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]c-a-e-£y-sa∂v sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p.
a\p-jys‚ ac-W-tØm-sS-bmWv ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-I¿Ωw
]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ a\p-jy≥ CW-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-
Øn-eqsS Xs‚ kvt\lw hf¿Øn ssZssh-Iy-Øn¬ t_m[-
]q¿Δw FØn-t®-c-Ww. CØ-c-Øn¬ Hcp a\p-jy≥ FØn-t®-
cp∂-XmWv k\ym-kw. hnhmlw kz¿§-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb
AS-bm-fa- m-Wv. k\ymkw kz¿§-Øns‚ bpKm-¥y-]c - a
- mb (e£y-
]-c-amb) AS-bm-f-am-Wv.
ssZhsØ \ntj-[n® a\p-jy≥ Cu e£yw ad-∂p-t]m-b-

Xn-\m¬ kz¥w kpJ-Øn¬ am{Xw kt¥mjw Is≠-Øp-∂p.
bYm¿∞ e£y-Øn¬ \n∂v -A-I-∂p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ H∂p-In¬
CWsb Dt]-£n-°pw, As√-¶n¬ CW-bn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ ]c-am-
h[n kpJw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ am¿§w At\z-jn°pw. Cu sX‰mb
Zni-bn¬ \n∂v a\p-jys\ kpJ-s∏-SpØn Ahs‚ Pohn-X-
e£yØns‚ Nq≠p-]-e-I-bmbn amdpI F∂-XmWv ItØm-
en°m k`-bnse k\ykvX Pohn-X-Øns‚ A¿∞w.
ItØm-en°m k` ssewKn-I-Xsb X≈n-°-f-bp-Itbm,

Bcm-[n-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. {]XypX a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚
ka{K e£y-Øn-te°p ssewKn-I-Xsb {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw cq]m-
¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kv{Xosb kz¥w kpJ-Øn-\m-
bp≈ D]-I-c-W-ambn ImWp-tºmƒ ssewKn-Im-Xn-{Iaw D≠m
-Ip-∂p (\w. 153, 154). ""ssewKn-I-ambn Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hmØ
Ah-ÿ-Iƒ°v Zº-Xn-Iƒ hnt[-b-cm-°-s∏Smw'' (\w. 155).
CØcw kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ kvt\lw \jvS-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ B[n-]-
Xyhpw A{I-ahpw D≠m-Ip-∂p.
ssewKnI Ign-hp-Iƒ {]mb-am-Ipw-tXmdpw a\p-jy-\n¬

kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Ipd-bp-∂p. Cu L-´-Øn¬ C{μn-bm-Xo-X-ambn
kvt\ln-°m≥ kvt\lw ]pXnb am¿§-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. a\p-
jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Cu {Iaw C¥y≥ XXz-Nn¥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-
°p-∂p-≠v. _meyw, Iuam-cw, buh-\w, hm¿≤Iyw F∂o imco-
72
cn-Im-h-ÿ-Iƒ°\p-k-cn®v {_“-N-cyw, {Kl-ÿw, hm\-{]-ÿw,

k\ymkw F∂ e£y-Øn-te°v hf-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]pcm-W-ßƒ
Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. ChnsS k\ym-ks - a-∂m¬ XmSnbpw apSnbpw
hf¿Øn Ducp-sX-≠n-bm-IpI F∂ A¿∞-amWv Nne¿ \¬Ip-
∂-Xv-. F-∂m¬ `K-hXv KoX k\ym-k-Øns‚ A¿∞sØ hn]p-
e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p, k\ym-ks
- a-∂m¬ \njvIma I¿Ω-am-Wv. \njvIma
I¿Ω- s a- ∂ m¬ _‘p- ° - s fbpw a°- s fbpw Dt]- £ n- ° pI
F∂-√, kzbw Dt]-£n-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. ssZhsØ A\p-K-an-
°m≥ kz¥w kØsb \ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS temIw apgp-h-
s\bpw kvt\ln-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-XmWv k\ym-kw.
IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn-\-IØpw Iman-°mØ kvt\l-Øn-te-

°p≈ hf¿®-bmWv kvt\l-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ hf¿®. ""Hmtcm hnhm-
l-Øn-s‚bpw Hgp-°n¬ imco-cn-I-`mhw {ItaW amdp-∂p. ]t£,
kvt\lhpw BI¿j-Whpw am™p-t]m-I-W-sa∂v AXn\v
A¿∞-an-√. \mw as‰mcp hy‡nsb kvt\ln-°p-∂Xv tIhew
B hy‡n-bpsS icocw aqe-a-√. ]ns∂-tbm, B hy‡n Bcm-
bn-cn-°p∂p F∂Xp aqe-am-Wv. icocw hm¿≤Iyw {]m]n-°p-∂p.
F∂mepw \ΩpsS lrZ-bsØ BZyw Iog-S-°nb sshb-‡nI
X\na Ct∏mgpw AXp {]Im- i n- ∏ n- ° p∂p. B X\n- a - b psS
kuμcyw a‰p-≈h - ¿°p ImWm≥ km[y-a√ - m-Xm-sb-¶nepw Pohn-X
-]-¶mfn kvt\l-Øns‚ IÆp sIm≠v AXp I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Abm-fpsS As√-¶n¬ Ah-fpsS hm’eyw
Ipd-bp-∂n-√. Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cn-°m-\p≈ Xocp-am\w
Abmƒ As√-¶n¬ Ahƒ ho≠pw Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p. hniz-
kvXhpw kvt\l-]q¿Æ-hp-amb ASp-∏-Øn¬ B sXc-s™-Sp∏v
{]I-S-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu Xocp-am-\-Øns‚ t{ijvTX
AXns‚ Xo{h-Xbpw Bghpw aqew ]pXn-sbmcp Xcw hnIm-c-
Øn\p P∑w \¬Ip-∂p. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS ]c-kv]c ZuXyw \n¿Δ-
ln-°p-tºmƒ Aßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ Hcp hy‡n-
sb∂ \ne-bn¬ as‰mcp hy‡n D±o-]n-∏n® hnImcw {]IrXym
ZmºXy [¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-∂n-√. AXv C{μn-b-
th-Zy-amb a‰p {]Im-i-\-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬
kvt\lw H‰ bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. ]t£, AXn\p hnhn[ am\-ß-
fp-≠v. hyXykvX ka-b-ß-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp am\w IqSp-
X¬ hy‡-ambn Db¿∂p hcpw. hnhm-tlm-Sº - Sn {]Im-i\- Ø
- ns‚
]pXnb cq]-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. i‡n-bn¬ hf-cm-\p≈ ]pXnb
73
hgn-Iƒ ÿncw At\z-jn-°p-∂p. Ch c≠pw DS-ºSn kwc-£n-

°p-Ibpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ah A\p-Zn-\m-[zm\w
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ A\p-{K-l-Øns‚ sNmcn-
b-en\pw Ahn-Sp∂p \¬Ip∂ AXn-kzm-`m-hnI i‡n°pw
Bflob A·n°pw th≠n Hmtcm ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Ønepw
\ΩpsS kvt\lsØ ÿnco-I-cn-°m\pw kvt\lsØ ÿnco-I-
cn-°m\pw \bn-°m\pw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw th≠n {]m¿∞n-
°msX CsXm∂pw km[y-am-Ip-Ibn-√'' (\w. 164).
hnhm- l - Ø ns‚ BZy \mfp- I - f n¬ A\p- ` - h n- ° p∂

ssewKoI kpJ-ßƒ {ItaW Ipd-™p-h-cpw. CØ-c-Øn¬
PohnX el-cn-bmb ssewKo-IX F∂ ho™v Xo¿∂v t]mIp-
tºmƒ ssewKo-I-X-bn-√mØ kvt\l-Øns‚ elcn Zº-Xn-I-
fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ \nd-bpw. {]W-b-Øns‚ aq¿≤-\ym-h-ÿ-bn¬
ImapIn ktlm-Z-cn-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°pw. (D-Ø-a-KoXw 4:9, 5:1).
\jvIma I¿Ω-Øn-te-bv°p≈ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS CØcw hf¿®-
bpsS Nq≠p-]-e-I-bmWv kvt\l-Øns‚ bpKm-¥y-]-c-amb AS-
bm-f-am-Ip∂ k\ym-kn.
74
6
ê-{]m-]vXn-bp≈ kvt\lw
H cp a\p-jy≥ AΩ-bpsS DZ-c-Øn¬ Dcp-hm-Ip∂

XneqsS ssZhw B a\p-jys\ krjvSn-°p-∂Xv ]q¿Æ-am-
Ip-∂n-√. Hcp-hs\ ssZhw krjvSn-°p-∂Xv ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂Xv
Ahs‚ ac-W-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. AΩ-bpsS DZ-c-Øn¬ Dcp-hmb
inip AΩ, A∏≥, ktlm-Z-co-k-tlm-Z-c-∑m¿, {]]n-Xm-a-l-∑m¿,
Iq´p-Im¿, A[ym-]I- ¿, kaqlw F∂n-htcm-Sp≈ _‘-Øn-emWv
hf¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv.
AΩ-bpsS K¿`-Øn¬ Dcp-hm-IpI F∂Xv Hcp-hs\ ssZhw

krjvSn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Bcw`w am{X-am-Wv. ssZh-Øn\v B
a\p-jys‚ krjvSn-I¿Ωw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-s‚bpw
kaqlw apgp- h - s ‚bpw kl- I - c Ww Bh- i y- a m- W v . \ns∂
IqSmsX \ns∂ krjvSn® ssZh-Øn\v \ns‚ kl-I-cWw
IqSmsX \ns‚ krjvSn-I¿Ωw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Hcp
a\pjy≥ Fßs\-bmWv hyXykvX _‘-ß-fn-eqsS ]q¿Æ
hf¿® {]m]n-°p-∂-sX∂v hnhm-ln-X-cmb Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-
Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-Øn-eqsS hnh-cn-°p-I-bmWv Cu A∏-kvtXm-
enI teJ-\-Øns‚ A©mw A[ym-bw.
75
]pXp-Po-h\p kzmKXw
Cu A[ym-b-Øns‚ Xe-s°´pw "]pXp-Po-h\p kzmKXw'
F∂ Cu JWvUn-I-bpsS Xe-s°´pw hmbn-®m¬ Cu A[ymbw
"IqSp-X¬ Ip™p-ßsf' {]k-hn-∏nt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-
°p-dn-®mWv hnh-cn-°p-∂-sX∂ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bn-te°v hmb-\-
°m-c≥ hgpXn hogm≥ km[y-X-bp-s≠∂v ]. ]nXmhv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-
°p-∂p. DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb ]nXrXzw F¥v A¿∞-am-°p-
∂n√ F∂v hn. tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠ma≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. AXv A\n-
b-{¥nX k¥m-t\m¬∏m-Z-\-sa∂v A¿∞-am-°p-∂n-√. Ipń-Iƒ
F{X thW-sa-∂v, Ht∂m, AXn-e-[n-Itam F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-
hm-\p≈ kºq¿Æ A[n-Imcw Zº-Xn-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. ""kmaqln-
Ihpw P\-kw-Jym-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw kz¥w
kml-N-cyhpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb B{K-l-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v B
kzmX{¥yw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw'' amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v
\¬IpI, Ah¿ AXv kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°pI
F∂-XmWv DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb ]nXrXzw AYhm amXrXzw
(\w. 167).
F¥mWv ]pXp-Po-h\v \¬Ip∂ kzmKXw? AXv P\n-°p-

∂-Xn\p aptº Ip™ns\ kvt\ln-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. ]ecpw
ssewKnI _‘-Øn-\p-tijw kv{Xo K¿`n-Wn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Cu
K¿`w Ipd®p IqSn Ign-™n´v aXn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v Nn¥n-
°p-∂p. CØcw Ip™p-ßsf B{K-ln-°mØ Ip™p-ßƒ
(unwanted babies) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. B{K-ln-°mØ Ip™p-ßsf
sIm√m\p≈ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS Ah-Im-isØ k` X≈n-°-f-
bp-∂p. ""]e Ipń-Ifpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ BZy-\n-an-j-
ß-fn¬ Xs∂ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, Dt]-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu
Ipń-Isf temI-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-h∂ - Xv ]ni-Im-bn-t∏mbn F∂v
kzbw \oXo-I-cn®v ]d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v. CXv e÷m-I-c-amWv!....''
(\w. 166). Cu at\m-`m-h-Øn\p ]Icw ssZhw F\n°v Hcp
kΩm\w \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂ t_m[y-tØmsS Ip™ns\
kzoI- c n- ° - W w. Hcp Ip™v Dcp- h m- I p- t ºmƒ Xs∂ B
Ip™ns‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS apJw Ccp-≠-Xm-sW-¶n¬, B
Ip™ns‚ Zp:Jw B¿°v hnh-cn-°m-\mIpw! B Ip™ns\ ssZh-
I-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \μn-tbmsS, {]k-∂-amb apJ-tØmsS kzoI-
76
cn-°p-tºmƒ B Ip™ns‚ Pohn-Xhpw {]k-∂-am-Ip-∂p. B

Ip™ns\ hnfn-°m-\p≈ t]cv ssZh-Øn\v \¬Ip-∂Xv amXm-
]n-Xm-°-fm-Wv (\w. 166).
Hcp IpSpw- _ - Ø n\v K¿`- Ø n- e p≈ Ip™n- s \- ° p- d n®v

kt¥m-j] - q¿Δw HºXv amkw kz]v\w ImWm-\p≈ Ignhv \jvS-
s∏-´m¬ Ipń-I-fn¬ kvt\lw hf-cp-I-bn-√. Ahs‚ hy‡nXzw
acn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw (\w. 169). Hcp inip-hns‚ P\n-XI LS-\-
sb-°p-dnt®m, `mhn-bn¬ D≠m-Im≥ t]mIp∂ tcmK-sØ-°p-
dnt®m sshZy-im-kv{X-Øn\v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ B
hy‡n-bpsS AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ X\n-a-sb-°p-dn®v {kjvSm-hn\v
am{Xsa Adn-bq. {kjvSm-hns‚ ImgvN∏ - m-Sn-eqsS Ip™ns‚ Pohn-
XsØ t\m°n-°m-Wp-tºmƒ K¿`ÿ inip-hn\v {]tXyI aqey-
ap-s≠∂v a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ ⁄m\w e`n°pw (\w. 170). {]k-
hn-°p∂Xp hsc amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v B\-μ-ap-s≠-¶n¬ "B
kt¥mjw Ip™n-te°v ]I¿∂p In´pw' (\w. 171).
amXm-hns‚bpw ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw kvt\lw

Hcp a\p-jy≥ ssZh-amcm-sW∂v BZyw Adn-bp-∂Xv amXm-
]n-Xm-°-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. {kjvSm-hmb ssZh-Øns‚ kz`m-h-sØ-
°p-dn-®p≈ ASn-ÿm\ hymJym-Xm°ƒ amXm-]n-Xm-°f - mWv (\w.
172). Hcp a\p-jy\v AΩ-bn¬ \n∂pw A∏-\n¬ \n∂pw hyXykvX
Xcw kvt\l-{]-I-S-\-ß-fmWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. `£-W-]-Zm¿∞hpw
hnj-an-√mØ ]®-°d - nbpw Ipń-Iƒ°v ico-cØ
- ns‚ hf¿®-bmWv
\¬Ip-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ amXmhns‚bpw ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw kvt\lw
Ip™ns‚ B¥-cnI hy‡n-XzsØ hf¿Øp-∂p. A∏\pw
AΩbpw Ip™ns\ kvt\ln-®m¬ am{Xw t]mcm, {]XypX Ah¿
Xs∂ ]c-kv]cw kvt\ln-°-Ww (\w. 172).
kv{XoIƒ sXmgn¬ sNøm\pw ]Tn-°m\pw Xß-fpsS

{]tXyI sshZKv≤yw hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw B{K-ln-°p-∂p. AtX
kabw Ah¿ amXm-hns‚ kvt\lw Ipń-Iƒ°p \¬Im≥ hnfn-
°-s∏-´-h-cm-sW∂v ad-°-cp-Xv. kv{Xo°v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ am{X
-a-√, IS-a-I-fp-ap≠v (\w. 173). amXrXzw C√mØ AΩ-am-cp≈
kaqlw a\p-jy-Xz-c-ln-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. AΩ-am-cn¬ amXr-Xz-kz-
77
`m-ha
- n-s√-¶n¬ hy‡n-am-{X-hmZw hf-cpw. inip-hn\v Bflm-`n-am\w
\¬Ip-∂Xv amXr-Xz-am-Wv. Hcp inip-hn\v Bfl-ss[cyw \¬Ip-
∂Xv AΩ-bm-Wv. amXr-Xz-an-√mØ kaq-l-Øn¬ hnizm-k-Øn\v
A¿∞w \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-Ipw (\w. 173, 174).
amXm-hns‚ kvt\l-sØ-t∏m-se-Øs∂ \n¿Æm-b-I-amWv

]nXm-hns‚ kvt\lw. F∂m¬ B[p-\nI kaqlw aq∂v sX‰mb
Nn¥-bn¬ IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂p.
1. CW tN¿∂m¬, CWsb Dt]-£n-°mw. Ip™ns‚

hf¿®bv°v amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ XΩn-ep≈ imiz-X-kvt\lw Bh-
iy-an-√.
2. ape-IpSn amdp-∂Xphsc am{Xsa Hcp Ip™n\v AΩ-

bpsS ]cn-N-cWw Bh-iy-ap-≈q (dqt m, Discourse on Inequality).
3. IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ ]nXm-hns‚ km∂n-[y-amWv B Ipń-bpsS

hy‡n-XzsØ XI¿°p∂ {][m\ LSIw (t{^mbn-Uns‚
kq∏¿ CutKm-sb-°p-dn®v hni-I-e-\w: Snowden Ruth. 2006. Teach
Yourself Freud, Mac Graw Hill, pp 105-107). t{^mbn-Uns‚ hni-I-e\w
thZ-hm-Iy-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ kaqlw ]nXr-cq-]sØ C√m-
Xm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C∂v IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ]nXm-hns‚ km∂n-[y-
an-√m-bva-bmWv {]iv\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv (\w. 176).
ssZhw ]nXm-hns\ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv Abm-

fpsS ]ucp-j-Xz-Øns‚ Zm\-ßƒ hgn "Xs‚ `mcy-bpsS ASp-
Øm-bn-cn-°m\pw F√m kt¥mjhpw Zp:Jhpw {]Xym-ibpw
t¢ihpw ]¶p-h-bv°m\pw th≠n-bm-Wv. Ipń-Iƒ hf-cp-tºmƒ
Ah-cpsS ASp-Øm-bn-cn-°m≥ ˛ Ah¿ Ifn-°p-tºmgpw tPmen
sNøp-tºmgpw {i≤-bn-√m-Ø-h-cm-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw \ncp-’m-l-cm-
bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw Aan-X-ambn kwkm-cn-°p-tºmgpw \ni-_vZ-cm-bn-
cn-°p-tºmgpw [ocX ImWn-°p-tºmgpw `b-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw hgn
sX‰p-tºmgpw ]n∂oSv icn-bmb am¿§-Øn-te°v hcp-tºmgpw Ah-
cpsS ASp-Øm-bn-cn-°m≥ th≠n-bm-W-Xv. Ft∏mgpw k∂n-ln-X-
\mb ]nXm-hm-bn-cn-°m≥ Xs∂. k∂n-ln-X≥ F∂p Rm≥
]d-bp-tºmƒ "\nb-{¥n-°p-∂-h≥' F∂v Rm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂n-√.
Aan-X-ambn \nb-{¥n-°p∂ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS Ipń-Isf
78
\njv { ]- ` - a m- ° p- ∂ p. Ipń- I ƒ hnI- k n- ° m≥ Ah¿ kΩ- X n-

°p∂n√.' Xßƒ D]-tbm-K-an-√m-Ø-h-tcm, Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø-htcm
BsW∂v Nne ]nXm-°-∑m¿°p tXm∂p-∂p. F∂m¬ Xß-fpsS
{]iv\-ß-fp-ambn hoń-te°p Xncn®p sN√p-tºmƒ Xßsf
ImØn-cn-°p∂ ]nXm-hns\ ImWp-I-sb-∂Xv Ipń-I-fpsS Bh-
iy-am-sW-∂-XmWv bYm¿∞ hkvXp-X. CXv AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-
°m≥, AXp {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ah¿ ITn\ {iaw sNbv
tX-°pw. ]t£ Ah¿°v AXv Bh-iy-am-Wv. Hcp ]nXmhv C√m-
Xn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Xøm-dm-Ip-∂X - n\p aptº hf-cp-∂Xpw Ipń-Iƒ°p
\∂-√.
hnim-e-amb ê-Zm-b-IXzw
Poh-im-kv{X-]c - a- mbn AΩ-bm-ImsX Xs∂ Hcp kv{Xobv°v
amXrXzw {]I- S n- ∏ n- ° m≥ Ign- b pw. Hcp I\ym- k v { Xo- b psS
"amXrXzw' Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ kºp-jvSa - m-Wv. I\ymkv{Xo \ap°v
AΩ-bm-Wv. Ip™p-ßsf ZsØ-Sp-°p-∂h - ¿ kz¥w IpSpw-_sØ
Zm\w \¬Ip-∂p (\w. 178, 179, 180). ZsØ-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ Ipń-Iƒ
hne aXn-t°-≠-h-cm-sW∂ ktμiw temI-Øn\v \¬Ip-∂p.
Hcp a\p-jys\ hf¿Øn hep-Xm°n kmaq-lnI Pohn-

bm°n am‰p∂ l_v BWv IpSpw-_w. "hnizmkw \sΩ temI-
Øn¬ \n∂v am‰n-°f - b
- p-Ib
- n-√. ]ns∂tbm \sΩ AXns‚ (kmaq-
lnI Pohn-X-Øns‚) IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn-te°v hen-s®-Sp-°p-I-
bmWv' (\w. 181).
adn-bhpw tPmk-^p-am-bp≈ CSp-ßnb _‘-Øn-e√ tbip

hf¿∂-Xv. Xß-fpsS ]{¥≠p hb- mb Ipń km¿∞-hm-lI
kwL-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS IY-Iƒ tI´pw Ah-cpsS Xm¬]-cy-ß-
fn¬ ]¶p tN¿∂pw Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Ign-®p-Iq-´p-I-bm-sW∂v
Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ lrZ-b-hn-im-eX adn-b-Øn\pw tPmk-^n\pw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e {InkvXob IpSpw-_ß- fpw kaq-lØ
- n¬ \n∂v
H‰-s∏´v IpSpw-_sØ Hcp A`-b-tI-{μ-ambn I≠v Pohn-°p-∂p
(\w. 182). ssZhw IpSpw-_-Øn\v temIsØ sacp-°n-sb-Sp-°pI
F∂ tPmen \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. cmjv{So-b-sØbpw kmaq-lnI
Pohn-X-sØbpw c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ IpSpw_ ssNX-\y-Øns‚
IpØn-hbv∏v Bh-iy-amWv (\w. 183).
79
kaq-l-amWv ico-c-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn-bpI

hnip≤ Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h¿ a‰p-≈-h¿ hni-∂n-cn-
°p-tºmƒ kp`n-£-ambn `£n-°p-∂Xv e÷m-I-c-am-sW∂v
hn. ]utemkv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂p (1tImdn. 11:17˛34). hnip≤
Ip¿_m\bv°p kmaq-lnI kz`m-h-ap-≠v. ""Znhy-Im-cpWy IqZmi
kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw ]oU-b-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw
t\sc IÆ-S-bv°p-tºmƒ As√-¶n¬ hn`-P-\w, ]p—w, Ak-aXzw
F∂n-h-bpsS hnhn[ cq]-ßƒ°v A\p-hmZw \¬Ip-tºmƒ B
IqZm-isb Atbm-Ky-X-tbm-sS-bmWv kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv'' (\w. 186).
hn. Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h\v kaqlw Xs‚ ico-c-am-sW∂v
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-XmWv ê-Zm-b-I-Xzw. a\p-jy-h¿§-Øn-t‚bpw
{]]-©-Øn-t‚bpw Ahn-`mPy `mK-ambn hn. Ip¿_m-\sb kzoI-
cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bm-Wv.
hnim-e-amb IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw
IpSpw-_P- o-hnXw kt¥m-j{- ]-Za
- m-°m≥ H∂m-aX
- mbn hnim-
e-amb IpSpw-_-_-‘-ßsf ap∂n¬ ImW-Ww. ""amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ,
Cf-b-Ω-am¿, Nn‰-∏-∑m¿, Ikn-∑m¿, Ab¬°m¿ t]mepw D≈
hnim-e-amb _‘-ß-fp-≠m-IWw'' (\w. 187). hy‡n-am-{X-hmZw
a‰p-≈-hsc iey-°m-cm-tbm, òj-Wn-bmtbm ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
c≠m-a-Xmbn Hcmƒ F{X {]mb-ap-≈-h-\m-bmepw amXm-thm

]nXmthm Bbmepw Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ {][m-\-a{¥n Xs∂
Bbmepw Abmƒ°v AXn-s‚-sb√mw ASn-Ø-d-bmbn Hcp inip-
hns‚ X\n-a-bp-≠v. F\n°v kzbw Poh-\p-≠m-b-X-√, AXv Rm≥
amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv F∂
hkvXp-X-bn-te°v Rm≥ XncnsI sN√Ww (\w. 188). Cu Hm¿Ω-
bn-√mØ kaqlw, "amXm-]n-Xm-°sf _lp-am-\n-°mØ kaqlw...
Xr]vXn-bn-√m-ØXpw AXym-{Klw \nd-™-Xp-amb kaq-lambn-
cn-°m≥ hn[n-°-s∏-´-XmWv' (\w. 189).
aq∂m-a-Xmbn Hcp-h≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°sf hn´p-t]-£n-°Ww

(D¬]Øn 2:24, k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ 45:10). hn´p-t]-£n-°p-I-sb-
∂m¬ Dt]-£n-°p-I, Ah-K-Wn-°pI F∂-√. hnSpI F∂Xv
Hcp kzm`m-hnI {]{In-b-bm-Wv. Hcp sXßn¬ \mfn-tIcw ]q¿Æ
80
hf¿®-sb-Øp-tºmƒ B \mfn-tIcw AS¿∂p t]mcp-∂p. Cu

hn´pt]mI¬ sXßns\ Ah-K-Wn-°-e-√. {]Xyp-X, "Fs‚
amXmhpw ]nXm- h p- a mb sXtß, Aß- b n¬ \n∂v Fs‚
XpS¿∂p≈ hf¿®-bv°m-h-iy-amb F√mw e`n®p' F∂ {]Jym-
]-\-am-Wv. F\n°v A¿ln-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ amXm-]n-
Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂v e`n®p F∂ {]Jym-]-\-amWv amXm-]n-Xm-°-
tfmSv sNøm-hp∂ G‰hpw henb _lp-am-\w.
Cu {]Jym-]\w \S-ØmØ a°ƒ F\n°v A¿ln-°p-∂-

Xn-t\-°mƒ Ipd-hmWv amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-®Xv F∂v
acWw hsc hne-]n-°p-∂p. CØ-c°m-cn¬ Nne¿ hnhmlw Ign-
™mepw Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw kz¥w
amXm-hn-t\m, ]nXm-hnt\m \¬Ip-∂p. Ch¿ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-tbmSv
]d-bmØ ]e cl-ky-ßfpw Ah-cpsS amXm-hn-t\mtSm / ]nXm-
hn-t\mtSm ]¶p-hb- v°p-∂p. CXv Zo¿L-Imew \ne-\n¬°pIbn√.
hnhm-ln-X-cm-b-h¿ ]p{X-∑mcpw ]p{Xn-am-cp-am-bn-cn-°m≥ ]pXnb
hgn-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-Ww (\w. 190). hnhm-l-Øn-\p-tijhpw a°ƒ
amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv Aan-X-ambn Hń-\n¬°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXns‚
A¿∞w Ah¿°v amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv IqSp-X¬ kvt\lw D≈-
Xp-sIm-≠-√, C\nbpw F\n°v Ah-cn¬ \n∂v e`n-°m≥ _m°n-
bp-s≠∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.
\mem-a-Xmbn hr≤¿ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hnShv \nI-

Øp-∂h- c
- m-Wv. Ncn{Xw Ft∂mSp IqSn-b√
- XpS-ßn-bs
- X∂v hr≤¿
Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. hn. ]utemkv ]d-bp-∂p, "Ign™ Ime-ßƒ
Hm¿°p-hn≥' (sl{_m. 10:32). Xß-fpsS IY-Iƒ ]d-bp∂
hr≤sc {i≤n®p tIƒ°p-∂Xv Ipń-Iƒ°pw bph-P-\-ßƒ°pw
\√-Xm-Wv. hm¿≤-Iy-Øn-se-ØnbhcpsS ⁄m\sØ BZ-cn-
®m¬ kaqlw ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n°pw (\w. 192, 193).
A©m-a-Xmbn Hcp hy‡n-bpsS hf¿®-bnse \n¿Æm-

bILS-I-amWv ktlm-Zcok-tlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS klm-bw. ]e
IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw _p≤n-]-c-am-tbm, kmº-Øn-I-amtbm _e-lo-
\-cmbhsc ktlm-Zc - ∑
- m¿ klm-bn-°p-∂Xpw kwc-£n-°p-∂Xpw
Aaq-ey-amb A\p-`-h-amWv (\w. 195). "Hcp Ipń am{Xsa D≠m-
bn-cn-°m≥ km[y-X-bp≈q F∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bm¬ B Ipń
GIm-¥-\m-tbm- H-‰-s∏t´m hf-cm≥ CS-bm-Im-Xn-cn-°p∂Xn\p-
th≠ Dd∏v e`n-°m-\p≈ hgn-Iƒ Is≠-ØWw' (\w. 195).
81
Bdm-a-Xmbn hnim-e-amb Hcp IpSpw_ Pohn-X-sa-∂m¬

Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp≈ IpSpw-_ß - sf hyXykvX taJ-eI
- f
- n¬ klm-
bn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp-hs‚ Ab¬hm-kn-I-fn¬ Bcp-sS-sb-
¶nepw a°ƒ aZy-]m-\-Øn-t\m ab-°p-a-cp-∂nt\m ASn-a-bm-sW-
¶n¬ Ahsc klm-bn-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS IpSpw_w hnim-e-am-
Ip-∂p. \ΩpsS _‘p-°-tfm Ab¬hm-kn-Itfm I∏¬tOZw
h∂-t]mse XI¿∂p-t]m-bm¬ Ahsc hnim-e-amb IpSpw-_-
Ønse AwKw t]mse ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS IpSpw_w hnim-e-am-Ip-Ibpw a\p-jy-h¿§w
apgp-h\pw GI-i-co-c-am-sW∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ Bkzm-Z\w
e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw (\w. 197).
""Ah-km-\-ambn IqSp-X¬ hn]p-e-amb IpSpw-_-Øn¬

AΩm-bn-b-∏-∑mcpw AΩm-bn-b-Ω-amcpw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS F√m
_‘p-°fpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂p F∂Xp hnkva-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. Cu
_‘p-°sf a’-c-°mcpw òjWn Db¿Øp-∂-hcpw IS-∂p-I-b-
‰-°m-cp-ambn ImWm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-°p-Is - b-∂Xv kvt\l-Øns‚
arZp-e-amb Hcp hi-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-tfmSpw BNm-c-
a-cym-ZI
- t- fmSpw _lp-am-\a
- p-≠m-bn-cn-°W
- s- a∂pw Ah-cpsS `mj
a\- n-em-°m≥ ]cn-{i-an-°-W-sa∂pw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS \nb-am-\p-kr-
X-amb kzIm-cy-Xbpw kzmX-{¥yhpw kwc-£n-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
Ahsc kq£n-°p-Ibpw ip{iq-jn-°p-Ibpw thW-sa∂pw Zmº-
Xy-_‘w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Aßs\ sNøm≥ a\- p-≠m-
bn-cn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv Xs‚-Xs∂ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-tbm-Sp≈ DZm-c-Xm-
]q¿Æ-amb kvt\l-Øns‚ AXn-hn-in-jvS-amb {]Im-i-\-am-Wv''
(\w. 198).
82
7
AP]m-e\ ho£-W-ßƒ
IpSpw-_-ßsf \ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ItØm-en°mk`

Gs‰-Sp-t°≠ I¿Ω-]-≤-Xn-°m-h-iy-amb ssk≤m-¥nI ImgvN-
∏m-Sp-I-fmWv Cu teJ-\-Øns‚ Bdmw A[ymbw apt∂m´v
hbv°p-∂-Xv. IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Ønse {]iv\-ß-fn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn-
t\m-sSm∏w kl-K-an-t°-≠-h-\mWv ˛ H∏w \S-t°-≠-h-\mWv ˛
Hmtcm sshZn-I\ - pw. F∂m¬ C∂v IpSpw_w t\cn-Sp∂ k¶o¿Æ
{]iv\ß - ƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Bh-iy-amb ]cn-io-e\w sshZn-
I¿°v e`n-®n-ń√ (\w. 202) F∂ ImgvN-∏m-tSm-sS-bmWv Cu
A[ymbw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-em-Wv Cu ]cn-
io-e\w Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv? 1. skan-\mcn hnZym¿∞n-Isf
]cn-io-en-∏n-°¬, 2. hnhml hmKvZm\w \S-Ønb Zº-Xn-Isf
Hcp-°¬, 3. IqZmi kzoI-cn-°m≥ Hcp-°¬, 4. hnhml Pohn-X-
Øns‚ BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ Zº-Xn-am-tcm-sSm∏w kl-bm-{Xn-I-cm-
I¬, 5. Bh-iy-ap-≈-h¿°v klm-b-t{km-X- p-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-
Wn-°¬ 6. hnj-a-k-‘n-I-fn¬ klmbw \¬I¬, 7. B¥-cnI
apdn-hp-I-fpsS kuJy-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, 8. hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn\p tij-
ap≈ kl-bm-{X, 9. Pohn-X-bm-{X-bn¬ Pohn-X-]-¶mfn th¿s∏´p
t]mb-h¿°p≈ km¥z\w, F∂o HºXp taJ-e-I-fmbn AP-
]m-e\ ]≤-Xnsb h¿§o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
83
AP-]m-e-I¿°p≈ ]cn-io-e\w
Hmtcm CS-hI hnIm-cn-bp-sSbpw ZuXyw IpSpw-_-tØmSv
kphn-tij {]tLm-jWw \S-Øm≥ IpSpw-_sØ k÷-am-°pI
F∂-Xm-Wv. hnX-°m-c-\mb ssZhw hnX® hnØns\ ]cn-]m-en-
°m≥ hnfn-°-s∏-´-h-\mWv Hmtcm sshZn-I-\pw. ""AP-]m-e\ ]≤-
Xn-bn¬ s]mXp-hmb Xm¬∏cyw ImWn-®m¬ t]mc. IpSpw-_ßƒ
IpSpw_ khn-ti-j-Øns‚ kPoh {]h¿Ø-I-cm-Im≥ Ahsb
i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØW - w.'' C∂v \mw sNøp-∂Xv "IpSpw-_t- ØmSv' kphn-
tijw {]tLm-jn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu {]tLm-jWw IpSpw-_sØ
hf¿Øp-∂n-√. IpSpw-_-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ IpSpw-_-Øn-ep-≈h-tcmSv
Xs∂ kphn-tijw {]tLm-jn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-I-Ww
(\w. 200). CS-hI sshZn-I-cmWv C°mcyw sNtø-≠-sX-¶nepw
Ah¿°v AXn-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w e`n-®n-ń√ (\w. 202).
sshZn-I-cm-Im-\p≈ skan\mcn hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ ]ecpw

sshIm-cnI ]IzX C√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv. hfsc tamiw IpSpw_
kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Ah¿ skan-\m-cn-I-fn¬ hcp-∂-Xv.
CØcw kml-Nc - y-ßf- n¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ hy‡nXz {]iv\ß
- sf
XcWw sNøp∂ ]cn-ioe\w \S-°p-∂p-t≠m-sb∂v ]cn-io-e-I¿
Dd∏p hcp-ØWw (\w. 203).
skan-\mcn hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ am{X-a-√ Cu {]iv\w D≠m-

Ip-∂-Xv. hnhm-ln-X-cmb Zº-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Ønse {]iv\-
ß-fpsS Hcp thcv Ah-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°f - pam-bp≈ _‘-Øn¬
\n∂v cq]w sIm≈p∂ B¥-cnI apdn-hp-I-fmWv (\w. 239, 240).
_mly-ambn Hcp-h≥ {]mb-am-bmepw ssii-h-Øn¬ A\p-`-hn-
t°-≠n-h-cp∂ Xn‡m-\p-`-h-ßsf kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-
h¿ sshZnI Pohn-X-Ønepw IpSpw_ Pohn-X-Ønepw {]iv\w
krjvSn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw. ssii-hØ- n¬ e`n-t°≠ kvt\lw
Hcp-h\v ssii-h-Øn¬ e`n-®n-s√-¶n¬ 40 hb- m-bmepw Ah≥
inip-hn-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ Nm]-ey-ßƒ°v ASn-a-bm-Ip-sa∂v Cu
A[ymbw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p.
AXn-\m¬ B¥-cnI kuJyw F∂ {]{In-bbv°v hnt[-

b-\m-ImØ Hcp-h≥ sshZn-I, k\ym-k, hnhml Pohn-X-Øn\v
tbmKy- \ - √ . Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Xs‚ Ncn- { XsØ apdpsI
]nSn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Dd∏p hcp-Ø-Ww. AXn\v kpJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬,
84
£an- ° m\pw £an- ° - s ∏- S m- \ p- a p≈ Ir]m- h - c - Ø n- \ m- b p≈

{]m¿∞-\, klmbw kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈ k∑-\- v, ]cn-{iaw Dt]-
£n-°msX XpS¿∂v ]cn-{i-an®p sIm≠n-cn-°¬ F∂nh Bh-
iy-am-sW∂v AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww. Bflm¿∞-amb Bfl-]-cn-tim-
[\ \S-°-Ww. Hcp-hs‚ Ipd-hp-Ifpw A]-Iz-Xbpw _‘sØ
Fßs\ _m[n- ° p- ∂ p- s h∂v ImWm- \ p≈ km[yX AXp
\¬Ipw. at‰ hy‡n Ip‰-ap≈ hy‡n-bm-sW-∂Xp Xo¿®-bm-
sW∂v tXm∂n-bmepw B hy‡n°v am‰w hcp-sa∂ {]Xo£
sIm≠p am{Xw hnj-a-k-‘nsb AXn-Po-hn-°m-\m-hp-Ibn√.
kwL¿jw ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v \ΩpsSXs∂ Pohn-X-Øn¬
F¥mWv hf-tc-≠Xv As√-¶n¬ kpJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv F∂p-IqSn
\Ωƒ tNmZn-°-Ww (\w. 240). amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ XΩn¬ \nc-¥cw
hg-°n-Sp-I, amXm-]n-Xm-°f
- n¬ Bsc-¶nepw Hcmƒ ]¶m-fnsb Dt]-
£n-°p-I, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ Bsc-¶nepw aZy-Øn\v ASn-a-bm-
Ip-I, a‰p-≈h-cm¬ ssii-h-Øn¬ Xs∂ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-Øn\v
hnt[-b-cm-Ip-I, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ Bsc-¶nepw A{I-a-kz-`m-h-
ap-≈-h-cm-IpI F∂o kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ hy‡n-
I-fpsS hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬ acWwhsc \ne-\n¬°p∂ hy‡n-Xz-
{]-iv\-ap-≠m-Ipw. AØcw hy‡n-Iƒ Xßsf thZ-\n-∏n® amXm-
]n-Xm-°ƒ, _‘p-°ƒ, A[ym-]-I¿, Iq´p-Im¿ apX-em-b-h-tcmSv
£an-°m-sX, sshZn-I-cm-bmepw k\y-kvX-cm-bmepw hnhm-ln-X-
cm-bmepw Ah¿°v {Inbm-flI _‘-ßƒ krjvSn-°pI km[y-
a-√. AXp-sIm≠v sshZnI, Aflmb ]cn-io-e\ Ime-L-´-Øn¬
B¥-cnI kuJyw apJy AP-≠-bm-I-Ww.
hnhn[ Hcp-°-ßƒ
Hcp-°-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏-´Xv a\p-jy-h¿§-Øns‚
kºq¿Æ sFIy-Øns‚ km[yX ImWm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\-
am-Wv. a\p-jy-∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw GsX-¶nepw {KŸ-ß-
fn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-sIm≠v \√-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-√. ""B sFIyw
AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI am\sØ Db¿Øp∂p'' F∂
Xm-Wv {][m\w. kaq-l-Ønse sFIy-Øns‚ tI{μw IpSpw-_-
Ønse sFIy-am-Wv. Cu sFIy-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv
ssewKn-I-Xbv°v AXns‚ G‰w Bg-Øn-ep≈ A¿∞w e`n-°p-
∂-Xv. as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ kv{Xo ]pcpj ssewKn-IX krjvSn-
85
°p∂ sFIyw, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ sFIy-Øn-te°pw cmjv{S-

Øns‚ sFIy-Øn-te°pw a\p-jy-h¿§-Øns‚ sFIy-Øn-te-
°p-ap≈ BZy-]Sn am{X-amWv (\w. 205).
Cu Hcp-°-Øn¬ thtZm-]-tZiw apgph≥ ]Tn-∏n-°pI

F∂Xv e£y-a-√. Bflm-hn\v kwXr]vXn \¬Ip-∂Xv AanX
hnh-c-W-tam, Adnthm A√. ""]ns∂tbm hkvXp-X-Isf B¥-
cn-I-ambn A\p-`-hn-°m\pw cpNn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hmWv'' (\w. 207).
sNm√n-∏-Tn® \a-kvIm-c-ßƒ FgpØp ]co-£-bn¬ Pbn-®mte
Hcp-h\v IqZm-i-I-fn¬ ]¶p-tN-cm≥ A\p-hm-Z-ap≈q F∂ coXn-
bn-ep≈ sshZn-I-cpsS {]hrØn-Iƒ {InkvXo-b-tam, ImtXm-en-
Itam A√.
\a-kvImcw sNm√n-t°ƒ∏n-°¬ F∂ ]co-£-bv°√

{]m[m-\yw, tijn-®n-´p≈ PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-
°m≥ sNm√nt°ƒ∏n-°-en\v Ign-b-Ww. AXn\v ""hnhm-l-Øn-
\p≈ Hcp°w Hcp hn[-Øn¬ hnhm-l-Iq-Zm-i-bn-te°v {]th-in-
∏n-°¬ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. IqZm-isb tbmKy-X-tbmsS kzoI-cn-
°m\pw IpSpw-_-sa∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ Pohn-X-Øns‚ XpS°w ZrV-
s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb klmbw \¬In-
s°m≠v A{]-Imcw sNø-Ww'' (\w. 207).kvt\ln-°m≥ ]Tn-∏n-
°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww hnhml Hcp° ¢m p-I-fpsS {][m\
e£yw (\w. 208, 209). hnhm-l-Øn-ep-≠m-Im≥ km[y-X-bp≈
{]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw Ah ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ km[y-X-Ifpw hnhml
Hcp-°-Øn¬ \¬I-Ww (\w. 210, 211).
IqZm-i-bv°p≈ Hcp°w
hnhml Pohn-X-Øn-tebv°v {]th-in-°p-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬
{i≤n-°p-∂Xv kZy, hkv{Xw, t^mt´m, B¬_w, hoUntbm
sdt°m¿Unßv, ta°∏v apX-emb Imcy-ß-fm-Wv. F∂m¬
IqZm-i-I-fn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ Ir]m-h-c-amWv B¥-cnI apdn-hp-Isf
kuJy-s∏-SpØn, sFIyw \¬Ip-∂-sX∂v ]ecpw ad-°p-∂p.
At\Iw bph-P-\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS hnhm-l-Zn-\-Øn¬ {i≤
tI{μo- I - c n- ° p- ∂ p, BPo- h - \ m- ¥ - k - a ¿∏- W sØ ad- ° p∂p
(\w. 212, 213, 214, 215).
86
hnhm-l-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ BZy-Imew
hnhm-l-Øns‚ BZy-\m-fp-I-fn¬ Zº-Xn-Iƒ Aan-X-amb
B\μw A\p-`h - n-°pw. F∂m¬ kt¥m-jØ - ns‚ \mfp-Iƒ Bdp-
amkw Ign-bp-tºm-tg°pw AkvX-an-°pw. hnhml hncp-∂nse
ho™v Xo¿∂p-t]m-IpI F∂m¬ a[p-hn-[phnse kt¥mjw
{ItaW AkvXa - n-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. BZy-\m-fp-If
- n¬ Xs∂ A{]-
Xy-£a
- m-Ip∂ kt¥m-jhpw Zp:JØns‚ IS-∂p-hc - hpw kzoI-cn-
°m≥ Zº-Xn-Isf klm-bn-°pI F∂-XmWv ASpØ]Sn.
hnhml DS-ºSn Hcn-°¬ F∂-t∂-bv°p-ambn kw`-hn®

bmYm¿∞y-a-√. Hcp-h\v hml-\-tam-Sn-°m≥ ssek≥kv In´pI
F∂m¬ hml-\t- am-Sn-°m≥ Adnbmw F∂v A¿∞-an-√. At\Iw
A]- I - S - ß ƒ XcWw sNbv X p Ign- b p- t ºmƒ {ItaW Hcp
ss{Uh¿ Bbn hf-cp-I-bm-Wv. Hcp-h\v ]´w Inń-bm¬ Ah≥
sshZn-I-\m-Ip-∂n-√. A[ym-]-I-\mbn tPmen e`n-®m¬ Ah≥
A[ym-]-I-\m-Ip-∂n-√. MD ]m m-bm¬ Hcp-h≥ tUmIvS-dm-Ip
-∂n-√. Phd e`n-®m¬- A-h≥ Kth-j-I-\m-Ip-∂n-√. Ch-sb√mw
e`n- ® - X n- \ p- t ijw e`n® Ign- h p- I ƒ°- \ p- k - c n®v Pohn®v
hyXykvX {]iv\-ßsf XcWw sNøptºm-gmWv Hcp-h≥ sshZn-
I-t\m, tUmIvS-tdm, KthjIt\m BIp-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse
hnhml IqZmi kzoI-cn® Hcp-h\v hyXykvX {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ
A`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw XcWw sNøp-∂X - n-eq-sS-bp-amWv hnhml
DS-ºSn hf-cp-∂-Xv. hnhm-l-Po-hn-X-Ønse ho™v hnhmlw
Ign™v Bdp-am-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xo¿∂p-t]m-Ip-sa∂v Adn-bm-Ø-
h-cmWv A{]-Xo-£n-Xa - mb Ft¥m H∂v kw`-hn-®X - p-t]mse \ncm-
i-cm-Ip-∂-Xv. ""hnhm-l-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A\p-Nn-X-amb
Db¿∂ {]Xo-£I - f
- mWv XI¿∂ hnhm-lß - f- psS Imc-Wß - f
- n¬
ImWp-∂Xv'' (\w. 221). ""Hcp in¬] hnZ-Kv≤s‚ £am-io-e-
tØmsS Hcmsf at‰-bmƒ°p-th≠n ImØn-cn-°m≥ kvt\lw
\n¿_-‘n-°p-∂p. B £am-ioew ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v hcp-∂-
Xm-Wv'' (\w. 221).
klmb t{kmX- p-Iƒ

hnhmlw Ign-™n-´p≈ BZy-h¿j-ßƒ kPo-hhpw kwth-
Z-]-c-hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Zº-Xn-I-tfm-sSm-Øp≈ kl-K-a\w
87
IqZm-i-Iƒ°-∏p-d-tØ°v hf-tc-≠-Xm-Wv. kwL-S-\-Iƒ, {]ÿm-

\-ßƒ, ]pXnb kaq-l-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS {Ita-W-bp≈ kl-
I-cWw sIm≠v Chsc klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. Fß-s\-bmWv
Chsc klm-bn-t°≠sX∂v sshZn-Icpw hnhm-ln-X-cmb Zº-
Xn-I-fpsS {Kq∏p-Ifpw Nn¥n-°-Ww.
]¶p-h-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ A\p-Zn\ A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn-eqsS Nne

\S-]Sn {Iaw Hmtcm IpSpw-_hpw kzbw hnI-kn-∏n-°-Ww. {]`mX
Npw_-\w, kmbm” k‘y-bnse Bio¿hm-Zw, hoń¬ ]c-
kv]cw kzmKXw sNø¬, hmXn¬°¬ ImØp-\n¬°¬, H∂n®p
bm{X-sN-ø¬, ho´p-tPm-en-I-fn¬ ]¶p-tN-c¬, apX-em-bh kzmK-
Xm¿l-am-Wv. Zn\-N-cy-bn¬ am‰w hcpØn Hcp ]m¿ń-bn¬ ]s¶-
Sp-°p-∂Xpw hm¿jn-Im-tLm-j-ßƒ, IpSpw-_m-tLm-j-ßƒ apX-
em-bh- b
- n¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂Xpw \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. \ap°v BtLm-
jn- ° m≥ Ign- b p- ∂ n- S - t Ømfw Imew \ΩpsS kv t \lsØ
]p\¿Pz-en-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bpw (\w. 226).
hnj-a-k-‘n-Iƒ Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ

hnj-a-k-‘n-Iƒ IpSpw-_sØ Xf¿Øp-∂n-√. {]XypX
hf¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. Hmtcm {]Xn-k-‘nbpw \ap°v ]Tn-°m≥ Hcp
]mTw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. lrZ-b-am-Ip∂ sNhn sIm≠v B ]mTw
{i≤n®p tIƒt°-≠s - X-ßs
- \-bm-Wv \Ωƒ ]Tn-°Ww (\w. 222).
hnj-a-k‘n D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ \mw kzc-£-bv°mbn ]cn-{i-

an-°p-∂p. B {]Xn-k‘n X∂-Øm≥ C√m-Xm-Ip-sa∂v Icp-
Xp-∂p. CXv Imcy-ßsf tami-am-°p-Ibpw Zº-Xn-Iƒ B¥-cn-I-
ambn AI-∂p-\n∂v hf-cm≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. F∂m¬,
Bi-b-hn-\n-abw sNøm-\p≈ Ignhv Ah¿°v \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Rm≥ kvt\ln-°p∂ hy‡n {ItaW Fs‚ Pohn-X-k-Jn, a°-
fpsS A∏≥, As√-¶n¬ AΩ, Ah-km\w Hcp A]-cn-Nn-X≥
F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ FØn-t®cpw (\w. 223). Zº-Xn-Iƒ XΩn¬
kwkm-cn-°m-Xm-bm¬ {]iv\w IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-Ipw.
IpSpw-_-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-ksØ Fßs\ AwKo-

I-cn°pw, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂v Fßs\ AS¿∂v Ah-cpsS
CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Ipd-bv°pw, ]pXnb Ip™ns\ kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ
Pohn-X-ssi-en-bn¬ hcp-tØ≠ am‰-sa-¥mWv? hm¿≤-Iy-Øn-se-
88
Øp-∂-hsc Fßs\ klm-bn°mw? apX-em-bh IpSpw_w t\cn-

Sp∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fmWv (\w. 236).
£an-°p-I, £an-°s
- ∏-SpI F∂Xv IpSpw-_P - o-hn-XØ
- nse
Aar-Xm-Wv. Fßs\ £an-°m-sa∂v Adn-bp-Ibpw £an-°-s∏-
´p-sh∂v Fßs\ tXm∂m-sa∂v Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv IpSpw-
_-Po-hn-X-Ønse Hcp auen-Im-\p-`-h-am-Wv. Nne-t∏mƒ CXv ]pd-
sa-\n-∂p≈ klmbw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p (\w. 236). C°m-cy-Øn¬
tIc-f-Ønse [ym\-tI-{μ-ßƒ sNøp∂ tkh\w \nkvXp-e
-am-Wv. ssewKnI ]cm-Pbw hnhm-l-_‘w Dt]-£n-°m-\p≈
Imc-W-am-sW∂v Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ Hcp hnhm-
lhpw hnP-bn-°p-I-bn√ (\w. 237).
hnhml-tam-N\w \S-Øn-b-h¿ k`m-{`-jvS-c-√. B hn[-

Øn¬ Ah-tcmSv s]cp-am-d-cp-Xv. tIkp-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-a-Øn\v
k` Nm¿Pv CuSm-°-cp-Xv. CØcw tIkp-Iƒ Xo¿∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v
Ime-Xm-akw kw`-hn-°-cp-Xv. sa{Xms‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv
Ime-hn-fw_w IqSmsX tIkp-Iƒ Xo¿∏m-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\mbn
Ãm^ns\ k÷o- I - c n- ° - W w. Ipń- I - f psS \∑bv ° v H∂mw
ÿm\w \¬I-Ww. AΩbpw A∏\pw ]c-kv]cw \√Xp ]d-bp-
∂Xv tI´p thWw a°ƒ hf-cm≥. hnhm-l-tam-N\w Ipń-I-fn¬
kpJ- s ∏Sp- Ø m≥ Ign- b mØ apdn- h p- I ƒ krjv S n- ° p∂p
(\w. 245, 246).
an{i-hn-hmlw Ign-®-hsc Dt]-£n-°-cp-Xv. Ahsc acWw

hsc ]n¥p-S-c-Ww (\w. 248). kzh¿§m-\p-cm-Kn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈
sFIysØ k`bv°v hnhm-l-ambn ImWm≥ Ign-bn√ (\w. 251).
acWw PohnX ]¶m-fn-sb-tbm, a°-sftbm A]-l-cn-°p-

tºmƒ Zp:Jn®v Pohn-X-Imew Ign-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v
hy‡n-Isf Pohn-X-Øns‚ ZuXy-t_m-[-Øn-te°v XncnsI
sIm≠p-h-c-Ww. Zp:Jw Zo¿Ln-∏n-°p-∂Xv Bfl-l-Xym-]-c-am-
sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv \¬I-Ww (\w. 255). acn-®-h¿°v th≠n
{]m¿∞n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ah-cp-ambn Pohn-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-bn-cp∂
_‘w Dujva-f-X-tbmsS XpS-cm≥ \ap°v Ign-bpw.
89
Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw
"kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¥mjw' F∂ A∏-kvtXm-enI

teJ-\-Øns‚ Ggmw A[ymbw Ipń-Iƒ°v \¬tI≠ hnZym-
`ymksØ Ipdn-®m-Wv. hnZym-`ymkw F∂ ]Zw tIƒ°p-tºmƒ
Xs∂ hcp-am-\a
- p-≠m-°m-\p≈ am¿§w F∂ GI-e£- y-Øn-emWv
temIw C∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. tUmIvS¿, F©n-\o-b¿, h°o¬,
A[ym-]-I≥, \gvkv, B¿°n-sSIv‰v, Nm¿tÚv A°u≠‚ v,
knhn¬ k¿Δokv F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ GXv tImgvkn\v tN¿∂m-
emWv IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w e`n-°pI F∂-XmWv hnZym-`ym-k-sØ-
°p-dn-®p≈ kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp [mc-W. F∂m¬ Aßs\
Hcp Imcy-sØ-°pdn®v Cu A[ymbw H∂pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-
∂n-√.
Hcp a\p-jys‚ PohnXw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ AXn\v c≠v

{][m\ LS-Iß - f- p-s≠∂v ImWmw. BZy-tØXv a\p-jy\pw a\p-
jy\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-Wv. Cu LS-I-sØ-bmWv \mw kmaq-
lnI PohnXw F∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. c≠m-a-tØXv a\p-jy\pw
ùXnI hkvXp-°-fp-am-bp≈ ùXnI _‘-am-Wv. D¬]m-Z-\w,
hcp-am-\w, {Ib-hn-{Ibw, hnX-c-Ww, kºm-Zyw, \nt£-]w, kzIm-
90
cy-kz-Øv, hyh-lm-cw, Iqen, em`w, Irjn apX-em-b-h-sb√mw a\p-

jys‚ ùXnI _‘-ß-fm-Wv.
C∂v \ne-hn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk taJe a\p-jys‚ ùXnI

_‘-ßƒ°v am{Xta {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p-≈q. {InkvXob
hnZym-`ym-k-sa-∂m¬ kmaq-lnI _‘-ßƒ°v H∂mw ÿm\hpw
ùXnI _‘-ßƒ°v c≠mw ÿm\hpw \¬Ip-∂p. hnZym-`ymk-
Øns‚ ùXnI taJe k`tb-°mƒ \∂mbn ssIImcyw
sNøp∂ At\Iw hy‡n-Ifpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw temI-Øn-ep-
s≠∂v k`-bv°-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ a\pjys‚ kmaq-lnI _‘-
ßsf hf¿Øp∂ hnZym-`ym-k-sØ-°p-dn®v km£yw \¬IpI
F∂Xv ItØm-en°m hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {][m\ ZuXy-am-Wv.
Cu A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-Øns‚ Ggmw A[ymbw a\p-jys\
Hcp kmaq-lnI Pohn-bm°n am‰p-∂-Xn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ hln-
t°≠ ]¶n-s\-bmWv hnZym-`ymkw F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v A¿∞-
am-°p-∂-Xv F∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ""kmaq-lnIh¬°-c-W-Øns‚
{]mY-anI cwKw IpSpw-_-am-Wv. Fs¥-∂m¬ \mw BZy-ambn a‰p-
≈-h-tcmSv _‘-s∏-Sm\pw {ihn-°m\pw ]¶p-h-bv°m\pw £am-
io-e-ap-≈-h-cm-Im\pw _lp-am\w {]Z¿in-∏n-°m\pw ]c-kv]cw
klmbn-°m\pw H∂n®p Pohn-°m\pw ]Tn-°p-∂Xv IpSpw-_Ø - n¬
sh®m-Wv. temIhpw kaq-lhpw \ΩpsS `h-\-am-sW∂v a\- n-
em-°n-Øc - p-Is - b-∂Xv hnZym-`ym-kØ
- ns‚ ZuXy-am-Wv. Cu henb
IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Fßs\ Hcp-an®v Pohn-°-W-sa∂v AXv \sΩ
]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂p'' (\w. 276). hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ CØ-c-samcp
ZuXyw \nd-th-‰m≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v ssZh-P\w \¬Ip∂
Imgv N - ∏ m- S p- I - f mWv Cu A[ym- b - Ø ns‚ A¥- - Ø - b mbn
am¿]m∏ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
Ipń-I-fpsS kml-N-cy-ßƒ
Ipń-Iƒ C∂v GXv ùXnI kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv Pohn-
°p-∂-sX∂v \mw BZyta a\- n-em-°-Ww. am[y-a-ßƒ Ipń-
Iƒ°v hnim-e-amb Hcp temIw Xpd∂p sImSp-°p-∂p. AhnsS
\√Xpw NoØ-bp-ap-≠v. F√m ÿeØpw Ipń-Isf ]n¥p-S-cm≥
amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v Ign-bn-√. Ipń-Iƒ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ImgvN-
bpsS ]cn-[n°v ]pdØp t]mbm¬ Ah¿ t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-
91
Isf Ah¿ Xs∂ t]mcmSn hnPbw hcn-°W - w. AXn-\mbn Hcp

Ipń°v Fs¥√mw Imcy-ß-fmWv amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ \¬tI-
≠-X.v ""amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Xß-fpsS Ipń-Iƒ Fhn-sS-bm-sW∂v Adn-
bm≥ Aan-Xa - mb hy{KX ImWn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS k¿Δ Ne-\-
ß-sfbpw \nb-{¥n°pIbpw sNbvXm¬ Ah¿ ÿew Iog-S° - m≥
am{Xw ]cn-{i-an-°pw. F∂m¬ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sm≥ Ipń-Isf
]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw i‡n-s∏SpØpIbpw Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw sNøm-
\p≈ hgn CX-√. 1. kzmX-{¥y-Ønepw 2. ]Iz-Xb - nepw 3. apgp-h-
\mb in£-WØ - nepw 4. Bflob \nb-{¥-WØ - nepw hf-cm≥
Ahsc kvt\l-]q¿Δw klm-bn-°p-Is - b-∂X
- mWv {][m\ Imcyw.
Cßs\ am{Xsa Ipń-Iƒ {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂n-Ss - Ø√mw kzb-c-
£-bv°p≈ D]m-b-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw _p≤n-]q¿Δ-ambpw
hnth-I] - q¿Æ-ambpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-Ib - p≈q'' (\w. 261).
""kabw ÿetØ-°mƒ hep-XmWv'' ""ÿew Iog-S-°m≥

{ian°pw'' F∂o hm°p-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ hymJym\w Bh-iy-
am-Wv. Ipń-Iƒ Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬ am{Xw [m¿Ωn-I-kz-`mhw
{]ISn-∏n-°p-Ibpw A]-cn-Nn-X-amb ÿe-ß-fn¬ [m¿ΩnI
kz`mhw shSn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F√m "ka-bØpw' [m¿Ωn-I-
kz-`mhw ImWn-°msX Nne "ÿeØv' am{Xw (apXn¿∂-h-cpsS
Iäp-∂n¬ am{Xw) [m¿Ωn-I-kz-`mhw ImWn-°p-∂-h-cmbn Ipń-
Iƒ amdp-∂Xv A]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv. CXn-√m-Xn-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬
[m¿ΩnI Nn¥ B¥-cn-I-ambn cq]-s∏-S-Ww. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈
hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]q¿Δ-bu-tk∏v. ]q¿Δ butk-∏ns‚ apºn¬
s]mØn-^mdns‚ `mcy ssewKnI kpJw h®p-\o-ń-b-t∏mƒ, CXv
Fs‚ ]nXm-a-l-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v e`n® ssZh-\o-Xn-bpsS ewL-\-
am-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ tPmk-^n\v Ign-™p. CØ-c-Øn¬ amXm-]n-
Xm-°-fpsS kao-]Øp \n∂v Zqsc t]mIp∂ a°ƒ, Ah¿
sN√p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Xn∑-bpsS {]tem-`-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
tºmƒ F¥v ]oU\w A\p-`-hn-t°≠n h∂mepw Rm≥ Xn∑
sNøn√ F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hn-te°v hf¿Ø-s∏-SpI
F∂-XmWv hnZym-`ymkw.
a\p-jy≥ Fßs\ ]IzX {]m]n°pw

a\p-jy-s\m-gn-sI-bp≈ GXv arK-Øns‚ Ip™p-ßfpw hf-
cm-\p≈ ùXnI kml-N-cy-ßƒ \¬In-bm¬ hf¿∂v ]IzX
92
{]m]n-°pw. Hcp sNSn-bpsS hnØv \ne-sam-cp°n \´v, AXn\v

sh≈hpw hfhpw kqcy-{]-Im-ihpw \¬In a‰p IoS-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
kwc-£n-®m¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hf¿∂v ]IzX {]m]n-°pw. Cß-
s\-bmWv a\p-jy\pw hf-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Bh-
iyta C√ (\w. 262). ""kpt_m-[-tØmSpw _p≤n-i-‡n-tbmSpw
IqSn {]iv\-ßsf t\cn-Sp-I, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-]q¿Δw kzmX{¥yw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]m’m-l\w \¬IpI F∂nh hnZym-`ym-
k-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. XßfpsS Poh\pw kaq-l-Øns‚
Poh\pw Xß-fpsS ssII-fn-em-sW∂pw kzmX{¥yw al-Ømb
Zm\-am-sW∂pw k∂-≤-X-tbmsS a\- n-em-°p∂ hy‡n-Isf
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb-∂Xv AXn¬ Dƒs°m-≈p∂p'' (\w. 262).
[m¿ΩnI cq]o-I-cWw
amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Xß-fpsS a°ƒ°v \¬tI≠ [m¿ΩnI
]cn-io-e\w a‰p-≈-hsc ]q¿Æ-ambn Hcn-°epw G¬]n-°m≥
]mSn√ (\w. 263). amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw a°-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn-
emWv Cu [m¿ΩnI cq]o-I-cWw \S-°p-I. F\n°v Ipd-hp-Ifpw
Ip‰-ßfpw Ds≠-¶n-epw- Fs‚ A∏\pw AΩbpw Fs∂ kvt\ln-
°p-∂p-sh∂ t_m[yw Hmtcm Ipń-bnepw P\n-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv
Cu ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ BZy-]-Sn. ""amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Bflm¿∞-
X-tbmsS Xß-tfmSv Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°p-∂n-s√∂v (Ipń-Iƒ°v)
tXm∂n-bm¬ Ahsc AXv thZ-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw .... apdn-th¬∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNøpw'' (\w. 263).
c≠m-a-Xmbn, F√m bmYm¿∞y-ß-sfbpw F√m hy‡n-I-

sfbpw Ipń-If- psS apºn¬ Xpey-cmbn Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°c
- p-Xv. hy‡n-
Iƒ°pw {]hrØn-Iƒ°pw aqey-ß-fpsS Hcp t{iWn-bp-≠v. Nne-
scbpw Nne-Xn-s\bpw IqSp-X¬ \√-Xmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.
""IqSp-X¬ \√-Xn-\p-th≠n Xm¬°m-enI kt¥mjw Dt]-£n-
°p∂ kz`mhw AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ \√-XmWv'' (\w. 264). [m¿ΩnI
]cn-io-e\w \S-Øp-tºmƒ kwhmZw Bh-iy-am-Wv. tNmZy-ßƒ
tNmZn-°p-∂-h≥ hrØn-sI-´-h-\m-sW∂ kao-]\w sX‰m-Wv.
IpńIƒ°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ `mj-bn¬ [m¿ΩnI ]cn-io-e\w
\¬IWw (\w. 264).
""aqey-ßsf tIhe XXz-ß-fmbpw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-\m-

hmØ kXy-ß-fmbpw ASn-t®¬∏n-°msX Ah-bpsS {]m[m\yw
93
Ipń-Iƒ Xs∂ kzbw Xncn-®-dn™v kzmwio-I-cn-°-Ø-°-hn[w

A\p-am-\-]-c-ambn AXv \S-Øp∂p'' (\w. 265). Cu am\-Z-WvU-a-
\p-k-cn-®m-sW-¶n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ aX-t_m-
[\ {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw Nh‰p sIm´-bn¬ Fdn-tb-≠-h-bm-Wv
F∂p ]ecpw Nn¥n-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. tbip Xs‚ injysc ]Tn-
∏n-°m≥ D]-a-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ kotdm ae-_m¿
k` D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ aX-t_m-[\ {KŸ-ß-fn¬ Hcp IY t]mepw
ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√. F√mw tIhe XXz-ßfpw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-
Sm-\m-hmØ kXy-ßfpw!
aq∂m-a-Xmbn, ""Fs¥-¶nepw ]cn-{i-ahpw XymKhpw Bh-

iy-amb Imcyw AXv \¬Ip∂ D]-Im-c-ßsf hy‡-ambn Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-°msX Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬, AXns‚ Imcy-£-aX Ipd-™p-
h-cp-∂p'' (\w. 266). \mem-a-Xmbn, Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]eXpw
\∑-I-fm-sW-¶nepw Ah-bn¬ Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ sa®-am-bXv sXc-
s™-Sp-°m≥ Ipń-Isf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn, kn\na Ipń-Isf am\-kn-I-ambn kzm[o-

\n-°p∂p; F∂m¬ hmb\ [m¿Ωn-I-ambpw _p≤n-]-c-ambpw
kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. Hcp Ipń-bpsS apºn¬ Hcp IYm-]p-kvX-I-
ap-≠v. B IY-bpsS Zriym-hn-jvIm-c-amb kn\n-a-bp-≠v. Ah\v
BI¿j-I-ambn tXm∂p-∂Xv hmb-\-b-√, ImgvN-bm-Wv. Cu
kμ¿`-Øn¬ Ah≥ hmb\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Ah-\n¬
hmb-\-tbmSv Hcp sshIm-cnI Nmbvhv A\p-`-h-s∏-S-Ww. CØ-c-
Øn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-t°≠ {ia-I-c-amb \∑-I-tfmSv sshIm-cn-I-
amb ]£-]m-XnXzw Ipń-I-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. ""_p≤n-
i- ‡ n {Kln- ° p∂ \∑ \Ωn¬ AKm- [ - a mb sshIm- c nI
Nmbvhmbn a‰v BI¿j-W-ßsf AXn-i-bn-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬
\∑bv°p th≠n-bp≈ Zmlw, \Ωn¬ thcp ]nSn-°p∂ Ah-
ÿ-bn¬ FØnt®cWw'' (\w. 265).
A©m-a-Xmbn, CXn-\mbv \√ ioe-ßƒ Ipń-I-fmbncn-°p-

tºmƒ Xs∂ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°W- w (\w. 266). sNm´-bnse ioew
NpSe hsc. \√ ioe-ßƒ h¿j-ß-tfmfw ]cn-io-en-∏n-®n-s√-
¶n¬ Ah kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Hcp-h-\n¬ \n∂v ]pdØv hcn-I-bn-√.
94
Bdm- a - X mbn, kzmX- { ¥ysØ hf¿Øp∂ Nn¥- b psS

hnImkw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cnepw D≠m-IWw (\w. 267). \∑ sNøp-
∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb {]tNm-Z\w \¬Ip∂ B¥-cnI XXz-ßƒ Hcp-
h-\n¬ cq]-s∏-ń-s√-¶n¬ Ah≥ Hmf-Øn¬ Hgp-Ip∂ HX-f-ß-
bmbn amdpw. \mtSm-Sp-tºmƒ Ah≥ \Spth HmSpw. Aßn-s\-bp-
≈-h≥ kzX-{¥-\-√, ASn-a-bmWv (\w. 267).
in£-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX
Nne amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ in£n-°m≥ am{X-ap≈ \ymbm-[n-]-
∑m-cm-Wv. Ipń-Iƒ sX‰p sNøp-tºmƒ Ah¿ \¬Ip-∂Xv in£-
W-a-√, in£-bm-Wv. Ipń-Iƒ \√Xp sNøp-tºmƒ au\w ]men-
°p-Ibpw NoØ sNøp-tºmƒ in£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Ipń-
Iƒ ""\ncp-t∑-j-cm-bn-Øocpw.''
c£n-°p-∂-h≥ in£n-®m¬ AXv in£-W-am-Wv, AØcw

in£-Iƒ \∑ sNøm-\p≈ {]tNm-Z-\-am-Wv. ""GsX-¶nepw sX‰p
sNøp∂ Ipńsb Xncp-Ø-Ww. ]t£ i{Xp-hn-s\-t∏mse s]cp-
am-d-cpXv'' (\w. 269). Ipń-I-fpsS tami-amb s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ Ah-
cpsS bph-k-l-P-amb Nm]-ey-Øn¬ \n∂v hcp-∂-Xm-sW∂v
apXn¿∂-h¿ a\- n-em-°-Ww. AºXv hb- mb A∏≥ 18
hb- mb a°-fn¬ \n∂v 90 hb- p-Im-cs‚ ]IzX {]Xo-£n-°-
cp-Xv. ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂pw k`-bn¬ \n∂pw bphm-°ƒ AI-∂p-
t]m-Ip-∂X - ns‚ Hcp ImcWw apXn¿∂-hc - mb amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°pw
A[ym-]-I¿°pw sshZn-I¿°pw CØ-c-Øn¬ bphm-°sf a\-
n-em-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xm-Wv.
Nne¿ Ipń-If
- psS F√m Bh-iy-ßfpw \nd-th‰n sImSp-°pw.
AØcw Ipń-Iƒ hep-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-sØ-
°p-dn®v am{Xw Nn¥n°pw. a‰p Nne¿ Ipń-Isf shdpw hkvXp-
°-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°pw. CØcw Ipń-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS CjvS-
ßƒ°v am{Xw hg-ßp∂ hy‡n-I-fm-Ipw. AØcw ""Ipń-Iƒ
Xß-fpsS IS-a-I-fmepw a‰p-≈h-cpsS B{K-l-ß-fpsS \n¿h-l-
W-Ømepw Iog-S-°-s∏´v IjvS-s∏Spw'' (\w. 270). in£-W-sa-
∂m¬ a\p-jy-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-t∑-ep≈ XS- -a-√, {]Xyp-X, kzmX-
{¥y-Øn\v kzbw ]cn[n \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\-am-Wv.
95
£am-]q¿Δamb bmYm-¿∞y-t_m[w
[m¿ΩnI {]hr-Øn-Iƒ Ipń-I-fn¬ \n∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-
tºmƒ AXn\v AXn-I-Tn-\-amb XymKw Bh-iy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ipń-
I-fn¬ FXn¿∏v cq]-s∏-Spw. \n¿_‘w aqew sNøp∂ \∑-Iƒ,
Ipń \ΩpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ \n∂v ap‡-am-Ip-tºmƒ Dt]-
£n°pw (\w. 271). amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ, A[ym-]-I¿, sshZn-I¿ apX-
emb apXn¿∂-h-cpsS NoØ amXr-I-Ifpw, Ah-cn¬ \n∂v A\p-
`-hn-t°≠n h∂n-´p≈ tami-amb A\p-`-h-ßfpw Ipń-I-fn¬
[m¿Ωn-I-Xsb \ntj-[n-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-se-Øn-°pw. CØcw
kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ Npcp°w Nne amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ, A[ym-]-I¿,
sshZn-I¿ apX-emb amXrIm hy‡n-I-fn-emWv [m¿Ωn-IX
AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-Xb - n-se-Øn-bn-´p-≈q-sh∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ahsc
klm-bn-°-Ww. am{X-a√ apXn¿∂-h-cpsS tamiw s]cp-am‰w
krjvSn® apdn-hp-Iƒ B¥-cnI kuJyw hgn kpJ-s∏-Sp-∂p.
kz¥w C—-bn¬ \n∂v hcp∂p F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ Hcp-

h≥ Hcp B{K-lsØ kzoI-cn-®m¬ AXv kzX{¥ {]hr-Øn-bm-
I-W-sa-∂n-√. aZyw Ign-°p-hm-\p≈ B{Klw C—- (will) bn¬
\n∂v hcp-∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ aZyw Ign-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-
°p-hm-≥ Ign-hn-√mØ Hcp-h≥ aZy-]n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®m¬
AØcw Xocp-am\w C—-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv, F∂m¬ kzX-{¥-a-√.
CØcw kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ kzX-{¥-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°s´
F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-√, Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Ah¿°v
klmbw Bh-iy-am-Wv (\w. 273).
IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw Xs∂ hnZym-ebw

Nne aqey-ßƒ a\p-jy-\n¬ thcp ]nSn-°p-∂Xv ssii-hm-
h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn-\-IsØ amXm-
]n-Xm-°f- neqsS {]h¿Ø\ coXn-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ A\p-Ic - n-°p-sa∂v
amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ a\- n-em-°W
- w. hnhn[ hm¿Øm am[y-aß - f- nse
]cky cq]-ß-sfbpw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-sfbpw hna¿i\ _p≤ym
ImWm≥ Ip™p-ßsf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°-Ww (\w. 274).
Ipń-I-fpsS Nne B{K-l-ßƒ km[n-∏n®p sImSp-°p∂Xv

\oń-h-bv°-Ww. CXv Nne Imcy-ßƒ°mbn Rßƒ ImØn-cn-
96
°-W-sa∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ahsc klm-bn-°p-∂p (\w. 275).

IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬ Hcmƒ°v tcmK-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ am\p-jnI
Zp¿_-eX aqew Nne {]bm-k-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ tcmKm-
h-ÿ-bpsS L´-ß-fn¬ tcmKnsb £am-]q¿Δw ip{iq-jn-°p-
tºmƒ IpSpw-_-_-‘ßƒ IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-
c-am-sW∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww. Cu Ah-kcw im¥-ambn D]-tbm-
Kn- ® n- s √- ¶ n¬ bphm- ° ƒ kln°m≥ Ign- h n- √ m- Ø - h - c mbn
amdp-∂p. am{X-a-√, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS kl-\sØ a\- n-em-°m≥
Ah¿°v Ign-bn√ (\w. 276).
ssewKnI hnZym-`ymkw
ssewKnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v th≠ Hcp coXn hnI-kn-∏n-
°m≥ ItØm-en°m k`bv°v C\nbpw Ign-™n-ń√ (\w. 280).
A«o- e - k m- l n- X yw, kn\na F∂n- h - b psS Pe- { ]- f - b sØ
ssIImcyw sNøm≥ th≠ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-t_m[w \¬Ip∂
]cn-io-e\w thWw. Adnhv kzmX-{¥y-a-√. kXyw am{X-amWv
kzmX-{¥yw. hna¿i-\m-fl-I-t_m[w \¬ImsX hnh-c-ßƒ
sIm≠v Ahsc ASn-a-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv klm-b-I-c-a-√ (\w. 281).
icn-bmb hkv{X-[m-c-Whpw ssewKn-I-hn-Im-cßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-
∂Xpw Ign™ bpK-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-am-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂Xv
icn-b-√. AS°w aptJ\ \mw \ΩpsS kzIm-cy-Xsb kwc-£n-
°p-∂p. D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ hkvXp-hm°n am‰-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xn¬ \n∂v \sΩ Xs∂ XS-bp∂p (\w. 282). ssewKnI hnIm-
csØ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ \mw ]Tn-∏n-®n-s√-¶n¬ kvt\ln-°m-\p≈
\ΩpsS Ign-hns\ AXv Npcp-°n-°-f-bpw.
s]mXp kaqlw ssewKnI hnZym-`ymksØ "kpc-£nX

ssewKn-IX' F∂ GI-e-£y-tØmsS \¬Ip-∂p. CXv P\n-°m-
\n-cn-°p∂ inip i{Xp-°f
- m-sW∂ at\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-∂p. am{X-
a√ ssewKn-Im-h-b-h-ßƒ Ifn-∏m´w t]mse D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\m-
sW∂ anYym-[m-cW krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXv a‰p hy‡n-
Isf D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ D]-Ic - W
- a
- mbn Xcw-Xm-gvØp-Ibpw A]-
c-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ka¿∏-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xsb kv{Xo]p-cpj
_‘-Øn¬ \n∂v tNm¿Øn-°-f-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p (\w. 283).
kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-j≥ F∂ ssPhm-h-ÿbpw kv{XoXzw/]pcp-jXzw
F∂ Ah-ÿbpw hyXy-kvX-amWv (\w. 286).
97
hnizm-k-ssI-am‰w
hnizmk ssIam-‰-Øns‚ {][m\ t{kmX v amXm-]n-Xm-
°-fm-Wv (\w. 287). Ipń-Iƒ°v {]Xo-I-ßfpw {]mtbm-KnI ]T-
\-ßfpw IY-Ifpw thWw (\w. 288). IpSpw-_-{]m¿∞-\-bpsS
\nan-j-ßƒ aX-t_m-[\ ¢m nt\°mfpw aX-{]-`m-j-W-tØ-
°mfpw i‡-am-Wv. kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ ]c-ky-{]-tLm-jWw
hgnbpw AXn\p \¬Ip∂ km£y-ßfpsS hnhn[ ss]XrIw
hgnbpw IpSpw_w AP-]m-e\ ZuXy-Øns‚ {]h¿ØI-cm
bnØocp-∂p. Cu ImgvN∏ - m-S\
- p-kc
- n®v AP-]m-eI
- ≥ CS-hI hnIm-
cn-b-√, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fm-Wv. 1. Zcn-{Z-tcm-Sp≈ sFIy-Zm¿Vyw,
2. hyXykvX P\-XI - t- fm-Sp≈ Xpd-hv, 3. krjvSn kwc£-Ww,
4. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bh-iy-Øn¬ Ign-bp-∂-h¿ Dƒs∏sS a‰p
IpSpw-_-ß-fp-am-bp≈ [m¿Ωn-Ihpw ùXn-I-hp-amb sFIy-
Zm¿Vyw, (5.) s]mXp-\-∑-bpsS hf¿®bpw \oXn-bn-√mØ kmaq-
lnI hyh-ÿ-Isf cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂n-h-sb√mw (amXm-
]n-Xm-°f- psS Pohn-XØ- n¬ \n∂v a°ƒ I≠p]-Tn-t°≠ km£y-
Øns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv (\w.290). amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS CØcw
PohnX km£y-ß-fmWv a°sf DØa hy‡n-I-fm-°m-\p≈
am¿§w.
98
9
kl-K-a\w
Cu A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-Øns‚ Bdmw A[ymbw

IpSpw-_s - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ AP-]m-e\ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠
hnhn[ taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. F´mw A[ymbw Cu
taJ-e-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ AP-]m-e-I¿°p-≠m-bn-cn-
t°≠ at\m-`m-h-sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßƒ
\qdv iX-am-\hpw A\pk-cn°p-∂- Hcp hy‡n ItØm-en°m k`-
bn-ept≠m? k`-bpsS ASn-ÿm\w Xs∂ tbiphpw I\y-Im-a-
dn-bh
- p-sam-gnsI kIe a\p-jycpw ]m]w sNbvXv \nXy-in-£bv°v
A¿l-cmWv F∂-Xm-Wv. GXv hnip-≤\pw A]q¿Æ-\m-Wv.
DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn "kv{Xosb Imam-k‡
- n-tbmSp IqSn t\m°p-
∂-h¿ hy`n-Nmcw sNbvXp-I-gn™p' F∂v tbip ]d-bp-∂p. I\y-
Isb \qdp-i-X-am\w ktlm-Z-cn-bmbn am{Xw Icp-Xp∂ \n¿Ωe
a\- m£n Hcp-h\v D≠m-Iptam? \qdp iX-am\w \n¿Ω-e-c-√m-
Ø-h¿ hy`n-Nm-cn-IfmtWm? Nne¿ 5 iX-am\w \n¿Ω-e-cm-Wv;
Nne¿ 10 iX-am\w \n¿Ω-e-cm-Wv; Nne¿ 50 iX-am\w \n¿Ω-e-
cm-Wv; Nne¿ 99 iX-am\w \n¿Ω-e-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]q¿Æ-cm-b-
h¿ BcmWv? ]qPyw iX-am\w \n¿Ω-e-X-bn¬ \n∂v \qdp iX-
am\w \n¿Ω-e-X-bn-te°v hf-cm-\p≈ Hcp-hs‚ B¥-cnI bm{X-
99
bmWv Xo¿∞m-S-\w. tbip apt∂m´v hbv°p∂ Bflob PohnX

]q¿Æ-X-bn-te°v hf-cp-∂-Xn-s\bmWv tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a-≥
am¿]m∏ A\p-{I-a-Øns‚ \nbaw F∂v hnfn-°p∂Xv (\w. 295).
""a\p-jy-Pohn hf¿®-bpsS hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ [m¿ΩnI \∑sb
Adn-bp-Ibpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw ]q¿Æ-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p...
\nb-aØ - ns‚ hkvXp-\n-jvTa- mb Bh-iy-ßsf a\- n-em-°mt\m,
hne-aX- n-°m-t\m- A-s√-¶n¬ \n¿Δ-ln-°mt\m km[n-°mØ Ah-
ÿ-bn-ep-≈-h-cpsS `mKØp \n∂p≈ kzX-{¥-{]-hrØn-I-fpsS
hnth-I-]q¿Æ-amb A`y-k-\-Øn-ep≈ {Iam-\p-K-Xn-IXz-amWv''
(\w. 295). X\n°v G¬∏n°s∏ń-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS [m¿Ωn-I-Po-hn-
X-Øn¬ ]qPyw iX-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v \qdp iX-am-\-am-°m-\p≈
Ah-cpsS bm{X-bn¬ Ah-tcm-sSm∏w hgn-Im-ń-I-fmbn kl-K-an-
°pI F∂-XmWv AP-]m-e-\-Zu-Xyw (\w. 291). apI-fn¬ hnh-
cn® ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ a\p-jys\ I≠m¬ Bsc-bmWv k`bv°v
al-tdm≥ sNm√m≥ Ign-bpI? ""Btcbpw F∂-t∂-°p-ambn
i]n®v X≈-cpXv Fs¥-∂m¬ AX√ kphn-ti-jØ - ns‚ bp‡n!''
(\w. 297). ""Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Ønse Ir]m-h-c-Øns‚ ssZhnI
t_m[\ hnZy a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ IS-a-
bp-≠v. ssZh-Øn\v Ahsc ]‰n-bp≈ ]≤-Xn-bpsS ]q¿Æ-X-bn¬
FØn-t®-cm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw IS-a-bp-≠v. Cu ]q¿Æ-X-
bn-se-Øn-t®-cp-I-sb-∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ klm-b-Øm¬
Ft∏mgpw km[y-am-Wv'' (\w. 297).
AP-]m-e\ip{iq-j-bpsS ]Sn-Iƒ
{InkvXp-aXw sFIy-Øns‚ aX-am-Wv. {InkvXp-hn-eqsS
Hmtcm hy‡nbpw {kjvSmhpambn \ne-\n¿Øp∂ sFIyw;
IpSpw-_w, ]e-hn[ kwL-S-\-Iƒ, aX-cq-]-ßƒ, cmjv{Sw, A¥-
cm-jv{S-k-aqlw F∂o coXn-bn¬ a\p-jy-h¿§w apgp-h\pw kIe
krjvSn-Pm-e-ß-fp-am-bp≈ sFIy-Øn-te°v hf-c-Ww. CXn-\m-
bp≈ Ir]m-h-c-Øns‚ i‡n-bmWv k` a\p-jy\v \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
F√m sNdnb sNdnb sFIy-ßfpw ]q¿Æ hf¿® {]m]n-°p-
∂n-√. am{X-a√ NneXv ]q¿Æ hf¿®sb XS-bp-∂p. kzh¿§-hn-
hmlw sFIy-Øns‚ Hcp cq]-am-Wv. F∂m¬ AXv kIe
krjvSn-Pm-eß - f
- p-sSbpw kºq¿Æ sFIy-Øn¬ hf-cm-\p≈ Hcp
L´-a-√. ""...sFIy-Øns‚ Nne cq]-ßƒ Cu BZ¿ißƒ°v
hncp-≤-amWv'' (\w. 292).
100
ItØm-en°m k` apt∂m´p hbv°p∂ IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw

krjvSn-Pm-e-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ sFIyØn-te-°p≈ Nhn-´p-]-Sn-
bm-Wv. F∂m¬ knhn¬ hnhm-lw, Hcp-an®v Pohn-°¬ apXemb
sFIy-Øns‚ cq]-ßƒ k` D∂-bn-°p∂ ]q¿Æ-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-
sW-¶nepw Cu ]q¿Æ-X-bn-te°v hf-cm≥ km[y-X-bp-≈-Xm-
sW∂v kn\-Un¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿ \nco-£n-®p. AXp-sIm≠v
CØcw hy‡n-I-tfm-sSm-∂n®v kl-K-a\w \SØn Ahs\
hnhml IqZm-i-bn-te°v \bn-°m≥ AP-]m-e-I-∑m¿°v Ign-bpw.
""Cu AP-]m-e\ Xncn-®d- n-be
- n¬ Hcp Imcyw Bh-iy-am-Wv, kphn-
tijh¬°-c-W-sØbpw am\p-jn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb hf¿®-
sbbpw t]mjn-∏n-°p∂ LS-I-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂-XmWv
B Imcyw'' (\w. 293). ]ecpw knhn¬ hnhm-lhpw hnhm-ln-X-
cm-Im-sX-bp≈ kl-hm-khpw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv k`-tbm-Sp≈
FXn¿∏n-\m¬ A√ F∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww. Ahsc {ItaW
hnhml IqZm-i-bn-te°v hf¿ØpI F∂-XmWv k`-bpsS IS-a
(\w. 294, 295).
{Ia-c-lnX kml-N-cy-ßƒ
1. kl-hm-kw, 2. knhn¬ hnhm-lw, 3. hnhmlw th¿s∏-
SpØn thsd hnhmlw Ign-°¬, 4. hnhmlw th¿s∏-SpØn thsd
hnhmlw Ign®v amtam-Zok kzoI-cn-®-h¿, 5. kzh¿§ hnhm-l-
Øn¬ G¿s∏-´-h¿ F∂o hyXykvX hn`m-K-ß-fn-ep≈ {Ia-c-
lnX kml-N-cy-ß-fp-≠v. H∂m-asØ Xncn-®-dn-b¬ Bscbpw
F∂-t∂-bv°p-ambn i]n®p X≈-cpXv F∂-Xm-Wv. c≠m-a-Xmbn
F√m-bn-SØpw {]tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Ffp-∏a - p≈ Ipdn-∏S- n-Iƒ H∂pw
Xs∂-bn√ (\w. 296, 297). aq∂m-a-Xmbn Cu kl-K-a\w \S-tØ-
≠Xv sshZn-Is‚ IS-a-bm-Wv. hnhm-l-_‘w th¿s∏-SpØn
]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvX-hsc Bfl-tim-[-\-bn-te°v \bn-°m≥
Ign-b-Ww. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ tNmZy-ßƒ Ah¿ Xß-tfmSv Xs∂
tNmZn-°-Ww, ""sshhm-lnI sFIyw hnj-a-ÿn-Xn-bn-se-Øn-b-
t∏mƒ Ipń-I-tfmSv Fßs\ s]cp-amdn? A\p-c-RvP-\-Øn-\p≈
{iaw \S-Øntbm? Dt]-£n-°-s∏´ hy‡n°v F¥v kw`-hn®p?
IpSpw-_-Ønse a‰v AwKßfpsS taepw hnizm-k-k-aq-l-Øns‚
taepw F¥v A\¥c^-eßfmWv ]pXnb _‘w krjvSn-®Xv?
hnhm-l-Øn\p Xøm-dm-Ip∂ bph-P-\-Øn\v F¥v amXr-I-bmWv
\¬In-bXv?'' (\w. 300). Cu tNmZy-ßƒ Hcp-h-s\-s°m≠v Ah-
101
t\mSp Xs∂ tNmZn-∏n-°m-\p≈ klm-bw, ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-ºn¬

Ahs‚ Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v kzbw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ahs\ klm-
bn-°pw (\w. 300).
F∂m¬ C°m-cy-Øn¬ c≠v Imcy-ßƒ sshZn-I¿ {i≤n-

°-Ww. H∂m-a-tØ-Xv, Nne¿°v Cu \nbaw _m[-I-am-Wv a‰p
Nne¿°v _m[-I-a√ F∂ coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-cp-Xv. F√m-
h¿°pw Cu \nbaw _m[-I-amWv F∂m¬ Nne¿°v Cu \nb-a-
Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bn-te°v hf-cm≥ Nne XS- -ß-fp-≠v. kl-K-a-
\-Øn-eqsS Ir]m-h-c-Øn-s‚ klm-b-tØmsS Cu \nb-a-Øns‚
]q¿Æ-X-bn-te°v {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn hf-cm≥ Ahsc klm-bn-°p-
∂p-sh∂v am{Xw.
\nb-asØ ab-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ LS-I-ßƒ

Nne kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ AP-]m-e\ Xncn-®-dn-b-ens‚ `mK-
ambn Htc sX‰p sNbvX-h-tcmSv ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ s]cp-am-td≠n
hcp-∂p-≠v. CXv ]£-t`-Z-am-tbm, kphn-ti-j-aq-ey-ßsf ab-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xmtbm Bcpw sX‰n-≤-cn-°-cp-Xv.
cm-jv{S-Øns‚ tImS-Xnbpw k`-bpsS tImS-Xnbpw c≠v

coXn-bn-emWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. cmjv{S-Øns‚ tImSXn hkvXp-
\njvT bmYm¿∞ysØ am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ k`m-
tIm-SXn a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-\njvT Ah-ÿ-I-sf-°qSn ]cn-K-Wn-
°Ww. ""ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS aX-t_m-[\ {KŸw Cu LS-
I-ßsf hy‡-ambn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. A⁄-X, A{i-≤, _e-
{]-tbm-Kw, `bw, ioew, {Ia-c-ln-X-ß-fmb ASp-∏-ßƒ F∂n-
hbv°pw a\-im-kv{X-]-c-tam, kmaq-ln-Itam Bb a‰p LS-I-
ßƒ°pw Hcp {]hrØn-bpsS Btcm-]W hnt[-bXz km[y-X-
sbbpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-sØbpw Ipd-bv°m-t\m, C√m-Xm-°m≥
t]meptam Ign-bpw.'' ""C°m-c-W-Øm¬ hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hc-h-
ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ \ntj-[m-flI hn[n-\n¿Æbw hy‡n-bpsS
Btcm-]W hnt[-b-sØtbm ]m]m-h-ÿ-sbtbm kw_-‘n-
°p∂ Hcp hn[n-\n¿Æ-bsØ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂n-√'' (\w. 302). DZm-
l-c-W-ambn 12 hb- n¬ Hcp Ipńsb ssewKn-I-]o-U-\-Øn-\n-c-
bm°n, ]n∂oSv a‰p ]ecpw Ahsf Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-®p. Ahƒ°v
AXv Hcp ioe-am-bn. ]n∂oSv Ahƒ thiym-hrØn sXmgn-embn
102
kzoI-cn-®m¬ hkvXp-\njvT \nb-a-Øn¬ Ahƒ Ip‰-°m-cn-

bm-Wv. F∂m¬ ssZh-Øns‚ apºn-ep≈ Ah-fpsS ]m]m-h-
ÿtbm? hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xń-s°m-≠p-t]mbn thiym-hr-
Øn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cmWv At\Iw kv{XoIƒ. CØ-
c-Øn-ep≈ kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ sX‰p sNbvX-h¿ apgp-h≥ ]m]n-I-fm-
sW∂v hn[n-°p-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-√.
CØcw L´-ß-fn¬ a\-km-£n-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn

]cn-{i-an-°-Ww. Hcp-hs‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v
ssZhw Ft∂mSv tNmZn-°p-∂sXs¥∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ ]cn-
io-e\- a
- m-WX
- v. ""hnhm-lsØ°pdn-®p≈ \ΩpsS (k`-bpsS) [mc-
Wsb Pohn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[n-°mØ Nne kml-
N-cy-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-bpsS a\- m£n k`-bpsS ]Xn-hn-te°v Iqń-
t®¿°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv \√Xv'' (\w. 303).
\nb-ahpw kq£va-Z¿i-\hpw
s]mXp-X-Xzßƒ AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ hy‡n-bpsS
{]hrØn-Iƒ B XXz-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®mtWm A√tbm F∂v
am{Xw ]d-bp-∂Xv eLq-I-c-W-am-Wv (\w. 304). s]mXp-\n-b-asØ
kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. Hcp Iº-
\n-bpsS Ub-dI- vS¿ t_m¿Uns‚ A\p-hmZw IqSmsX ]Ww sNe-
hm-°m≥ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v A\p-hm-Z-an√ F∂Xv s]mXp-X-Xz-
am-Wv.- AXp-sIm≠v Hcp {]tXyI L´-Øn¬ Hcp sXmgn-emfn
Iº-\n-bpsS 1000 cq] A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX sNe-hgn®m¬ \nb-a-
]cambn B {]h¿Øn sX‰m-Wv. F∂m¬ Hcp sXmgn-emfn A\p-
hmZw hmßmsX sNe-h-gn® Cu 1000 cq]-bmIpw Iº-\nsb
Hcp {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-°p-I. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ Cu
1000 cq] sNe-h-gn-®Xv sX‰-√. AXp-t]mse \nb-a-ewL\ßsf
hy‡n\njvTamb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ kq£va-amb Nne
kw`-h-ßsf Iqń-t®¿Øv hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ AP-]m-e-I¿°v Ign-
b-Ww. F∂m¬ CØcw kq£va-Im-cy-ßsf s]mXp-\n-b-a-am°n
am‰n-bm¬ aqeyßƒ Xs∂ XI¿∂p-t]mIpw (\w. 304, 305, 306).
AP-]m-e\ Icp-W-bpsS bp‡n

apI-fn¬ \¬Ip∂ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ Nne sX‰n-≤m-c-W-
bn-te°v \bn-°mw. k` AXns‚ ]gb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ am‰n-bn-cn-
103
°p-∂p, Hcn-°-ep-an-√ (\w. 307). hnhm-l-Iq-Zmi Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v

kvt\l-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-cm-Im-\p≈ klm-ba - mWv F∂ Imcyw k`
Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. CXv {]tLm-jn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ k` hnhmlw
sNøm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ bphm-°sf kvt\ln-°p-∂n√ (\w. 307).
AtX-k-abw a\p-jys‚ {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fn¬ kphn-ti-j-

Øns‚ e£y-Øn-te°v {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn hf-cp-I-bm-sW∂v Xncn-
®-dn-™p-sIm≠v Icp-Wm-]q¿Δw Ahsc A\p-K-an-°p-I-bm-Wv.
CØcw kl-K-a-\-amWv Imcp-Wy-{]-hrØn. Imcp-Wy-{]hrØn-
sb-∂m¬ ]Ww ]mh-s∏-´-h\v sImSp-°p-I-bm-sW∂v sX‰n-≤-cn-
®-h¿°v Cu {]tabw a\- n-em-In-√. am{X-a√ Ah¿ Icp-W-
sb∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞sØ hy`n-N-cn-°p-∂p. Icp-W-sb-∂m¬
Zm\w sImSp-°p∂ ]W-Øns‚ Af-h-\p-k-cn®v IqSp∂ H∂-√.
{]XypX ktlm-Z-c-ß-tfm-Sp≈ s]cp-am-‰-Øn¬ ]pe¿tØ≠
at\m-`m-h-am-Wv. AXv \qdv BSp-I-fn¬ \jvS-s∏´ H∂ns\ tXSn-
bp≈ bm{X-bmWv (\w. 309).
104
10
IpSpw-_-Ønse B[ym-fln-IX
"kv t\l-Øns‚ kt¥m-j'-sa∂ A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-

\-Øns‚ H≥]Xmw A[ymbw hnhm-lØ - ns‚ B[ym-fln-IX - bpw
IpSpw-_hpw F∂ taJe N¿® sNø-p-∂p. kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j\pw
XΩnep≈ BI¿jWw a\p-jy-\n¬ Dd-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ Ima-
Øns‚ DW¿®-bn¬ \n∂mWv kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv {ItaW
ssewKn-I_ - ‘
- Ø- n¬ sN∂p-tN-cpw. ssewKn-I_ - ‘w kv{Xobpw
]pcp- j \pw XΩn- e p≈ sFIy- Ø n- t e°v kzm`m- h n- I - a mbn
hf-cptam? {^m≥knkv ]m∏m-bpsS hm°p-If - n¬, ""ssewKn-Ia - mb
BI¿jWw \nan-jt- \-ct- Ø°v sFIy-Øn-s‚ anYym-t_m-[sØ
krjvSn-°p-∂p. F∂mepw kvt\l-an-s√-¶n¬ Cu "sFIyw'
A]-cn-Nn-Xsc apºv Bbn-cp-∂Xp t]mse AI-e-Øn-em°pw''
(\w. 284). Imfn-Zm-ks‚ "A`n-⁄m\ imIp-¥fw' F∂ \mSIw
a\p-jys‚ CØ-c-sam-cp kz`m-hsØ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.
Zpjy¥ alm-cm-Pmhpw iIp-¥f - bpw A]-cn-Nn-Xc- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿
IWzm-{i-a-Øn¬ h®v ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. A\p-cm-K-_-≤-cm-bn ssewKn-
I-X-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu sFIyw ]pcp-j≥
ad-∂p. hnhm-l-tam-Xn-c-amWv Zpjy-¥s\ iIp-¥f Xs‚ `mcy-
bm-sW∂v \nc-¥cw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. {Ko°v CXn-lm-k-amb
"Cen-bUv' kam\kw`hw hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. t{Smbv \K-c-Ønse
105
cmP-Ip-am-c\mb ]mco-kns‚ bYm¿∞ ImapIn Cut\m¨ F∂

{KmaoW bph-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ sle≥ F∂ kpμ-cn-bpsS
hZ\w kz]v\w ImWm≥ XpS-ßn-bt- ∏mƒ ]mcokv Cut\mWns\
ad-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS Cu adhn tcmK-sØ-°p-dn®v πmt‰m
"knwt]m-kn-b'-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xp-∂p. {]W-bØ - n¬ hm°p
amdm≥ ssZhw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v hcw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v! CXn-lm-k-
ßfpw Ihn-Ifpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ ]pcp-j-kz-`m-hsØ lmky-
cq-t]W πmt‰m "knwt]m-kn-b-'sa∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ssewKn-IX - bv°v kzb-tah kv{Xo]p-cp-j∑
- msc
sFIy-Øn-te°v \bn-°pI km[y-a-√ F∂Xpw \mw a\- n-em-
°-Ww.
F¶n¬ Fß- s \- b mWv kv { Xo]p- c pj _‘sØ

sFIy-Øn-te°v \bn-°pI?
ssewKn-I-_‘w kv{Xo]p-cpj _‘sØ imiz-X-amb
sFIy-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ AXn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂
Ipń-Iƒ A\m-Y-cm-Ipw. kaqlw \in®p t]mIpw. AXp-sIm≠v
kv{Xo]p-cpj sFIyw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ ]e BNm-c-ßfpw A\p-
jvTm-\ß
- fpw \nb-aß
- fpw a\p-jy-h¿§w \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬
BNm-cß - ƒ°pw A\p-jvTm-\ß- ƒ°pw kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ°pw Hcp
]cn[n hsc am{Xta IpSpw-_-Øns‚ sFIyw \ne-\n¿Øm≥
km[n-°q.
{]Ir-Xym-XoX kwk¿§Øns‚ B[ym-fln-IX

a\p-jys‚ ssZh-am-bp≈ sFIy-amWv kv{Xo]p-cpj _‘-
Øns‚ sFIy-Øns‚ t{kmX- mbn ItØm-en°mk` ImWp-
∂-Xv. ""ssZh-Ir-]-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h-cpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ ssZhw
Fßs\ hkn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \Ωƒ Ft∏mgpw ]d-™n-´p-≠v.
sshhm-lnI kwk¿§-Øns‚ tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ {XnXzw hkn-°p-
∂p-sh∂v \ap°v C∂v Iqń-t®¿Øp ]d-bmw'' (\w. 314). ssZh-
am-bp≈ _‘w F∂Xv {]m¿∞-\bpw IqZm-i-I-fn-ep≈ ]¶m-
fn-Xz-hp-sa∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-e√ Cu A[ymbw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂-Xv.
""IpSpw_ Pohn-XØns‚ ktlm-Z-c-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb
Bh-iy-ßƒ lrZ-b-Øns‚ Xpd-hn-bn-ep≈ hf¿®-bv°p≈
t{]c-W-bm-Wv. Aßs\ I¿Øm-hp-am-bp≈ I≠p-ap-´-en-\p≈
106
t{]c-WbmWv'' (\w. 316). IqSp-X¬ {]m¿∞n-°p-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬

ssZh-tØmSv ASp°pw F∂√ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS A¿∞w.
{]XypX ktlm-Zc - s\ IqSp-X¬ kvt\ln-°p-tºmƒ ssZh-tØmSv
IqSp-X¬ ASp°pw F∂m-Wv. A\p-Zn\ t¢i-ß-fnepw ITn-\m-
[zm-\-Ønepw ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\lw ]c-kv]cw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-
tºmƒ AØcw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ I¿Ømhv k∂n-ln-X-\m-Ip-∂p.
"".... _\- U nIv S v 16˛m- a ≥ Cßs\ {]kv X m- h n- ® p, \ΩpsS
Ab¬°m-cs‚ t\sc IÆ-S-bv°¬ ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ _‘-
Øn¬ \sΩ A‘-cm-°¬ IqSn-bmWv'' (\w. 316). kvt\ln-°p-
tºm-gmWv ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w hf-cp-I. ktlm-Z-cs\
kvt\ln-°m-Ø-h≥ ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°p-∂p-sh∂v I≈w
]d-bp-I-bm-Wv.
D∞m\ shfn-®-Øn≥ {]m¿∞\

CØ-c-Øn¬ kvt\l-Øn¬ Pohn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-
flmhv Hcp-hs‚ lrZ-b-Øn-te°v ssZh-kvt\lw sNmcn-bWw
(tdma. 5:5). C-Xn-\m-bp≈ bmN-\-bmWv IpSpw-_-{]m¿∞-\. D∞n-
X-\mb tbip-hmWv Xs‚ th¿]m-Sns‚ hne-bm¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-
flm-hns\ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. ""s]k-lm-]-c-amb Cu hnizm-ksØ
{]Im-in-∏n-°m\pw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap≈ Hcp khn-tij-am¿§-
amWv IpSpw-_-{]m¿∞\'' (\w. 318). P]-am-e-bnse cl-ky-ßƒ
tbip-hns‚ P\-\w, ]c-ky-Po-hn-Xw, ]oUm-\p-`-hw, ac-Ww,
D∞m-\w, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ A`n-tjIw F∂ Ggp Imcy-ß-
fp-sS- [ym-\-am-W-t√m. Ggp Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]oUm-\p-`-hw, ac-Ww,
D∞m-\w, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ h¿jn-°¬ F∂o \mep Imcy-
ßsf H‰-hm-°n¬ ]d-bp∂XmWv s]k-lm-c-l-kyw. Cu cl-
ky-Øns‚ BtLm-j-amWv hn. Ip¿_m-\.
""kPo-h-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ apºn¬ ktΩ-fn-°m\pw Ahn-

Sp-tØmSv \ΩpsS BIp-e-X-Isf°pdn®v ]d-bm\pw \ΩpsS
IpSpw_-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ \S-Øn-Ø-cm≥ th≠n At]-£n-
°m\pw Poh\pw AXns‚ A\p-{K-l-ßƒ°p-th≠n \μn ]d-
bm\pw I\y-Im-a-dn-b-tØmSv Ah-fpsS amXr-Xz-]-c-amb ]pdw-Ip-
∏m-b-Øns‚ Iogn¬ \sΩ kwc-£n-°m\pw th≠n {]m¿∞n-
°m\pw Hmtcm Znh-khpw Ipd®p kabw Is≠-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
efn-X-amb Ipd-®p-hm-°p-Iƒ sIm≠v \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øn\v
107
At\Iw \∑-Iƒ sNøm≥ Cu {]m¿∞-\m-\n-an-jØ - n\v Ignbpw''

(\w. 318). CØ-cØ
- n¬ {]m¿∞-\bpw hn. Ip¿_m-\b
- n-ep≈ ]¶m-
fn-Øhpw AXn¬Xs∂ B[ym-flnI ]q¿Æ-Xsb∂v hnfn-°c - pXv.
Cu {]m¿∞-\bpw Znhy-Im-cp-Wyhpw Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v kvt\ln-°m-
\p≈ i‡n \¬Ip-∂p.
kvt\l-Øns‚ B[ym-fln-IX
hy‡n-{]m¿∞-\, IpSpw-_-{]m¿∞-\, kmaq-ln-I-amb
Bcm-[\ - , kvt\l-{]-h¿Øn apX-emb \mev LS-Iß - fpw tN¿∂-
XmWv B[ym-flnI Pohn-Xw. CXn¬ \m-emasØ LS-I-amWv
a\p-jys\ ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn¬ Bg-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
{InkvXp-hns‚ kvt\l-sa-∂Xv Hcp-h≥ ]q¿Æ-ambpw as‰m-cp-h-
t‚-Xmbn Pohn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Fs‚ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-bn¬ \n∂v
Fs‚ B{K-l] - q¿Øo-Ic - W
- Ø- n-\p-th≠n H∂pw e`n-®n-s√-¶nepw
F\n-°p≈ kI-eXpw ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p-∂Xp sIm≠v
Rm≥ Fs‚ ]¶m-fn°p th≠n Pohn-°pw F∂ ZrV-\n-›-b-
amWv ss{IkvX-h-kvt\-lw. ""Pohn-X-ssi-ensb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
Cu ZrV-\n-›bw Zmº-Xy-]-c-amb kvt\l-Øns‚ DS-º-Sn-bpsS
Hcp B¥-cnI Bh-iy-am-Wv'' (\w. 319). tbip \tΩmSp ]d-
bp-∂p, ""temIm-h-km\w hsc Rm≥ \nt∂mSp IqSn D≠mIpw''
(aØm-bn. 28:20). Zº-Xn-If- n¬ Hcmƒ at‰ BtfmSv {InkvXp-hns‚
Cu at\m-`mhw ]pe¿Øp-∂-XmWv IpSpw-_-Ønse {InkvXob
B[ym-fln-I-X. Hcmƒ Xs‚ PohnX ]¶m-fn-tbmSv \ns‚ acWw
hsc Rm≥ \nt∂mSp IqSn-bp-≠mIpw F∂ at\m-`mhw ]pe¿
Ø-Ww. ""F∂-t∂bv°pw kvt\ln-°p-∂-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-°m-\m-
hmØ Hcp hy‡n°v Hcp Znhkw t]mepw kvt\ln-°m≥
Hcn-°epw Ign-s™∂v hcn√'' (\w. 319).
Cu at\m-`mhw ]pe¿Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-bpsS
DS-a-ÿ-\mWv Rms\∂ `mhw shSn-b-Ww. Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-bpsS
bYm¿∞ bP-am-\≥ I¿Øm-hm-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºm-gmWv
CXv kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv (\w. 320).
Icp-Xp∂ Biz-kn-∏n-°p∂ {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p∂

B[ym-fln-IX
B[ym-fln-I-X-bpsS aq∂v `mK-amWv a‰p-≈-htcm-Sp≈
Icp- X ¬, a‰p- ≈ - h ¿°p \¬Ip∂ Bizm- k w, a‰p- ≈ - h ¿°v
108
\¬Ip∂ {]tNm-Z-\w. CXv aq∂pw kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂v

]pd-s∏-Sp∂ sFIy-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂ ]me-ßf - m-Wv. Cu ]me-
ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \nßƒ as‰m-cp-hs‚ lrZ-b-Øn-te°v {]th-
in-°p-∂-Xv. F√m IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xhpw Imcp-Wy-Øn-ep≈ Hcp
BSp-ta-bv°-em-Wv. \Ωn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw \ΩpsS kvt\lw
sIm≠pw ip{iqj sIm≠pw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ AS-
bm-f-an-Sp-∂p (\w. 322).
a\p-jy≥ hf-cm≥ C\nbpw _m°n-bp≈ apIpfw B¥-cn-

I-X-bn¬ hln-°p∂ hnØm-sW∂v \mw ap≥-A-[ym-b-Øn¬ a\-
n-em-°n. a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ ssZhw \nt£-]n® apIp-fsØ hf¿Øn
hep-Xm°n êw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-∏n-°p∂ I¿j-I\ - mWv Hmtcm Pohn-
X-]-¶m-fn-bpw. Cu hf¿Ø-emWv Bcm-[n-°m-\p≈ Hcp am¿§w.
""CXp Xs∂ ssZhsØ Bcm-[n-°m-\p≈ Hcp am¿§-am-Wv.
hf¿Øm≥ \Ωƒ Ahsc klm-bn-°p-sa∂v {]Xym-in-®p-sIm≠v
Ahn-Sp∂v a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ hf-sc-tbsd \∑-Iƒ hnX-®n-´p-≠t√m''
(\w. 322).
Rm≥ \n\°v F¥v \∑- b mWv sNbv X p Xtc- ≠ Xv ?

(a¿t°mkv 10:21) F∂ tbip tNmZy-am-bn-cn-°Ww IpSpw-_-Po-
hn-X-Øn¬ tbip-hns\ k∂n-ln-X-am-°p-∂-Xv. ""\mw kvt\ln-
°p-∂h- sc ssZh-Øns‚ IÆp-Iƒ sIm≠v [ym\n-°p-Ibpw Ah-
cn¬ {InkvXp-hns\ ImWp-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂Xv Bg-amb
B[ym-flnI A\p-`-h-amWv'' (\w. 323).
a‰p-≈-h-cpsS kt¥m-j-Øn-\m-bp≈ ]cn-{i-a-Øn-eq-sS-

bmWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn\v \ΩpsS lrZbw Xpd-°p-∂-Xv. ""IpSpw-
_m-¥-co-£w, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-\m¬ \bn-°-s∏´ Poh-t\mSv
Xpdhv ImWn-°p-∂Xv AXn¬ Xs∂ Pohs\ (Ipń-Isf) D¬]m-
Zn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v am{X-a-√, ]ns∂-tbm, apt∂m´p t]mIp-t¥mdpw
a‰p-≈-hsc ip{iq-jn®pw Ah-cpsS kt¥m-j-Øn-\mbn ]cn-{i-
an®pw Pohs\ hym]n-∏n-°p-∂Xp sIm≠p IqSn-bmWv'' (\w. 324).
Ah-km-\-ambn, hnhmlw Ign-°p-∂Xpw ssewKn-I-_‘w

]pe¿Øn Ipń-Isf P\n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Ahsc ssZh-cmPyw `qan-
bn¬ bmYm¿∞y-am-Im-\p≈ \ntbm-K-tØmsS (e£y-tØmsS)
hf¿Øp-∂Xpw ""D∞n-X-\mb I¿Øm-hns‚ \nKq-V-km-∂n[yw
A\p-`-hn-°m-\p≈ ssZh-Øm¬ {]Im-in-X-amb ÿm\w krjvSn-
109
°p∂p'' (\w. 317). Aßs\ B[ym-fln-IX IpSpw-_-Øns‚

Iq´m-bva-bn¬ kaq¿Ø-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. ""IpSpw_w ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-
hn-ep≈ Pohn-X-Øns‚ hf¿®sb XS-bp-∂psh∂v B[ym-fln-
Im-`n-\n-th-i-ap-≈h¿°v tXm∂-cp-Xv. (Aßs\ tXm∂p-∂p-sh-
¶n¬ AXv at\m-tcm-KØ - ns‚ e£-Wa - m-Wv.) ]ns∂-tbm, Ahsc
auXn-I-amb sFIy-Øn-te°v \bn-°m≥ I¿Ømhv D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ ]mX-bmbn IpSpw-_-Po-hn-XsØ ImWWw'' (\w. 316).
Cu A∏- k v t Xm- e nI teJ\w Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv

C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂v kz¿§-cm-Py-Øn¬ ImWp∂
]q¿Æ-Xbpw hnip-≤nbpw {]Xo-£n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. temI-Øn¬
Bcpw C\nbpw ]q¿Æ-cm-bn-ń-√. AXp-sIm≠v Bscbpw \mw
hn[n {]kvXm-hn®v am‰n\n¿Ø-cp-Xv.
110
ASnÿm\hm°pIƒ
]pXnb \nbaw FgpXs∏´Xv {Ko°v `mjbnemWv. {Ko°v
`mjbnse hm°pIƒ°v Dƒs°m≈mhp∂{X A¿∞w eØo≥
`mjbntebpw, Cw•ojv `mjbntebpw hm°pIƒ°v C√.
AXpsIm≠v Cw•ojv `mjbn¬ FgpXnb hm°pIƒ
D]tbmKn®v ]pXnb \nba{KŸØnepw k`m {]t_m[\ßfpw
D]tbmKn°p∂ hm°pIƒ°v A¿∞w \¬Inbm¬ sX‰mb
\nKa\ßfn¬ FØnt®cpw. {Ko°v hm°pIfpsS A¿∞w {Ko°v
Un£v W dn D]tbmKn®m¬ a\ nemIn√. AXn\v {Ko°v
XXzNn¥ \∂mbn a\ nem°Ww. DZmlcWambn aebmf
Øn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp hm°mWv hnizmkw. hnizmkw F∂
]ZØn\v c≠v Cw•ojv hm°pIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p, belief, faith
CXn¬ GXmWv icnbmb ]Zw?
{^m≥knkv am¿∏m∏bpsS kvt\lØns‚ kt¥mjsa∂

A∏kvtXmenI teJ\hpw, a‰p k`m {]t_m[\ßfpw hnip≤
{KŸhpw hmbn°ptºmƒ Adn™ncnt°≠ Nne ASnÿm\
{Ko°p, eØo≥, Cw•ojv ]Zßfpambn _‘s∏´ Nne A¿∞
Xeßƒ Cu A≤ymbw hniZoIcn°p∂p.
1. hnizmkw, hnizkvXX
c≠p hm°pw c≠v ]›mØeØn¬ \n∂v DcpØncn™
hm°pIfmWv. Belief F∂ hm°v ⁄m\ hf¿®bnse Hcp
L´sØ kqNn∏n°m≥ πmt‰m D]tbmKn°p∂XmWv. Hcp
a\pjys‚ ⁄m\w ignorance, belief, knowledge, wisdom
F∂o \mepL´ßfneqsS hfcp∂psh∂v πmt‰m, "dn∏ªn°v'
F∂ {KŸØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂p.
AXpsIm≠v belief F∂ hm°n\v ⁄m\ imkv{X]chpw

(epistemological) ssZhimkv{X]chpamb am\amWv
\¬Ip∂Xv. F∂m¬ faith F∂ hm°v faithful F∂ hm°ns‚
aqecq]amWv. Faithfulness F∂m¬ hnizkvXX F∂mW¿∞w.
Faith F∂ ]Zw kqNn∏n°p∂Xv c≠v hy‡nIƒ XΩnep≈
111
_‘sØbmWv. Belief F∂Xv Adnhns‚ XeamsW¶n¬ faith

F∂Xv _‘Øns‚ XeamWv . hnizmksa∂ ]ZØns‚
A¿∞w Nq≠n°mWn°m≥ `qcn`mKw ssZhimkv { X⁄
∑m¿°pw Ignbmdn√. ssZhtØmSp≈ faith F∂m¬ ssZhw
hnizkvX\mWv F∂ t_m[yamWv (eq° 1:45). "kvt\lØns‚
kt¥mjw' F∂ A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w hmbn°ptºmƒ
hnizkvXX F∂ A¿∞w kzoIcn°m≥ am¿∏m∏ Bhiy
s∏Sp∂p. (No. 114)
_‘]camb A¿∞Øn¬ \n∂v ⁄m\imkv{X]camb

A¿∞Ønte°v Fßs\ faith F∂ ]ZØns‚ A¿∞w
amdnt∏mbn F∂v a\ nem°p∂Xv \√XmWv. lo{_p `mjbn¬
\n∂v {Ko°v `mjbnte°v ]gb \nbaw hnh¿Ø\w
sNbvXt∏mgmWv CØcw {]iv\ßƒ IS∂p IqSnbXv. C°mcyw
a\ nem°m≥, {^m≥knkv am¿∏m∏bpsS ‘Lumen fidei’ F∂
Nm{InI teJ\Øns‚ 23˛mw JWvUnI ]Tn°Ww. Cu Nm{InI
teJ\w hnizmkw (belief) F∂ ]Zw D]tbmKn°msX
hnizkvXX (faithful) F∂ ]Zw D]tbmKn°p∂p. "hnizkvXX
bps≠¶n¬ Hcph≥ \ne\n¿Øs∏Spw' F∂ lo{_p hmNI
Øn\v (Is 7:9) hnizkv X Xbps≠¶n¬ Hcph\v kXyw
a\ nemIpw F∂mbn {Ko°v `mjbnte°v hnh¿Ø\w
sNøs∏´p. hnizkvXXbpsS IqsS ⁄m\w Iqń tN¿Øv
hnh¿Ø\w sNøs∏´Xv ]n∂oSv Zp¿hymJym\n°s∏´p.
hnizkv X X (faith) F∂Xns\ Adnhv (belief) F∂m°n
am‰s∏´p.
ssZhsØ kvt\ln®v ssZhsØ AdnbpI F∂Xn\v

]Icw, ssZhsØ Adn™v ssZhsØ kvt\ln°pI F∂
sX‰mb kq{XhmIyw k`bn¬ D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂p. Cu
sX‰n≤mcW ss{IkvXh¿ XncpØn "hnizmkw' F∂ ]ZØn\v
]Icw "hnizkvXX' F∂ ]Zw D]tbmKn®memWv hnip≤
{KŸw Xs∂ a\ nemIpI. “In God we believe” F∂Xv
sX‰mb {]tbmKhpw “In God we trust” F∂Xv icnbmb
{]tbmKhpamWv, c≠masØ {]tbmKamWv icn F∂ coXnbn¬
a\ nemIptºmgmWv "kv t \lØns‚ kt¥mjw' F∂
{KŸØnse 114, 115, 116 JWvUnIIƒ hy‡amIpI.
112
2. c£ (Salvation)
c£, c£mIc clkyw AYhm s]klm clkyw F∂o

]Zßƒ sX‰mb coXnbnemWv ]ecpw a\ nem°p∂Xv .
{kjvSmhv aÆns\ iq\yXbn¬ \n∂v krjvSn°pIbpw, aÆn¬
\n∂v a\pjys\ krjvSn°pIbpw sNbvXp. a\pjy≥ D≠mbXv
ssZhØn¬ \n∂√, iq\yXbn¬ \n∂mWv. kz¿§cmPyamWv
{kjvSmhv ÿm]n®Xv. {kjvSmhns‚ krjvSn ]q¿Æam°m\p≈
ZuXyamWv ssZhw a\pjys\ G¬∏n®Xv. AXn\mhiyamb
F√m am¿§ßfpw (means) {kjv S mhv a\pjy\v \¬In.
{kjvSmhns\ IqSmsX a\pjy≥ kz¿§cmPyw krjvSn°m≥
{ian®XmWv ]m]w. Cu ]m]w aqew kz¿§cmPy \n¿anXn
]q¿Æam°m\p≈ F√m am¿§ßfpw (means) Ah\n¬ \n∂v
\jv S s∏´p. ssZh \ntj[w aqew kz¿§cmPy krjv S n
]q¿Æam°m≥ ssZhw a\pjy\v \¬InbXv a\pjy\v
\jvSs∏´Xn\m¬ Ahsb√mw a\pjy\v XncnsI \¬IpI
F∂Xv am{XamWv c£. {kjvSmhmb ssZhw a\pjy\v Gev]n®
ZuXyw ]q¿Ønbm°m\mhiyamb F√m am¿§ßfpw a\pjy\v
XncnsI \¬Ip∂X√msX ]p{X\mb ssZhw ]pXnbXmbn
bmsXm∂pw krjvSn°p∂n√. \q‰m≠pIfmbn "IpSpw_w' F∂
IqZmi ÿm]n®Xv tbiphmsW∂v k` ]Tn∏n®p. Ct∏mƒ
IpSpw_w ÿm]n®Xv {kjvSmhmsW∂v ]Tn∏n°p∂p. {kjvSmhv
IpSpw_w ÿm]n°pIbpw, a\pjy≥ ssZhsØ \ntj[n®
Xpaqew, IpSpw_Ønse sFIyw XI¿∂pt]mbXv ]p\x
ÿm]n°pI am{XamWv tbip {InkvXp sNøp∂Xv (\w. 62).
CØcØn¬ c£ F∂ ]ZsØ hymJym\n°mØ

Xn\m¬ Nne ssZhimkv{X {]Xnk‘nIƒ k` t\cnSp∂p.
H∂maXmbn amtΩmZok, Ipºkmcw, hn.Ip¿∫m\, ssÿcy
te]\w apXemb IqZmiIsf am¿§ambn ImWmsX a\pjy≥
e£yam°p∂p. c≠maXmbn, kz¿§cmPyw {kjvSmhv \n¿Ωn®Xv
]q¿Ønbm°pIbmWv a\pjys‚ ZuXysa∂v AwKoIcn°mt\m,
hnizmknIƒ°v Nq≠n°mWn°mt\m k`bnse Nn¥I¿°v
IgnbmsX t]mbn. C°mcWw sIm≠v k`bpsS kmaqlnI
{]t_m[\ßsftbm, hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ tcJbmb "k`
B[p\nI temIØn¬' F∂ {]t_m[\sØtbm Dƒs°m
≈m≥ ssZhP\Øn\v Ignbp∂n√. {kjvSmhv a\pjyh¿§sØ
113
Gev]n® ZuXyØn\v AYhm e£yØn\v H∂mw ÿm\hpw,

AXn\mhiyamb Du¿÷w \jvSs∏´Xv XncnsI \¬Im\p≈
tbiphns‚ {]h¿Ø\ßfmb c£bv°v c≠mw ÿm\hpw
\¬IWw. tbip am¿§amWv, ssZhcmPyw e£yamWv. aq∂ma
Xmbn, kz¿§cmPy krjvSnbv°p≈ am¿§ambn (means) krjvSmhv
BZnbn¬ ]cnip≤mflmhns\ \¬Inbnńs√¶n¬, ]m]w aqew
]cnip≤mflmhns‚ klhmkw a\pjys‚ B¥cnIXbn¬
\n∂v \jv S s∏ńń√mbncp∂psh¶n¬, ho≠pw a\pjy\v
]cnip≤mflmhns\ \¬Ip∂Xv c£mclkyØns‚ `mKa
√msX hcpw. {Ko°v ]›mØeØn¬ cq]w sIm≠ ]m›mXy
k`bv°v {kjvSmhv, temtKmkv F∂o c≠v Imcyßƒ Dƒs°m
≈mt\ Ignbq. AXn\m¬ ]cnip≤mflmhv krjvSn kabØv
a\pjy\n¬ D≠mbncp∂psh∂v Dƒs°m≈m≥ ]›mXy
k`bv°v _p≤nap´mbncp∂p. {kjvSmhv BZnbn¬ a\pjy\v
\¬ImØXv c£bn¬ a\pjy\n¬ ]p\xÿm]nt°≠ Bhiy
an√t√m. AXn\m¬ "c£' DZvtLmjn°ptºmƒ ]cnip≤m
flmhns\ Hmtcm hy‡n°pw \¬I¬ F∂ Imcyw Ct∏mgpw
]m›mXyk`bnse ssZhimkv{X⁄∑m¿ AhKWn°p∂p.
AXpsIm≠mWv eØo≥ doØnep≈ c£mclky {]tLmj
WØn¬ dqlm£W {]m¿∞\ C√mXncp∂Xv. CØcw Hcp
sshIeyØntebv°v \bn°s∏´ ASnÿm\ ssZhimkv{X
sX‰pIƒ XncpØmsX, Ct∏mƒ dqlm£W{]m¿∞\ Iqń
tN¿ØpsIm≠v eØo≥ Ip¿∫m\ ssZhP\Øns‚ Pohn
XsØ ]q¿Æambn cq]m¥cs∏SpØpIbn√.
tbiphns‚ s]klm clkyØn¬ DƒtN¿∂psIm≠v

{kjvSmhv a\pjy\v BZnbn¬ \¬InbXpw (Dev]Øn 2:7),
F∂m¬ ssZhsØ \ntj[n®Xphgn, a\pjy\n¬ \n∂v
\jvSs∏´Xpamb ]cnip≤mflmhns\ XncnsI e`n°p∂XmWv
c£. ]cnip≤mflmhneqsS a\pjy lrZbØnte°v sNmcnb
s∏Sp∂, Fs∂ ssZhw kvt\ln°p∂psh∂ A\p`hØm¬,
{]]©sØ apgph≥ sFIyØnte°v \bn°pI F∂XmWv
Hmtcm a\pjyt‚bpw ZuXyw. tbiphneqsS a\pjy\v ]cnip≤m
flmhns\ e`n°p∂p, a\pjycneqsS {]]©Øn\pw. tbiphns‚
]oUm\p`hw, acWw, D∞m\w, ]cnip≤mflmhns\ \¬I¬
F∂o \mepImcyßƒ H‰hm°n¬ ]dbp∂XmWv c£m
clkyw AYhm s]klm cl-kyw.
114
3. clkyw (Mystery)
clkyw F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w aqSnshbv°s∏´Xv
AYhm ad™ncn°p∂Xv F∂mWv. ad™ncn°p∂sXm∂pw
shfns∏SmXncn°pIbn√. ISpIpaWnbpsS D≈n¬ IpSpIpacw
Hfn™ncn°p∂p. ImeØneqsS AXv shfns∏´v hcp∂p. Hcp
\mfntIcØn¬ sXßv Hfn™ncn°p∂p, sh≈hpw, hfhpw,
shfn®hpw e`n°ptºmƒ AXv {ItaW sXßmbn amdp∂p.
F∂m¬ Mystery F∂ hm°n\v " Nne¿°v a m{Xw Adnbm≥
Ignbp∂ Adnhv ' F∂v sX‰mbn hymJym\n®p. hmZ{]Xn
hmZØn¬ DØcw ap´ptºmƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ hm°mbn ]e
Bflobt\Xm°fpw clkyw F∂ hm°v D]tbmKn°p∂p
c≠v hm°p-Isf Iqń-t®¿Øp-sIm≠v Hcp hm°mbn D]-

tbm- K n- ° p∂ ]e hm°pIfpw `mjbpsS cq]s∏Sen¬
D]tbmKn°p∂p≠v. DZmlcWØn\v Motor + Pedalling =Moped,
Motor +Hotel = Motel, Breakfast+Lunch =Brench. AXpt]mse
Mystery+ Truth = Myth; Mystery+Pedagogue = Mystagogue.
kXyw Hfn™ncn°p∂ IYIfmWv Myth. kXyw t\cn

s´gpXnbm¬ hymJym\n°m\p≈ km[yX \jv S s∏Spw.
kXysØ anØmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂h≥, "kXyw ]q¿Æ-ambn
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ F\n°v Ign-bn√' F∂v {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. Ime-
L-´-Øn-eqsS hyXykvX hymJym-\-ß-fn-eqsS Myth ]q¿Æ-⁄m-
\-Øn-te°v hf-cp-∂p.
4. ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bn¬ \n∂v ImW-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-bn-

tebv°v (Mystagogue)
Mystery F∂m¬ ad-™n-cn-°p∂Xv F∂mWv A¿∞w.
Pedagogue F∂m¬ t_m[-\-{I-aw F∂mWv. c≠pw tN¿∂m¬
ad-™n-cn-°p-∂h - sb a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ t_m[\{Iaw F∂mWv
A¿∞w. ad-™n-cn-°p∂Xns\ a\p-jy\v ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√.
F∂m¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-bmWv a\p-jy\v a\- n-em-°m≥
Ign-bp-∂X
- v. t_m[\ {Iaw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp hnZym¿∞n-bpsS
t_m[sØ ImWs∏Sp∂ bmYm¿∞y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ImW-s∏-
Sm-Ø-h-bn-te°v hf¿Øp∂ {]{In-b-bm-Wv. 1,2,3 F∂o kwJy-
115
Iƒ ImWmt\m A\p-`-hn-°mt\m Ign-bmØ Abstract kn≤m-¥-

am-Wv. 2Ip-cß
- ≥ +3 Ipc-ß≥ = 5 Ip-cß
- ≥ F∂v \ap°v ImWmw.
F∂m¬ Cu ka- h m- I y- Ø n¬ \n∂v Ipc- ß s\ am‰n- b m¬
2+3 =5 F∂v e`n°pw. CØ-c-Øn¬ Hcp Ipń-bpsS t_m[-Øn¬
Concerete bmYm¿∞y- Ø n¬ \n∂v Abstract Xe- Ø n- t e°v
hf¿Øp∂ ]S-hp-I-fmWv t_m[\ {Iaw.
clkyw ( Mystery) a\- n- e m- ° m≥ t_m[- \ - { Iaw

( Pedagogue ) D]- t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ - X mWv Mystagogue. as‰mcp
hn[Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ \n∂pw ImW-s∏-
SmØ bmYm¿∞y- Ø n- t e- ° p≈ t_m[sØ hf¿Øp∂
{]{In-b. krjvSm-hns\ Bcpw I≠n-ń-√, tbip-hns\ a\p-jy≥
I≠n-´p-≠v. tbip krjvSm-hns‚ kºq¿Æ {]Xn-Om-b-bm-Ip-∂-
Xp-sIm≠v tbip-hns\ ImWp-tºmƒ \mw krjvSm-hm-cm-sW∂v
a\- n-em-°p-∂p.
ImW-s∏-SmØ {kjvSm-hns‚ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ cq]-amWv

{Inkv X p. AXn- \ m¬ {Inkv X p ssZh- Ø ns‚ IqZm- i - b m- W v
(Sacrament). ssZh-\n-tj-[-Øn\v ap≥]p≈ a\p-jy≥ (Adam
before sin) {InkvXp-hn\v kam-\≥ (k-a-\-√) Bb-Xn-\m¬ a\p-
jy≥ krjvSm-hns‚ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ cq]-am-sW∂v ]d-bmw.(ssZhw
a\p-jys\ kz¥w Omb-bn¬ krjvSn®p). ]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw
]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hp-amb GI-ssZhw F∂ bmYm¿∞yw Hcp cl-
ky-am-Wv. Cu clkyw ImWm-\p≈ am¿§-amWv IpSpw_w. ]cn-
ip-≤m-flm-hn¬ \nd™ P\w -ap-gp-h-\pw, kvt\-l-Øn¬ GI
bmYm¿∞y-ambn amdp-∂-XmWv k`.
ItØm-en°m k` \¬Ip∂ F√m IqZm-i-Ifpw, amtΩm-

Zo-k, Ipº-km-cw, hn. -Ip¿∫m\, ssÿcy-te-]-\w, tcmKo-
te-]-\w, hnhm-lw, Xncp-∏´w F∂nh {kjvSm-hns‚ ImW-s∏-
SmØ kz`m-hs - Ø ImWm\pw (Sign) {kjvSmhns‚ kz`m-hØ - n¬
a\pjys\ hf¿Øm-\p-ap≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-amWv (instruments).
tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-as‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ "a\pjy≥ ssZh-Øns‚
IqZm-i-bmWv.' Cu {]kvXm-h-\- IqZm-i-Iƒ Ggv F∂- ap≥Ime
[mc- W - b p- a mbn s]mcp- Ø - s ∏´v t]mIp- I - b n- √ . AXn- \ m¬
"Ggv IqZm-i-Isf' a\p-jy-s\bpw IpSpw-_-sØbpw IqZm-i-bm-
°p∂ AYhm ImW-s∏-SmØ ssZh-Øns‚ ImW-s∏-Sp∂
116
cq]-am-°p-∂, ]m]w sNøp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]p≈ Ahÿ XncnsI

\¬Ip∂, c£m-Ic IqZm-i-Iƒ F∂p h¿§o-I-cn-°p∂XmIpw
DNn-Xw.
5. kztZ-l-t{]-aw (Narcissism)
"kvt\l- Ø ns‚ kt¥mjw' F∂ {KŸ- Ø nepw
{^m≥kokv am¿∏m-∏-bpsS a‰p {]`m-j-W-ß-fnepw hym]-I-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp-hm-°mWv Narcissism. {Ko°v CXn-lm-k-ß-
fnse Hcp IYm-]m-{X-amWv Narcissus. a\-imkv{X hni-Ie- \
- Ø
- n¬
Narcissus s‚ IY D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Narcissus F∂ a\p-
jy≥ a‰p-≈-h¿ \¬Inb kvt\lsØ kzoI-cn-®n-√. AXns‚
A\-¥-c-^-e-ambn kzbw kvt\ln-°m≥ XpS-ßn. kz¥w ico-c-
Øns‚ `wKn Bkz-Zn®v Narcissus acn-®p. Cu IY a\p-jys‚
kz`m-hsØbmWv Nq≠n-°mWn°p-∂-Xv.
a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fn¬ sFIy-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xv kvt\l-am-Wv.

kvt\ln-°-s∏-´m¬ (Input) am{XamWv a\p-jy\v kvt\ln-°m≥
Ign-bp-∂Xv (Output). a‰p-≈-h¿ \¬Ip∂ kvt\lw kzoI-cn-°m-
\p≈ Hcp ]m{X-sa∂ (Vessel)F∂ \ne-bn¬ am{Xsa Hcp a\p-
jy-\n¬ kzbw kvt\lw D≠m-Im≥ ]mSp-≈q. AXn-\∏ - p-dØ
- p≈
kzbw kvt\lw at\m-tcm-K-am-Wv. AXn-cp-hn´ kzbw kvt\l-
sa∂ at\m-tcm-K-Øn-s‚- t]-cmWv Narcissism. amXm-]n-Xm-°-fm¬
Dt]-£n-°-s∏-Sp-tºm-gmWv Hcp-h≥ Naricissism Øns‚ ASn-a-bm-
IpI F∂mWv Cu A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ\w apt∂m´p hbv°p-
∂-Xv.
Hmtcm a\p-jy-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm\ B{Klw a‰p-≈h¿

Xß-tfmSv ]n≥h-en-°-s∏-SmØ kvt\lw {]Z¿in-∏n-°-W-sa
-∂m-Wv. (Hegel). CØ-c-samcp kvt\lw {kjvSmhv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-
hn-eqsSbmWv a\pjy lrZ-b-Øn-te°v sNmcn-bp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬
a\p-jy≥ Cu kvt\lw {]Xo-£n-°p-∂Xv A∏≥, AΩ, ktlm-
Z-c≥, ktlm-Z-cn, _‘p-an-{Xm-Zn-Iƒ, PohnX ]¶m-fn, a°ƒ,
kplr-Øp-°ƒ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂m-Wv. CØ-c-samcp kvt\lw
Hcp-h\v \¬Im≥ a‰p a\p-jy¿°v Ign-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠v
ssZhsØ \ntj[n°p∂ a\pjy¿ kvt\ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v
A\p-`-hn-°m≥ kzbw kvt\ln-°m≥ XpS-ßp-∂p.
117
a‰p-≈h- ¿ Hcp-hs\ AwKo-Ic- n-°p-tºm-gmWv Hcp-h\v kzbw

Hcp hy‡n-bm-sW∂ kzXzw P\n-°p-I. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ kvt\ln-
°p-∂n-s√∂v Hcp-h\v tXm∂n-bm¬, Ah≥ kzXzw \ne-\n¿Øm≥
Ahs\ Xs∂ XtemSn kzbw kpJn®v kz¥w kzXzw \n¿Ωn-
°m≥ {ian-°pw. CØ-c-Øn¬ kzbw XtemSn kvt\ln°s∏Sp-
∂-Xns‚ Hcp {]Im-i\w am{X-amWv kzbwt`mKw. Narcissism
Øns‚ Hcp {]Im-i\w am{X-amWv hgnsX‰nb ssewKnI{]h-
¿ØnIƒ. GXv C{μn-bhpw Aan-X-ambn kpJm-kzm-Z-\-Øn\v D]-
tbm-Kn®v "Rm\p≠v' F∂v ÿm]n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv Narcissism
Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. Nne¿ Aan-X-ambn `£Ww Ign-°p-∂p. Nne¿
IÆns\ kpJn-∏n-°m≥ bm{X-sNbvXv ImgvN-Iƒ ImWp-I-tbm,
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS kpJm-kzm-Z-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
ImWp-Itbm sNøp-∂p. Nne¿ A[n-Imc el-cn-bn¬ Pohn
-°p-∂p.
a\p-jym-kvXn-Xz-Ønse Hcp hn`-P-\-amWv Narcissism. a\p-

jys‚ AkvXn-Xz-Øn\v c≠v Xe-ap-≠v: hy‡n-X-ew, kmaq-
ln-I-X-ew. Hcp \mfntIc-Øn¬ sXßv ad-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-
t]m-se, Hmtcm-hy-‡n-bnepw kmaq-lnI PohnXw hf-cm≥ ImØn-
cn-°p-∂p-≠v. hy‡n Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn-
te-bv°p≈ ]me-amWv ]c-kvt\-lw. a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-IX - b
- n¬
\n∂v ]c-kvt\lw \jvS-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ kmaq-lnI PohnXsa∂
e£yw ad∂v kz¥w kpJ-sa∂ GI-e-£y-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂p.
Hcp Bflob {]ÿm-\-Øn\v a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-X-bn-

ep≈ hy‡n-X-esØ kmaq-ln-I-X-e-Øn-te°v hf¿Øm≥ Ign-
bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬, AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Bflo-bm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ a\p-
jys\ IqSp-X¬ "kzbw-t`mKw' (\nc-¥cw \S-Øp∂ Bfl-tim-
[-\-I-fn¬ am{Xw kwXr]vXn ImWp-Ibpw Ah-\-h-\n-te°v
Xs∂ ho≠pw ho≠pw Npcp-ßp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Bflo-b-X.
{^m≥knkv ]m∏-bpsS hna¿i\w {i≤n-°p-I.)-sNbvXv kz¥w
kzXzw \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Narcissus Bbn am‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.
6. kvt\lw (1)
ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam hy‡n-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep≈ _‘-
Øns‚ ]›m- Ø - e - Ø n¬ am{Xw \n¿h- N n- ° m≥ Ign- b p∂
]Z-amWv kvt\lw. c≠p hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep-≈ _‘-Øn¬
118
Hcp-h≥ A]-c\v Hmtcm {]h¿Øn-bnepw H∂mw ÿm\w \¬Ip-

∂XmWv kvt\lw. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xß-tf-°mƒ {]m[m\yw
a‰p-≈h
- ¿°v \¬I-s´, tbmip-{In-kvXp-hn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Cu at\m-
`mhw \nß-fpsS lrZ-bsØ `cn-°s´ (^n-en-∏nb 2:4˛6). A]-
c≥ Ahs‚ Pohn-XØ - n¬ F√m Xncs™Sp∏p-If - nepw F\nbv°v
H∂mwÿm\w \¬I-emWv kvt\ln-°-s∏-S¬, Rm≥ A]-c\v
Fs‚ F√m Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fnepw H∂mw-ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂-
XmWv kvt\ln-°¬.
Rm≥ kvt\ln-°-s∏´p F∂ A\p-`hw Hcn-°epw C√m-

Ø-h\ - mWv kztZ-lt- {]-an (Narcissus). ]gb \nb-aØ- nse Imtb≥
kztZ-lt- {]-an-bpsS bYm¿∞ apJw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. c≠p-t]¿
am{X-ap≈ _‘-Øn¬ kztZl t{]aw krjvSn-°p∂ {]iv\w
Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ B _‘-Øn¬ {]th-
in-®m¬ kztZlt{]aw B _‘sØ XI¿°p-∂Xp ImWmw.
BZm-ans‚ koa-¥-]p-{X-\m-bn-cp∂p Imtb≥, c≠m-asØ ]p{X-
\mWv Bt_¬. Imtb≥ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p a-Is - \-¶n¬ BZm-ans‚
H∂mw ÿm\w Imtb\v am{X-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. Bt_¬ F∂ aI≥
P\n-°p-tºmƒ Imtb-\nse tNmZyw, BcmWv Rß-fn¬ \ns‚
ap∂n¬ H∂m-a≥ F∂mWv?
Imtb-\nse Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw \¬Im-t\m, Imtb-

\ns\ kwXr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Ømt\m BZm-an\v Ign-bn-√. a\pjym
kvXnXz-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-bn¬ ""a‰p-≈-h-tc-°mƒ A[n-I-ambn
\o Fs∂ kvt\ln-°p-∂pthm?'' F∂ At\z-j-W-ap-≠v. Cu
At\z-jW - sØ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ krjvSm-hn\v am{Xsa Ignbp.
C°mcyw A\p-`-hn-°m≥ Imtb≥, Bt_¬, {kjvSmhv F∂-
Xn\p ]Icw, Rm≥ tbip-{In-kvXp, {kjvSmhv F∂ _‘w ]cn-
tim[n°-Ww. {kjvSm-hn¬ \n∂v P\n-®-h-\mWv tbip-{In-kvXp.
{kjvSmhv iq\y-Xbn¬ \n∂v AkvXnXzw X∂-h-\mWv Rm≥.
{kjvSmhv H∂mw ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂Xv F\nt°m tbip-{In-kvXp-
hnt\m? Rm≥ tbip {InkvXp-hns\ h[n-®m¬ {kjvSmhv Fs∂
kvt\ln-°ptam? Cu tNmZy-Øn\v hn.-tbm-l-∂m≥ \evIp∂
DØcw C{]-Im-ca- m-Wv. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ah-\n¬ ({kjvSmhnt\mSv)
hniz-kvX-\mb Gh\pw \in®p t]mImsX \nXy-Po-h≥ {]m]n-
°p-∂X- n\p th≠n, Xs‚ GI-Pm-Xs\ Dt]-£n-°m≥ X°-hn[w
ssZhw temIsØ (Cosmos)-A{- X-am{Xw kvt\ln-®p (tbml 3:16).
119
kz¥w GIPmX-\p-am-bp≈ Xmc-X-ay-Øn¬, GI PmX-t\-°mƒ

aqeyw F\n°p \¬Ip∂ {kjvSm-hns‚ kvt\lw {Iqin-X-\n¬
ImWp-∂-h≥, kztZ-l-t{]-a-Øn¬ (Narcissus) \n∂v tamNn-X-
\mIpw.
{Iqin-Xs\ t\m°n-bm¬ Ahs‚ tNX-\sb [ym\n-°p-

∂-h≥ c£-{]m-]n-°m≥ km[y-Xb - n-√. {kjvSm-hpw, {kjvSm-hns‚
GI- P m- X \pw Rm\pw XΩn- e p≈ _‘- Ø n¬, {kjv S mhv
F\n°p kz¥w GI-Pm-X-s\-°mƒ aqeyw \¬Ip-∂p-sh-∂-\p-`-
hn-°p-∂-XmWv ssZh-kvt\-lm-\p-`-hw. ssZh-kvt\-lm-\p-`hw
C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv hnip≤ tbml-∂m≥ tbip-hns‚
Acn-In¬ sN∂v Fs∂ H∂m-a-\mbn, a‰p≈h-sc-°mƒ A[n
Iambn kvt\ln-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tbip ]d-bp∂p
\nß-fn¬ H∂m-a-\m-Im≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-h≥ a‰p-≈-hcpsS Zmk-
\m-I-Ww.
Pohn-X-]-¶mfn Fs∂ H∂m-a-\mbn ImW-W-sa∂v B{K-

ln-°msX, Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Pohn-X-]-¶m-fnbv°pw, a°ƒ°pw
Hm∂mw- ÿ m\w \¬Ip- I - s b- ∂ - X mWv {Inkv X ob IpSw- _ -
Po-hn-Xw. CØ-cs - amcp kvt\l-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-Xb- mWv Hcp k\ym-
kn-bn¬ \n∂v ssZh-P\w {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.
7. kvt\lw (2)
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Zp¿hym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]Z-amWp
kvt\lw. hn.-{K-Ÿhpw k`m-{]-t_m-[\
- ß
- fpw kvt\l-sa∂ ]Zw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ \¬Ip∂ A¿∞w a\- n-em-°n-bm¬ am{X-
amWv "kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¥m-j-'sa∂ teJ-\-Øns‚ \memw
A≤ymbw a\- n-em-Ip-I. kvt\l-sa∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-X-
esØ hymJym-\n-°m\n°m-\m-Wv s_\-UnIvSv ]Xn-\m-dm-a≥
am¿∏m∏ "ssZhw kvt\l-am-Ip∂p' sh∂ Nm{InI teJ\w cNn-
®Xv. BZyw s_\-UnIvSv ]Xn-\m-dm-a≥ \¬Ip∂ kvt\l-sa∂
]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
Cu {]]- © - Ø n¬ \ne- \ n¬°p∂ Poh- \ p≈ F√m

bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw (Input)-\¬Ip-I-bpw (Output)
sNbvXp sIm≠mWv Bfl-km-£mXv°mc-Øn-te°v hf-cp-∂Xv
Hcp sNSn sh≈w, hfw, kpcy-{]-Imiw F∂nh kzoI-cn-°p-∂p
120
(Input). HmIvkn-P≥, ê-ßƒ apX-em-bh \¬-Ip-∂p (Output).

a\pjyhy‡n-Xz-Ønepw kzoI-cn-°epw \¬I-ep-ap-≠v. -a-\p-jy≥
a‰p-≈-h-cpsS AwKo-Im-chpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p,
AYhm kvt\ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰p a\p-jy¿°v AwKo-Im-c-hpw,
]cn-K-W-\bpw \¬Ip-∂p, AYhm kvt\ln-°p-∂p. kvt\ln-°-
s∏-Sp-I, kvt\ln-°pI F∂o c≠p Xe-ßƒ kvt\l-sa∂
{]hrØn°p-≠v. Cu kzoI-cn-°epw \¬Iepw kmaq-lnI Pohn-
X-Øn-ep-≠v. kmaq-lnI Pohn-Ønse kzoI-cn-°¬ Ah-Im-i-
ßfpw, \¬I¬ IS-a-I-fp-am-Wv.
Hcp a\p-jy\v amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂mWv BZyambn

kvt\lw e`n-°p-∂Xv. e`n-°p-∂-Xns‚ kt¥mjw G‰hpw ]c-
a-Im-jvTb
- n-se-ØpI ssewKoI_‘-Øn-em-Wv. ssewKnI-Xb- n¬
kv{Xo ]pcp-j-t\bpw ]pcp-j≥ kv{Xosbbpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Xs‚
kt¥m-j-Øns‚ am¿§-am-°p-∂p. kzoI-cn-°p∂ kvt\l-Øns‚
]c-a-Im-jvTsb Imaw (eros) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.
]s£ Hcp-h≥ kvt\lw kzoI-cn-®m¬ AXv \¬Ip∂

kvt\l-ambn amdptam? \¬Ip∂ kvt\l-Øns‚ t]cmWv
AKms∏ (Agape). C¥y≥ XXz-Nn¥ AKm-s∏-sb \njvIm-a-
I¿Ωw F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. Cu kvt\lw H∂n-s\bpw kz¥-am-
°m≥ B{K-ln-°msX F√m-hscbpw kvt\ln-°p-∂p. kzo-I-cn-
°msX \¬IpI Akm-[y-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ krjvSmhn¬ \n∂v
kvt\lw kzoI-cn®v a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂v kvt\lw {]Xo-£n-°msX
a\p-jys\ kvt\ln-°p-∂X - mWv AKm-s∏. hn.-{K-Ÿa
- m-bmepw k`
{]t_m-[-\-ß-fm-bmepw kvt\lw F∂ hm°v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-
Xv, XncnsI e`n-°p-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°msX F√m {]hrØn-bnepw
Xs‚ IqS-bp-≈-h¿°v H∂mw ÿm\w \¬IpI F∂-Xm-Wv. Ima-
Øn¬\n∂v AKm-s∏-bn-te-bv°p≈ {Iam-\p-KX hf¿®-bmWv
{InkvXob IpSpw-_ PohnXw.
Hmtcm hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-X-e-Øn-te-°p≈ Cu

hf¿®-bpsS ]q¿Æ-X-bmWv ssZh-cmPyw. Cu ssZh-cmPyw
\n¿Ωn-°pI F∂-XmWv a\p-jy-Zu-Xyw, F∂m¬ AXv ]q¿Æ-
am-°p-∂Xv ssZh-am-Wv. hnhm-ln-X-cmb Zº-Xn-Iƒ Cu kvt\l-
Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS Pohn-°p∂ AS-bm-f-am-tI-≠-h-cm-Wv, k\y-
kvX¿ Cu hf¿®-bpsS ]q¿Æ-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-am-tI-≠-h-cm-Wv.
121
AXp-sIm≠v hnhm-ln-Xsc ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ˛

Ncn-{X-Øn-eqsS hfcp∂ ˛ AS-bm-f-sa-∂pw, k\y-kvXsc ssZh-
cm-Py-Øns‚ bpKm-¥y-]-c-amb AS-bm-f-sa∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p
(\w. 160, 161).
8. sIcn‹ (Kerygma)
sIcn‹ (\w. 58) F∂ ]Zw Cu A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-
Øn¬ ]e-bn-SØ
- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. sIcn-‹s
- b-Ip-dn®v [ym\n-
®m-em-Ws{X ssZhw Fs∂ kvt\ln-°p∂psh∂ A\p-`hw
h¿≤n-°p-I. F¶n¬ F¥mWv sIcn‹?
k` kaq-l-tØmSv sNbvX BZysØ kphn-ti-j-{]-tLm-

j-W-amWv sIcn‹ (Acts 2:14-36). Cu {]kw-K-Ønse Hcp
hmNIw (Acts 2:23) khn-tij {i≤ BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu
hmN-IØ - n¬ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ h[n-®Xv tIƒhn-°m-cm-sW∂v
c≠p-{]m-hiyw hn.-]-t{Xmkv Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬
hn.-]-t{Xmkv tIƒhn-°msc sIme-]m-X-In-Iƒ F∂v hnfn-®n´pw
tI´-h¿°v Ip‰-t_m[w tXm∂n-bn-√, {]XypX Ah¿ am\-km-¥-
c-s∏´v krjvSm-hn-t\mSv A\p-c-÷-\-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Cu Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ icn-bmtWm ? C∂v

Fs∂ t\m°n k` Cu {]kwKw Bh¿Øn-®m¬ hn.-]-t{Xm-kn-
t\mSpw ]n≥Km-an-I-tfmSpw Ncn-{XsØ hf-s®m-Sn-°p∂ \pW-b-
∑m¿ F∂v hnfn-°pw.
F∂m¬ Bflo-b-ambn Cu {]kvXm-h\ icn-bmtWm?

Rm≥ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ LmX-I-\mtWm? tPm¨t]mƒ
c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m-∏-bpsS "I¿Ømhpw Poh-Zm-Xmhpw' F∂ Nm{In-
I-te-J-\-Øn¬ BZmw-ap-X¬, temImh-km\w hsc Pohn-°p∂
F√m hy‡n-Ifpw tbip-hns‚ ac-W-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-
sW∂v ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p (tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥, "I¿Ømhpw
Poh-Zm-Xmhpw' \w. 29).
a\p-jys‚ Hmtcm ]m]hpw {kjvSm-hns‚ lrZ-bsØ

ZpxJn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu ZpxJw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ L\o-`-hn-°p-∂-XmWv
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Ipcn-ip-a-cWw. a\p-jys‚ ]m]w {kjvSm-
hns‚ lrZ-b-Øn-ep-≠m-°p∂ thZ-\-bpsS {]Im-i-\-amWv Ipcn-
122
ip-a-cWw. Cu A¿∞-Øn-emWv Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw tbip-hns‚

ac-W-Øn¬ DØ-c-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ LmX-
I\mWv Rms\∂ hn.- ]-t{Xm-kns‚ {]tLm-jWw F∂n¬ Ip‰-
t_m[w krjvSn-°p-∂n-√. ImcWw Rm≥ h[n® tbip-{InkvXp
Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰-Xn\m¬ Fs‚ sIme°p‰w C√m-Xm-bn. tbip-
{InkvXp Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Rm≥ tbip-hns‚
LmX-I-\m-sW∂v bmYm¿∞yw \ne-\n¬°p-I-bpw, Rm≥ Fs‚
Ip‰-t_m[Øn¬ acn-°p-Ibpw sNbvtX-s\.
CXv tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m-∏-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-

a-√.- D-Ø-a-a-\-kvXm-]-{]-I-cWw F∂-t]-cn¬ \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn
ssZh-P\w sNm√n-bn-cp∂ {]m¿∞\ Acts 2:23 {ihn-°p-Ibpw
kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX hniz-kvX-cpsS {]Xn-I-cW {]m¿∞-\-
bmbncp∂p. {]kvXpX {]m¿∞\ Xmsg-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.
henb DØa a\-kvXm-]-{]-I-cWw

]c-a-kvt\-l-amb k¿tΔ-iz-cm, I¿Øm-th, \o DS-b-h≥,
Rm≥ \oN-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ ASn-a. kIe \∑-bm-bn-cn-°p∂
\n\°p hntcm-[-a-mbn Rm≥ ]m]-ßƒ sNbvXp. t{Zml-ßƒ
Btem-Nn-®p. Cutim, Rm≥sNbvX ]m]-ß-fm¬ kvfo-hm-ta¬
\ns∂ Rm≥ Xd-®p. \ns‚ Xncp-ap-dn-hp-Isf \njvTq-c-amw-hÆw
]e-t∏mgpw Rm≥ s\mº-c-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ak-l-\ob ]oU-I-tf‰p
Ipcn-in¬ Xd-bv°-s∏-´p. ITn-\-a-cWw \o A\p-`-hn-®Xp ]m]n-
bmb Rm≥ Imc-Wa - m-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ sNbvX ]m]-ßf - m¬ Fs‚
Bflm-hns\ \in-∏n®p ]nim-Nn\p ASn-ab - m-bn, \c-IØ
- n¬ \nXy-
ambn Ign-bp-hm≥ CS-h-cp-Øn. \c-I-Øn¬ t]mIp-sa-∂p≈ `b-
tØ-°m-fpw tam£w In´p-I-bn-s√-∂p≈ tJZ-tØ-°mfpw kIe
\∑-kz-cq-]n-bm-bn-cn-°p∂ \n\-s°-Xn-cmbn ]m]-ßfpw t{Zml-
ßfpw sNbvX-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p a\-kvXm-]-s∏-Sp-∂p.- C-Xn-\m-ep≈
a\-kvXm-]-a-√msX thsd a\-kvXm-]-an-√, CXp-sIm-≠p≈ ZpxJ-
a-√msX thsd ZpxJ-an-√.
Adn™pw Adn-bm-sXbpw Rm≥ sNbvXp-t]mb kIe

]m]-ßfpw I¿Øm-th, Ft∂mSv £an-°-W-ta (-C-{]-Imcw aq∂p-
h´w sNm√pI)
C\n- s bm- c n- ° epw ]m]- ß ƒ sNøp- I - b n- s √∂p ZrV-

{]-Xn⁄ sNøp-∂p. Fs‚ tbmKy-Xbpw i‡nbpw t]mcm-Ø-
123
Xn-\m¬ Cutim-an-inlm Nn¥nb c‡-sØ-°p-dn®v Fs‚ ]m]-

ß-sf√mw £an-®p, \nXym-\μw F\n°p \o \¬Ip-sa∂v {]Xym-
in-°p-∂p.
Ch-sbm-s°bpw Fs‚ i‡n-bm¬ Akm-≤y-am-b-Xn-\m¬

]cn.-am-Xm-th, \ns‚ {]nb-]p-{X-t\mSv F\n-°p-th≠n At]-£n-
°-W-ta.
k` sNbvX Cu BZy {]tLm-jWw ho≠pw ho≠pw

{ihn-°p-I-bpw, DØa a\vk-Xm-]-{]-I-cWw G‰p-sNm-√p-Ibpw
sNbvXm¬, tbip-hns\ Rm≥ h[n-s®-¶nepw {kjvSmhv Fs∂
kvt\ln-°p-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-Ipw. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-XXzw a\-
n-em-ImØ Nne ssZh-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ DØ-a-a-\-kvXm-]-{]-
I-cWw IpSpw-_-{]m¿∞\m ]pkvXI-Øn¬ \n∂v Dt]-£n-®p.
9. ka¿∏n-X≥, sshZn-I≥
ka¿∏n-X≥, sshZnI≥, A`n-jn-‡≥ F∂o ]Z-ßƒ hnI-
e-am-bmWv ]ecpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. F√m sshZnIcpw ka-
¿∏n-X-c√ F∂ {]kvXm-h\ hnizm-kn-I-fn¬ Nn¥m-Ip-g∏w
krjvSn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ B {]kvXm-h\ icn-bm-Wv. ka¿∏n-
X≥ F∂ hm°n\v {]tXyI A¿∞-ap-≠v. Hcp kztZ-l- t{]an
(Narcissus) \mev {][m-\-s∏´ Bk-‡n-I-fpsS XS-h-d-bn-em-Wv.
D]t`mKw sNøpI, kwt`mKw sNøpI, A[nImcnbmIpI
hn{ian°pI F∂nhbmWv Ah. D]- t `m- K w/A≤zm\w,
kwt`mKw/ `mcy-sbbpw a°-sfbpw ip{iq-jn-°¬, A[n-Imcw/
A\p-k-c-Ww, hn{iaw/PmK-cWw F∂o \mep Imcy-ßƒ Hcp-
an®v \ne-\n¬t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ch- \mepw a\p-jym-kvXn-
Xz-Øn¬ hn`-Pn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. A≤zm-\n-°msX D]-t`mKw
sNøpIbpw, PohnX ]¶m-fn-sbbpw a°-sfbpw kvt\ln-°msX
kwt`mKw \SØpIbpw, A[n-Im-cnsb A\p-k-cn-°msX A\p-
bm-bn¬ \n∂v kºq¿Æ A\p-k-cWw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, ]cm-
a-h[n hn{iaw At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-\mbn a\p-jy≥
A[x-]-Xn-®-XmWv ssZh-cmPy \n¿Ωn-Xn°v XS- -ambn \n¬°p-
∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v ssZh-cmPyw \n¿Ωn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ D]-t`mKw
sNømsX A[zm-\n-°p-∂-h-cpw, kwt`mKw sNømsX Ip™p-
ßsf ip{iq-jn-°p-∂-h-cpw, A[n-Imcw Imw£n-°msX A\p-
124
bmbn Bbn amdp-∂-h-cpw, hn{iaw Dt]-£n®v PmK-cWw \S-Øp-

∂-h-tcbpw Bh-iy-ap-≠v. ssZh-kvt\-lsØ {]Xn Cu \mev
Imcy-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v {]Xn⁄ sNøp∂hcmWv
ka¿∏n-X¿. Cu \mep Imcy-ßsf H‰-hm-°n¬ "kphn-tij D]-
tZ-iß- ƒ' F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. Cu {hX-sa-Sp-°mØ Bcpw ka¿∏n-
X-c-√. \m´p-]-´-°m-cmb sshZnI¿ Bcpw Xs∂ Cu {hX-ßƒ
FSp-°p-∂n-√, AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ ka¿∏n-X-c-√.
ka¿∏n-X-sc-√m-hcpw sshZnI-c√. ItØm-en°m k`-bnse

F√m hnizm-kn-Is - fbpw ]cº-cm-KX
- a
- mbn c≠v h¿§-ambn th¿Xn-
cn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂p. A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏-´-h¿ (ordained) A`n-
tjIw sNø-s∏-Sm-Ø-h¿ (non - ordianed or lay). Cu h¿§o-I-c-W-
amWv sshZn-I¿, Aflm-b¿ F∂- hn-`-P-\w. ka¿∏n-X-cn¬ A`n-
tjIw sNø-s∏-Sm-Ø-hsc ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ (brothers)ktlm-Z-cn-
am¿ (sisters) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. {^m≥kokv A o-kn, hn.-¢m-c,
hn.-A¬t^m≥k, hn.-a-Z¿sX-tck apX-em-b-h-scm∂pw A`n-jn-
‡-c-√. ItØm-en° k`-bn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v A`n-tjI ip{iqj
\¬Im-dn-√. sshZnIsc am{X-amWv ]´-ta-‰h¿ (ordained) F∂v
hnfn-°pI. {_Z¿am¿°pw, knÃ¿am¿°pw ]´-Zm-\-ip-{iqj
\¬Im-dn-√. ka¿∏n-X-cn¬ \n∂v At\Iw hnip-≤¿ D≠m-bn-
´p-≠v. ka¿∏n-X-c-√mØ \m´p-]-´-°m-cmb sshZnI hn`m-K-Øn¬
\n∂v F{X-t]¿ hnip-≤-cpsS KW-Øn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏-ń-´p≠v
F∂v F\n-°d - n-bn-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ {^m≥kokv A okn AS-
°-ap≈ F√m ]´-ta¬°mØ hnip-≤cpw kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn
Aflm-b-cm-Wv.
c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ ordained/nonordained F∂

h¿Ko-I-cWw am‰n as‰m-∂mbn hn`-Pn-°p-∂p. sshZn-I-c-√mØ
(non-ordained) apgp-h≥ t]cpw Aflm-b¿ F∂-Xn\v ]I-cw, sshZn-
Icpw (ordained), k` AwKo-Ic - n® k\ymk kaq-lß
- f
- nse AwK-
ß-f-√m-Ø-h-cp-amb hnizmkn-Isf Aflm-b¿ F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.
Cu ]pXnb h¿§o-I-cWw F¥n-\m-sW∂v a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√.
10. bpKm¥yw (Eschatos)

Eschatos F∂ hm°ns\ ac-Wm-\¥ - cw a\p-jy-\p-≠m-Ip∂
Imcy-ßƒ F∂ hnI-e-amb A¿∞-Øn-emWv ]ecpw D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂-Xv. acWw, hn[n, kz¿§w, \cIw F∂n-h-bpsS ssZh-
125
imkv{Xw ]d-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v eschatological BIn√. bpKm¥yw

F∂ hm°v Cu temI-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ A¿∞-Øn-emWv
s]mXpkaqlw D]tbmKn-°p-∂-Xv. Eschatos F∂ hm°ns‚
A¿∞w end of history F∂m-Wv. End F∂ hm°n\v e£yw (aim),
Ah-km\w (finish)F∂o c≠v A¿∞-ß-fp-≠v. XXz-Nn-¥m-]-c-
ambn end F∂ hm°n\v e£yw F∂m-W¿∞w. AXp-I≠v end
of the history F∂m¬ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Ahkm\w F∂-√, Ncn-{X-
Øns‚ e£yw F∂m-W¿∞w.
Hcp \mfntIcØns‚ e£yw (end)F∂Xv [mcmfw \mfn-

tIcw hnf-™v \n¬°p∂ sXßm-Wv. tKmX-ºp-aW - n-bpsS e£yw
(end) F∂Xv hnf-™v\n¬°p∂- tKm-Xºv hb-em-Wv. {kjvSmhv
\n¿Ωn® {]]©w Ncn-{X-Øn-eqsS hf¿∂v \in-®p-t]m-IpI F∂-
XmtWm Ncn-{X-Øns‚ e£yw? AtXm \oXn Pew t]mse-sbm-
gp-Ip-∂, F√m a\p-jycpw {]]-©hpw GI ico-c-ambn \ne-
\n¬°p∂ Hcp bYm¿∞y- a mtWm Ncn- { X- Ø ns‚ e£yw?
kz¿§Ønset∏mse `qansb krjv S n- ° pI F∂- X mWv
bpKm¥yw AYhm Ncn-{X-e-£yw. a\p-jys‚ `qan-bnse e£yw
bpKm¥yØn\v th≠n A≤zm-\n°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. a\p-jy≥
A≤zm-\n-°p-∂p; {kjvSmhv ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p. {kjvSmhv a\p-
jys\ IqSmsX ssZh-cmPyw krjvSn-®p, a\p-jys\ IqSmsX
AXv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ {kjvSm-hn\v Ign-bn-√, {kjvSm-hns\
IqSmsX AXv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ a\p-jy\pw Ign-bn-√. BZyw
\nßƒ ssZh-Øns‚ cmPyhpw Ahn-SpsØ \oXn-bpw- \n-e-
\n¿Øm≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p-hn≥, _m°n-bp-≈-sX√mw AXn-t\mSp
IqsS Iqń-tN¿°-s∏-Spw. ssZhcmPyØns‚ \n¿ΩnXnbmWv
Hmtcm a\pjys‚bpw e£yw F∂ coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂
h¿°mWv k`bpsS B[p\nI {]t_m[\ßƒ hy‡amIpI
(Appendix -3 ImWpI).
11. \ntbmKw (Intention)

Xnc-s™-SpØ Hcp e£y-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cm≥ hn√n¬
sXmSpØ Aºns‚ (arrow) Ah-ÿb - n-ep≈ lrZ-bm-`n-em-js- Ø-
bmWv \ntbmKw (intention) F∂v t]cv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-
sIm≠v \ntbm-K-Øn\v aq∂v Xe-ß-fp≠v (a)lrZ-b-Ønse Xo{h-
`n-emjw (b) e£yw t\Sm-\p≈ am¿§w (means) (c)e£yw.
126
Hcp a\p-jy≥ A≤zm-\n®v ]W-ap-≠m-°n, Hcp hoSv ]Wn-bm≥

Bcw-`n-®p-sh∂p Icp-Xp-I. B a\p-jys‚ A`n-em-jw, AXv
\nh¿Øn-°m-\p≈ ]Ww, ]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-ImØ hoSv F∂o
aq∂v bmYm¿∞yßƒ Cu \ntbmKØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂p. At±-
l-Øns‚ ac-W-tØm-sS, At±-l-Øns‚ (intention) ]q¿Æambpw
acn-°p-∂n-√. At±-l-Øns‚ \ntbm-K-Øns‚ sshb-‡n-I-Xew
(subjective realm) am{Xta At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tØmsS C√m-Xm-
Ip-∂p-≈q. At±lw hoSp-]Wnsb°p-dn®v Hcp {KŸ-sa-gpXn XpS-
ßn-sb-¶n¬, B {KŸw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥, At±-lØ - ns‚ \ntbm-
K-Øns‚ hkvXp\njvTXe-amb ( objective realm), hoSp-]Wn
]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ as‰mcp-h≥ A≤zm-\n-®m¬ aXn. as‰mcp hn[-
Øn¬ ssZh-cmPy \n¿ΩnXn-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip∂h¿°p-am-{Xta
Fgp-Xn- ]q¿Øn-bm-ImØ (tbml:21.25) kphn-tijw ]q¿Øn-
bm-°m≥ Ign-bq.
12. I¿Ømhv (Subject)

k`m {]t_m-[-\-ß-fnepw, {]m¿∞\m {KŸ-ß-fnepw \nc-
¥cw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hm°mWv I¿Øm-hv. I¿Ømhv F∂m¬
{Inb-sN-øp-∂-h≥ F∂mWv A¿∞w. I¿Ømhv F∂ ]Z-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv I¿Øcn {]tbmKw (Active Voice) I¿ΩWn
{]tbmKw ( Passive Voice) F∂ hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-ßƒ cq]w
sIm≈p-∂-Xv.
DZmlcWambn XpS¿∂v sImSpØncn°p∂ aq∂v

hmNIßƒ ]cntim[n°mw. ]ip \ap°v ]m¬ Xcp-∂p, ]ip-
hn¬ \n∂v \ap°v ]m¬ e`n-°p-∂p. kqcy≥ \ap°v {]Imiw
Xcp-∂p, kqcy-\n¬ \n∂v \ap°v {]Imiw e`n-°p-∂p. amhv \ap°v
amß Xcp-∂p, amhn¬ \n∂v \ap°v amß e`n-°p∂p. Cu aq∂v
hmN-I-ß-fn¬ BZysØ `mKw I¿Øcn {]tbm-Khpw c≠mw-
`mKw I¿ΩWn {]tbm-K-hp-am-Wv. GXv {]tbm-K-amWv icn F∂
tNmZn-®m¬ Hcp `mjm hnZ-KvZ≥ c≠pw icn-bm-sW∂v DØcw
\¬Ipw.-F-∂m¬ ]ip-hn\v ]m¬ Xcm\pw Xcm-Xn-cn-°p-hm-\pw
Xocp-am-\n°m≥ Ign-bptam? thWtam th≠tbm F∂v Xocp-am-
\n®v {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv Ds≠-¶n-emWv B bmYm¿∞yw
I¿Øm-hm-Ip-∂-Xv. ]ip-hn-t\m, amhnt\m, kqcyt\m Ah-bpsS
ê-ßƒ kz¥w Xocp-am-\-{]-Imcw \¬Im≥ Ign-hn-√. kqcy\v
127
{]Imiw \¬Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. \¬Im\pw \¬Im-Xn-cn-

°m\pw Ign-bp∂ Hcp bYm¿∞yw am{X-amWv I¿Øm-hmbn amdp-
∂-Xv.
ssZhw a\p-jys\ krjvSn-®-Xm-tWm, ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v

a\p-jy≥ D≠m-b-XmtWm? ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v a\p-jy≥ D≠m-
b-Xm-sW-¶n¬ ssZhw I¿Øm-h√. F∂m¬ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS
ssZhw I¿Øm-hm-Wv. Bcm-[\m {Ia-Øn¬ "I¿Ømhv' F∂
]Zw tZzmXn-∏n-°p-∂Xv krjvSm-hmb ssZh-sØ-bm-Wv.
a\p-jy≥ I¿Øm-hmtWm? IÆv NnΩp-I, izmtkm-—zmkw

\S- Ø pI, lrZ- b - a n- S n- ° pI apX- e m- b h I¿- X r- Ø - a n- √ mØ
{]hrØn-bmWv. a\p-jys\ arK-Øn¬ \n∂v th¿Øn-cn-°p∂
Hcp {][m\ LSIw kzX{¥ {]hrØn- I ƒ sNøm- \ p≈
a\pjys‚ Ign-hmWv. thW-tam, th≠tbm F∂ Xocp-am-\n-°m-
hp≈ Ign-hns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, thWw F∂v Xocp-am-\n®v
{]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ {]hrØn-Iƒ am{X-amWv kzX{¥
{]hrØn.
kzX{¥ {]hrØn-bpsS IrXyw A¿∞w a\- n-em-ImsX

hn.-{K-Ÿ-tam, "kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¥m-j-'sa∂ teJ-\-Øns‚
273-˛mw JWvUn-Itbm a\- n-em-In-√. ""]ns∂, Ah≥ ae-ap-I-fn-
te°v Ibdn X\n°v CjvS-ap-≈-hsc ASp-tØ°v hnfn-®p''
(am¿t°mkv 3:13). tbip-hns‚ CjvSw Ft∏mgpw ]nXm-hns‚
CjvShpw ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ Bh-iy-hpambn H∂m-b-Xn-\m¬
tbip-hns‚ {]hrØn kzX{¥ {]hrØn-bmWv .F-∂m¬ Hcp
hy‡n Rm≥ F\n°v CjvS-ap-≈-hsc/CjvS-ap-≈Xv Xnc-s™-
SpØp F∂v ]d-™m¬ AXv kzX{¥ {]-h¿Øn-bm-Iptam? C√,
F∂mWv "kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¥m-j'-Øns‚ 273-˛mw JWvUnI
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. Hcp-h≥ Ipń-°mew apX¬ ab-°p-ac- p-∂n\v ASn-
a-bm-sW-¶n¬, ab-°p-ac - p∂v hmßn Ign-°p-hm-\p≈ Ahs‚ Xocp-
am\w Ahs‚ C—m-]q¿Δ {]hrØn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ B {]hrØn
kzX{¥ {]hrØn- b - √ . {]hrØn kzX- { ¥- a m- I - W - s a- ¶ n¬
ss\k¿§nI hmk-\-Itfm ioe-ßtfm Hcp-hs‚ {]hrØn-Isf
\nb-{¥n°cp-Xv. P¿Ω≥ XXz-Nn-¥-I-\mb CΩm-\p-h¬ Im‚ v
B{K-lß-fn¬ \n∂v hnap-‡-amb {]hrØn-I-sf-bmWv kzX{¥
{]hrØn-Iƒ F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXn-cn°p∂Xv. Cu \n¿Δ-
128
N\w bqtdm- ] y≥ a\- ns\ kzm[o- \ n- ® - X p- s Im- ≠ mWv

B{KlsØ \n{Kln°m≥ Bhiys∏Sp∂ _p≤- a - X sØ
{InkvXp-a-X-tØ-°mƒ sa®-s∏-´-Xmbn ]e bqtdm-]y≥ _p≤n-
Po-hn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Ipń-°m-e-Øp-≠mb Pohn-X-ssh-Ieyßƒ Hcp-hs‚ C—m-

i-‡nsb \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\m¬ Rm≥ F\n-°n-jvS-ap-≈-hsc/
F\n-°n-jvS-ap-≈-Xv Xnc-s™-SpØp F∂ {]kvXm-h\ ]Iz-X-
bm¿∂X√. {]XypX, X∂n-jvSsØ (caprice) bmWv, tkzm—m-[n-
]Xy kz`m-hs - Ø-bmWv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. Xs‚ CjvSw ssZth-
jvS-Øn\pw ssZh-cm-Py-Øn\pw A\p-cq-]-amtWm F∂v kzbw
Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ Ignhv ]q¿Æ-a-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠mWv am¿∏m∏
t]mepw, sa{Xm≥ kwL-Øns‚bpw Aflm-b-cp-sSbpw D]-tZiw
tXSp-∂X - v. kz¥w C— icn-bm-sW∂v kvXpXn ]mSp-∂h- sc am{Xw
am¿∏m∏ sa{Xm-∑m-cm-°n-bm¬ sa{Xm≥ kwL-Øns‚ ZuXyw
]q¿Æ-am-In-√.
13. aqeyw (Value)

F√m bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw c≠p-Xcw aqey-hy-hÿ-bn¬ ]cn-
tim-[n-°-Ww. Hcp- bm-Ym¿∞y-Øn\v X∂n¬ Xs∂bpw (Value
in itself or absolute value) a‰p bmYm¿∞y-ßf - p-am-bp≈ _‘-Ønepw
(in relation to another reality or relative value)c≠p-Xcw aqey-ß-fp-≠v.
_‘-ßsf (relationship)hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv Xmc-Xay aqey-sa∂
am\-ZWvUw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´m-Wv. kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI _‘-
ß-fpsS hne ( Price or Sacrifice) \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Xmc-
Xayaqeyw (Relative Value) A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.
Hcp hy‡nbpsS Hmtcm {]hrØnbpw Hcp ap≥K-W\ ]ń-

I-bn¬ (Preference Table)\n∂p≈ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏mWv (Choice). Cu
ap≥K-W\m ]ń-I-bn¬ hyXyÿ bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ°v Hcp-h≥
\¬Ip∂ ÿm\-amWv XmcXay-aqeyw (relative value). ""hkv{X-
tØ-°mƒ ico-chpw ico-c-tØ-°mƒ Poh\pw aqey-ap≈Xt√''
F∂ {]kvXm-h\ Xmc-Xay aqey t{iWn-bpsS DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
Cu aqey-t{i-Wn-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\w \¬Ip∂Xns\ kz¥-am-
°m≥ Hcp a\p-jys‚ AkvXnXzw PmK-cq-K-am-bn-cn-°pw. CØ-c-
Øn¬ F√m hkvXp-°-tf-°mfpw F√m hy‡n-I-tf-°mfpw D]-
cn-bmbn GsXmcp bmYm¿∞ysØ kz¥-am-°m\mtWm Hcp-hs‚
129
AkvXn-Xzhpw, Nn¥bpw kZm hym]r-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv, AXns\

Bcm-[\ F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. Bcm-[n-°p-t∂≥ , Bcm-[n-°p-t∂≥
F∂v At\Iw aWn-°q¿ Ae-dn-hn-fn-°p-∂Xv Bcm-[-\-b-√. Hcp-
h≥ F¥n-s\-bmtWm Bcm-[n-°p-∂Xv AXn\p am{Xsa hne
(Price) \¬Ip-I-bp≈q. aqey-Øns\ XymK-Øm¬ (sacrifice){]I-
Sn-∏n-°p∂XmWv hne (Price). AXp-sIm≠v Hcp-h≥ F¥n\v
th≠n -a-s‰√mw XyPn-°p-∂pthm AXmWv Bcm-[-\. Bcm-[\
Adn-h√, {]hrØn-bm-Wv.
hnhm- l n- X - c mb Zº- X n- I ƒ amXm- ] n- X m- ° ƒ°mtWm

PohnX ]¶m-fn-bv°mtWm H∂mw ÿm\w \¬tI-≠Xv? CXn-
\m-bp≈ bp≤-amWv ]e- Ip-Spw-_-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-thcv XI¿°p-
∂-Xv. kz¥w `¿Ømhv F\n°v H∂mw ÿm\w \¬I-W-sa∂v
Hcp kv{Xo Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw F∂m¬ AtX kv{Xo Xs‚ aI≥
Ahs‚ `mcytb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ÿm\w AΩ-bv°p \evI-W-
sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv IpSpw-_-I-elw.
A∏≥ kvt\ln-°p-∂Xv Fs∂bmtWm ktlm-Z-c-s\-

bmtWm? (Fs∂-t∏mse ss__n-fn¬ Cu tNmZyw tNmZn-®-h¿:
Im-tb\pw/Bt_-epw, tjapw/lmapw, bmt°m_pw/Gkm-hpw,
Ck-lm°pw/Ckvam-tb-epw, tPmk^pw/a‰p-k-tlm-Z-c∑m-cpw,
kmdmbpw/lmK-dpw)
Xmc-Xay aqey-t{iWn am{X-amWv icn-sb∂v hmZn-®m¬

H∂n\pw X∂n¬ Xs∂ aqey-an-√m-Xm-Ipw. X∂n¬ Xs∂ aqey-
an-√m-Ø-Xn\v D]-tbm-K-aqeyw am{X-amWv D≠m-Ip-I. D]-tbm-K-
aqeyw am{X-am-bm¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xn-\p-tijw hens®dn-bp-∂p.
Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw X∂n¬ Xs∂-bp≈ aqeyhpw Xmc-X-ay-

t{i-Wn-bn-ep-≈-aq-eyhpw Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂Xv kmaq-lnI Pohn-
X-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ico-cw, kv{Xo, sXmgn-emfn,
{]]©w F∂n-hbv°v X∂n¬ Xs∂ aqeyw ImWm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw,
Xmc-Xay t{iWn-bn¬ am{Xw aqeyw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv
Ch-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ F√m AXn-{I-a-ß-fp-sSbpw Hcp Imc-Ww.
14. cq]w (Form), bp‡n (Logos), ]dqknb (Paraousia)

apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® aq∂v hm°p-Iƒ°v, {Ko°v `mj
\¬Inb A¿∞-Øn¬ \n∂v hfsc hy-Xy-kvX-amb A¿∞-amWv
130
Cw•ojv `mj \¬Inbn-cn-°p-∂X - v. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ hn.-{K-Ÿhpw

k`m {]t_m- [ - \ - ß fpw hmbn- ° p- t ºmƒ A¿∞w NnX- d n-
t]m-Ip-∂p. Cu aq∂v hm°p-Ifpw ]c-kv]c _‘-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.
CXn¬ cq]w (form)F∂ hm°v \n¿Æm-b-I-am-Wv. {Ko°v

`mj-bnse edios F∂ hm°mWv cq]w AYhm form F∂v
hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xv. BZn-bn¬ ssZhw BIm-ihpw `qanbpw
krjvSn-®p. Ah cq]-c-ln-X-am-bn-cp-∂p (chaos). cq]-c-ln-Xam-b-
hbv°v cq]w \¬InbXmWv {]]©w (cosmos). CXnse cq]w
F∂ hm°v a\- n-em-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Plato \¬Inb eidos F∂
hm°n\v Acn-tÃm-ń¬ \¬Ip∂ hymJym\w Dƒs°m≈-Ww.
Acn-tÃm-ń¬ eidos F∂ hm°n\v \¬Ip∂ A¿Y-am-bn-cn°mw
k`m {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-K-{]-Zw.
(a)Bimcn (b)acsØ (c) Hcp {]tXyI A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ (ratio)
{Iao-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ (d) tai e`n-°p-∂p. {Ko°v `mj-bn¬ Fgp-
X-s∏´ {KŸ-ß-fnse form F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w apI-fn¬
Fgp-Xnb hmN-I-Ønse ‘c’ F∂-`m-K-am-Wv. bp‡n \¬Ip∂
(reason) {Iaw (order)F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv πmt‰m-Wn-Ãp-Ifpw
eidos F∂ hm°n\v \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Eidos F∂ hm°n\v form F∂v
Cw•o-jn-epw, cq]w F∂v ae-bm-f-Ønepw A¿∞w \¬In. {Ia-
ap-≠m-Ip∂ B¥-cnI bp‡n F∂-Xn\v ]Icw cq]-sa-∂m¬
_mly-amb BImcw F∂m°n am‰n.
cq]-c-ln-X-am-bh°v(chaos) cq]w \¬In-b-t∏m-gmWv {]]-

©-Øn¬ {Ia-ap-≠m-bXv(order). {Ia-Øn¬ Ncn-°p∂ {]]-©-
amWv cosmos. hn.- t bm- l - ∂ ms‚ kphn- t i- j - Ø n¬ ssZhw
"tImkv t am- k ns\ kv t \ln®p' F∂- X n\p ]Icw "ssZhw
temIsØ kv t \ln®p' F∂mWv hnh¿Ø\w sNø- s ∏´p
h∂-Xv. temIw F∂ ae-bmf hm°n\v {Ko°p `mj-bnse
tImkvtamkv F∂ hm°ns‚ apgp-h≥ A¿∞w Dƒs°m-≈m≥
Ign-bp-∂n-√.
cq]w F∂ hm°n\v {Iaw \¬Ip∂ bp‡n F∂mWv

A¿∞w. F√m bp‡nbpw {]k-hn-°p∂ (generating)amXr-bp-‡n-
bmWv (mother reason)temtKmkv (logos). AXp-sIm≠v temtKmkv
F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w bp‡n (reason or logic) F∂mWv.
Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ logos F∂v ]Z-Øn\v hN\w (word) F∂v
131
A¿∞w \¬In. tPmk^v dm‰vknw-K¿ cNn® ‘Jesus of Nazareth’

F∂ {KŸ-Øn-¬ hm°p-Iƒ°v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ A¿∞ kqN-
\-bn¬ logosF∂ hm°n\v reason AYhm bp‡n F∂v icn-bmbn
A¿∞w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F√m bp‡n-Ifpw {]k-hn-°p∂
(generate or derive) amXr-bp‡nbmb Logs amwkw [cn-®-XmWv
tbip {InkvXp. amXrbp‡n cq]-cm-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ap{ZWw sNbvX-
t∏m-gmWv cq]-c-lnX {]]©w cq]-ap≈ {]]-©-ambn amdn-bXv.
Cu temtKmkv {]]-©-Øn¬ \n∂v ]n≥hen°s∏-´m¬ Cosmos
ho≠pw Chaos Bbn amdpw. Logos F∂ hm°nse ‘L’ henb
A£cØn¬ Fgp-Xn-bm¬ {InkvXp F∂mWv A¿∞w.
Eidos, Logos
F∂o ]Z-ß-fn-eqsS am{Xw a\- n-em-Ip∂
hm°mWv ]dqkob (Paraousia). {Ko°v Nn¥-b-\p-k-cn®v temI-
Øn-ep≈ F√m bmYm¿∞y-ß-fpsS B¥-cn-I-X-bnepw bp‡n
krjvSn-°p∂ {Ia-ap-≠v (rationally ordered). temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m
bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw AXm-Xns‚ bp‡n {Ia-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v \ne-
\n-∂m¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv (state) ]dqknb. a\p-jys‚
IÆv hn{i-an-°p-I-bm-tWm, tPmen sNøp-I-bmtWm? Btcm-Ky-
ap≈ IÆv tPmen sNøp-tºmgpw hn{i-an-°p-Ib - m-Wv. CØ-cØ - n¬
temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m Ncm-N-c-ß-fp-sSbpw bp‡n AkvXn-Xz-
Øn¬ Aen™p tN¿∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ A≤zm-\n-°p-I-b√ hn{i-
an-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu hn{i-a-amWv km_-Øv. kz¥w B¥-cnI
bp‡nbv°v hncp-≤-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈-h-\mWv a\p-
jy≥. AXp-sIm≠v a\p-jy-\mWv Cosmos s\ chaos B°n am‰n-
b-Xns‚ DØ-c-hmZn (D-ev]-Øn3:17-- ˛18). a\p-jys‚ {Ia-hn-cp≤
{]hrØn-aqew ebw \jvS-s∏´ {]]-©-Øn\v ]dq-knb F∂
Ahÿ tbip-hns‚ c≠mw-hc - h
- n¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°s - ∏-Spw. {Ko°p
XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ lo{_p ss__nƒ {Ko°p
`mjbnte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ "GZ≥tXm´w', "]dq-
knb' Bbn amdn.
lo{_p ]mcºcy- Ø n- e p≈h¿°v ]dqknb F∂m¬

ÿew F∂ coXn-bn¬ am{Xsa Nn¥n-°m≥ Ignbq. AXn-\m¬
Cw•ojv `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ ]dqkob
F∂m¬ ÿew F∂ A¿∞Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏
-Sp-∂p. a‰p Nne¿ ]dq-knb F∂m¬ tbip-hns‚ c≠mw-h-c-hn¬
]q¿Øn-bm-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ahÿ F∂-Xn\v ]I-cw -tb-ip-hns‚
c≠mw-h-chv F∂v hn-h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p. CXv c≠pw sX‰m-
132
sW∂v tXm∂p-∂p. ]dq-kn-b-bpsS ]Wn XpS-cpI F∂-XmWv

a\p-jys‚ ZuXyw. tbip-hns‚ c≠mw hc-hn-emWv Cu ]Wn
]q¿Æ-X-bn-se-ØpI.
15. injy-∑m¿ (Disciples), «ol-∑m¿ (Apostles)
]pXnb \nb-a-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ injy-∑m¿, «ol-∑m¿ F∂o

c≠p ]Z-ßƒ amdn -amdn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. F√m injy-∑mcpw
«ol-∑m-c-√. A∏-kvtXm-e≥ F∂ hm°n-s\-bmWv «olm F∂v
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. injy-∑m-cn¬ \n∂mWv tbip A∏-kvtXm-
e-∑msc Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ""B Znh-k-ß-fn¬ Ah≥ {]¿∞n-
°m- \ mbn Hcp ae- b n- t e°v t]mbn. AhnsS ssZh- t ØmSv
{]¿∞n®p sIm≠p cm{Xn apgp-h≥ sNe-hg - n-®p. {]`m-Xa
- m-bt- ∏mƒ
Ah≥ injy-∑msc ASpØp hnfn®v Ah-cn¬ \n∂v ]{¥≠p
t]sc Xnc-s™-SpØv Ah¿°v A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ F∂ t]cv
\¬In'' (eq°m 6: 12-˛16).
Cu hmN-I-Øn¬ \n∂pw injy-∑m-cpsS hnim-e-amb

kwL-Øn¬ \n∂mWv A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-
∂-sX∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. CØcsamcp h¿§o-I-cWw Hgn-hm-°n-
s°m-≠mWv hn.-tbm-l-∂m≥ kphn-tijw cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
tbip Xs‚ injy-∑m¿°mWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ hmKvZm\w
sNøp-∂Xv, A√msX A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿°-√.
\S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Ønepw C°mcyw hfsc {]I-S-am-Wv. \S-

]-Sn-]p-kvXIw 1:6 ¬ ""Hcp-an®v IqSn-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah≥ Ah-
tcmSv tNmZn-®p.'' F∂ hmN-I-Øn¬ F{X-t]¿ Hcp-an®p IqSn-bn-
cp∂p? \S]Sn ]pkvXIw 1:14 ¬ Cu Hcp-an®v IqSn-b-h-cn¬ adn-
b-hpw, a‰p kv{XoIfpw, A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w {]m¿∞n®p
sIm≠n-cp-∂p, 1:15 ¬ 120 t]cmWv skln-tbm≥ Du´p ime-bn¬
{]m¿∞n®p sIm≠n-cp-∂Xv. `h-\-Øn¬ IqSn-bncp∂ Cu apgp-
h≥ t]cn-emWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv Cd-ßn-h∂ - Xv; A√msX ]{¥≠v
A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cn¬ am{X-am-bn-´-√.
16. \oXnbpw kvt\lhpw

\oXn (Justice) F∂ hm°pambn _‘s∏SpØn kvt\lw
(Love) F∂ hm°v D]tbmKn°mdp≠v. kmaqlnI PohnXw
\ne\n¿Øp∂ kwhn[m\amWv \oXn kwhn[m\w (Justice
133
System). AXpsIm≠v \oXn F∂ hm°n\p ]Icw kmaqlnI

\oXn (Social Justice) F∂v D]bmKn°p∂p.
{]]©Ønse F√m bmYm¿∞yßfpw kzoIcn°pIbpw

(Input) \¬IpIbpw (Output) sNbv X psIm≠mWv Hcp alm
kwhn[m\ambn \ne\n¬°p∂Xv. a\pjy\n¿anX hkvXp°fpw
A{]Imcw \ne\n¬°p∂p. Hcp ^m≥ XncnbWsa¶n¬
CeIv{Snkn‰n Input Bbn \¬IWw, ^m≥ AXn¬ \n∂v Im‰v
Output Bbn \¬Ipw.
a\pjy¿ \ne\n¬°p∂Xpw Cßs\bmWv . A¿ln

°msX Hcph\v e`n°p∂XmWv Zm\w (Gift). Hcphs‚ kz¥w
A≤zm\Øn\v {]Xnêambn Hcph\v e`n°p∂XmWv
AhImiw. {]Xnêw e`n®Xn\v ]Icambn sNøp∂XmWv ISa.
ISa IqSmsXbp≈ AhImiw Xmt¥m∂nØamWv, AhImiw
IqSmsXbp≈ ISa ASnaØamWv. Nne¿ A[nImcw In´ptºmƒ
a‰p- ≈ - h - c psS ISaIsfIpdn®v kwkmcn°pw, A[nImcw
\jvSs∏Sptºmƒ kz¥w AhImisØ Ipdn®v kwkmcn°pw.
ISabpw AhImihpw XΩnep≈ k¥penXmhÿ

\n¿Ωn°pIsb∂XmWv kmaqlnI \n¿ΩnXn. Cu k¥pen
Xmhÿ krjvSn°s∏´m¬ kaqlw hfcpw. A¿ln°mØXv
kzoIcn®psIm≠mWv Hcph≥ AkvXnXzØnte°v {]thin°p
∂Xv. Poh≥ Hcph\v e`n°p∂ Zm\amWv (Gift). Cu Zm\w
a‰p≈hs‚ A[zm\amWv. AXpsIm≠v temIØn¬ Pohn°p∂
GsXmcpht‚bpw AkvXnXzw Zm\ambn e`n®XmWv. Zm\ambn
(Gift) e`n®Xv Zm\ambn (Gift) \¬IWw. AXpsIm≠v kmaqlnI
PohnXØns‚ ASnØd Zm\w ssIamdemWv (Gift exchanging).
F\n°v a‰mcptSbpw HuZmcyw (benevolence) th≠ F∂
{]kvXmh\bn¬ [n°mcØns‚ kzcap≠v. \mw kaqlØn¬
A\p`hn°p∂ cmjv{Sob kmaqlnI \∑Iƒ Ign™pt]mb
At\Iw Xeapdbnse hy‡nIfpsS A≤zm\w sIm≠v
krjvSn°s∏´XmWv.
F∂m¬ {]mb]q¿Ønbmb Hcph≥ HuZmcywsIm≠v

am{Xw Pohn°p∂Xpw [n°mcamWv. a\pjy\n¬ ISasNømsX
AhImiw A\p`hn°m\p≈ sshcp≤yw \ne\n¬°p∂
Xn\m¬, kmaqlnI PohnXw \ne\n¿Øm≥, ISabpw
134
AhImihpw XΩnep≈ k¥penXmhÿ \ne\n¿Øm≥,

\oXnkwhn[m\w (Justice System) Bhiyambn hcp∂p.
\oXnkwhn[m\w \n¿Ωn°m\p≈ ASnÿm\ XXzw,
A¿ln°p∂h\v A¿ln°p∂Xv \¬IpI F∂XmWv (Pay every
one his own due). Cu XXzw D]tbmKn®v \n¿Ωn®
{Kot°m˛tdma≥ kwhn[m\Øns‚ ss{IkvXhh¬°cn°s∏´
cq]amWv bqtdm]y≥ cmPy-ß-fnse cmjv{Sob kwhn-[m-\w.
\oXn kwhn[m\Øns‚ Ahn`mPy `mKamWv Icm¿

(Contract). Icmdn¬ G¿s∏´ Hcp hy‡n Icm¿ ewLn®m¬,
A]c\pw Icm¿ ewLn°m\p≈ AhImiap≠v . IpSpw_
_‘w Icm¿ hyhÿbne√, DSºSn (Covenant) hyhÿ
bnemWv cq]w sIm≈p∂Xv. DSºSn hyhÿbn¬ DSºSnbn¬
G¿s∏´ Hcp hy‡n DSºSn ewLn®m¬, A]c\v DSºSnbn¬
\n∂v ]n≥amdm≥ AhImian√. ssZhhpw a\pjy\pw XΩnep≈
_‘w Icm¿ hyhÿb√, DSºSn hyhÿbmWv. a\pjy≥
DSºSn ewLn®mepw ssZhw DSºSn ewLn°pIbn√.
Icm¿ hyhÿbn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ _‘ßfneqsS cq]w

sIm≈p∂ hyhÿnXnbv°v kmaqlnI \oXn ]q¿Æam°m≥
Ignbn√. \oXn hyhÿb\pkcn®v Hcph≥ 8 aWn°q¿
A≤zm\n®m¬ 500 cq] ZnhkIqen F∂v Icmdn¬ G¿s∏´p
F∂v IcpXpI. 8 aWn°q¿ B sXmgnemfn tPmen sNbvXv 500
cq] {]Xnêw hmßnbm¬ AXv \oXnbmbn. 7 aWn°q¿ tPmen
sNbvXv 500 cq] hmßnbmepw, 8 aWn°q¿ tPmen sNbvXv 400
cq] Iqen \¬Inbmepw AXv A\oXnbmWv. 9 aWn°q¿ tPmen
sNbvXv 500 cq] Iqen hmßnbmepw, 8 aWn°q¿ tPmen sNbvXv
600 cq] Iqen \¬Inbmepw AXv kvt\lambn. \oXnsb AXn
ewLn°p∂XmWv kvt\lw; \oXn an\naw kvt\lamWv.
a\pjy \n¿ΩnX \oXnhyhÿbpsS ]cnanXnaqew Hcp

kaqlØnse ]e hy‡nIƒ°pw Xßƒ A¿ln°p∂
AhImißƒ e`n°msX t]mIpw. AØcØn¬ \oXn
kwhn[m\Øns‚ ]pdØv \n¬°p∂hscbmWv kaqlØns‚
AXncpIƒ°v shfnbnep≈h¿ (Marginalised) F∂ {]tbmKw
A¿∞amIp∂Xv. CØcØn¬ B¿s°¶nepw AhImiw
e`n°msX t]mIps∂¶n¬ AXns‚ ImcWw \¬Ip∂
Xnt\°mƒ "IqSpX¬' [mcmfw a\p-jy¿ kzoIcn°p∂Xp
135
sIm≠mWv. êZmbIamb kvt\lsa∂m¬ \oXnLS\bv°v

]pdØp≈ hsc kwc£n°pI am{Xa√, \oXn kwhn[m\
Øns‚ ]nghpIƒ XncpØepw, kwhn[m\sØ hf¿Øm\p≈
]cn{iaßfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂p.
a\pjys‚ hf¿®bn¬ \mev L´ßƒ ImWmhp∂XmWv.

\¬ImsX kzoIcn°p∂ _meyw, kzoIcn°p∂Xn\\pkcn®v
\¬Ip∂ buh\w, kzoIcn°msX \¬Ip∂ a≤yhbkv°≥,
\¬ImsX kzoIcn°p∂ hm¿≤Iyw, Cu {IaØnemWv
kmaqlnI LS\ \ne\n¬°p∂Xv. a\pjy¿ kztZl t{]anbm
bXn\m¬ sImSp°p∂Xnt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ e`n°m\p≈
Xo{hm`nemjØnemWv. AXn\m¬ \oXn LS\ kzm`mhnIambn
cq]w sIm≈pIbn√. C°mcWØmemWv \oXn \ne\n¿Øm≥
a\pjy≥ kwhn[m\ßƒ \n¿Ωn°p∂Xpw, kwhn[m\sØ
]cn]men°m≥ ssldm¿°nsb \nban°p∂Xpw.
17. {]mIvknkv (Praxis)

{]mIvknkv F∂ {Ko°v hm°n\v kam\ambn aebmf
`mjbn¬ hm°n√. ]pXnb \nbaØn¬ cNn°s∏´ BZy
{KŸØns‚ Xes°´mWv {]mIvknkv. Cu hm°n\v \S]Sn
AYhm {]hrØn F∂mWv BZyImeßfn¬ hnh¿Ø\w
sNbvXXv. ItØmen°cmb hnh¿ØI¿ {]mIvknkv F∂
hm°n\v A∏kvtXme {]hrØnIƒ F∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.
k`sb∂m¬ A∏kvtXme kwLw F∂ Imgv®∏mSv \ne\n¬
°ptºmƒ {]mIvknkv F∂Xn\v A∏kvtXme {]hrØnIƒ
F∂v \maIcWw sNøp∂Xv icnbmWv. F∂m¬ k`sb∂m¬
ssZhP\w F∂v A¿∞w \¬Inbm¬ {]kvXpX teJ\Øn\v
ssZhP\ {]hrØnIƒ F∂v \maIcWw sNøp∂XmWv icn.
{]mIvknkv F∂ ]ZØns‚ bYm¿∞ A¿∞w {]hrØn

F∂√. {]mIvknkv F∂m¬ Nn¥ + {]hrØn F∂mWv. Nn¥n
°p∂p, Nn¥n°p∂Xv {]h¿Øn°p∂p, {]h¿Øn°p∂
X\pkcn®v {]hrØnsb ASnÿm\am°nb Nn¥sb
hn]pes∏SpØp∂p, hn]pes∏SpØnb Nn¥bv ° \pkcn®v
{]hrØnsb hn]pes∏SpØp, Cu {]{Inb XpScp∂p.
CØcØn¬ ⁄m\Øns‚ ]q¿ÆXbnte°v hfcp∂Xn
s\bmWv {]mIvknkv F∂v hnfn°p∂Xv. CXmWv {InkvXob
PohnXw.
136
ssZhtØmSp≈ hnizkvXX (faith) bn¬ Pohn°p∂h\v

ssZhsØ°pdn®pw, Ah\hs\ Ipdn®pw, `qXImesØIpdn®pw,
`mhnImesØIpdn®pw ⁄m\w e`n°pw. CØcØn¬
hnizkv X X F∂ {]hrØn krjv S n°p∂ ⁄m\amWv
hnizmkw (belief) F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v a\ nemt°≠Xv.
Nn¥ + {]hrØn F∂Xv hn`Pn°s∏´v {]h¿Øn

am{Xambn NpcpßnbXpt∏mse, hnizkvXX + Adnhv F∂Xv
hn`Pn°s∏´v Adnhv F∂Xpam{XamWv hnizmksa∂ coXnbn¬
hnizmksa∂ ]ZØns‚ A¿∞w Npcpßnt∏mbn.
18. kwhn[m\w (System)

k`m {]t_m[\ßfnepw, s]mXp kaqlØnepw
hym]Iambn D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂ ]ZamWv kwhn[m\w (System).
a\pjy\nse `mhmflI IgnhpIƒ hnIkn∏n°m\pw
\ntj[mflI `mhßƒ C√mbv a sNøm\pw a\pjy\m¬
\n¿Ωn°s∏´Xpw, kzbw {]h¿Øn°p∂Xpw, At_m[
]q¿Δambn \ne\n¬°p∂Xpw, At_m[]q¿Δw ]Tn∏n°s∏Sp
∂XneqsS XeapdIfmbn ssIam‰w sNøs∏Sp∂ kwhn[m\
kap®b (Totality) amWv kwkv°mcw (Culture).
kwhn[m\w F∂ ]Zw D]tbmKn°p∂ Nne taJeIƒ

]cntim[n®m¬ Cu hm°ns‚ hym]I kzm[o\w a\ nemIpw.
a\pjyicocØn¬ Xs∂ Digestive System, Respiratory System,
Skeletal System, Pulmonary System, Nervous System F∂o At\Iw
kwhn[m\w \ne\n¬°p∂p. cmjv{SØn¬ Economic System,
Political System, Educational System, Judicial System apXembh
\ne\n¬°p∂p.
Hcp Poh\p≈ bmYm¿∞yØns‚ kz`mhw ]cntim

[n®m¬ kwhn[m\w (System) F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w
a\ nemIpw. temIØnse F√mbmYm¿∞yßfpsSbpw
ASnÿm\w aqeIßfmWv (Elements). ssl{UP≥, HmIvknP≥,
Im¿_¨, Ccpºv apXembh. c≠v aqeIßƒ {]tXyI
A\p]mXØn¬ (Ratio or Rational) tN¿∂v _‘ßfp≠mIp∂p
(Relations). DZmlcWambn ssl{UP\pw HmIv k nP\pw
tN¿∂m¬ Peambn. hnhn[ _‘ßƒ Nne {]tXyI
137
bp‡nbm¬ {Ias∏SpØnbm¬ LS\bp≠mIpw (Structure).

hyXykv X LS\Iƒ Nne {]tXyI bp‡nbm¬ {Ias∏Sp
Ønbm¬ kwhn[m\ambn (System). At\Iw kwhn[m\ßƒ
{]tXyI bp‡n {IaØn¬ Hcpan®v tN¿∂m¬ Pohnbmbn
(Organism).
Hcp PohnbpsS amXrIbn¬ a\pjy≥ aqeIßfmbpw,

_‘ßfmbpw, LS\Ifmbpw kwhn[m\ßfmbpw kwhn[m\
kap®bambpw hyXykvX a\pjy¿ Hcpan®v Pohn°p∂XmWv
kaqlw. a\pjysc ]ckv]cw _‘n∏n°m\p]tbmKn°p∂
]meamWv AhImißfpw (Inputs) ISaIfpw (Outputs).
{]]©Ønep≈ kwhn[m\ kap®bßƒ kzbw NenXamWv.
F∂m¬ a\pjy\n¿ΩnX kwhn[m\ßƒ°v ]cnanXamb kzbw
NmeIXztabp≈q. kzbw NmeIXzw \jv S s∏Sptºmƒ
kwhn[m\sØ Nen∏n°m\p≈ a\pjy\n¿ΩnX kwhn[m\
amWv ssldm¿°n. ssldm¿°n C√mXmbm¬ kwhn[m\ßfpsS
kzbw NmeIXzw XIcmdnemIptºmƒ, ho≠pw Ahsb
Nen∏n°m≥ IgnbmXmIptºmƒ Hcp kwhn[m\Øn\v
kw`hn°p∂XmWv A\m¿°n (Anarchy). Hcp kaqlØn¬ c≠v
ssldm¿°n \ne \n∂mepw A\m¿°nbp≠mIpw.
kmaqlnI kwhn[m\Ønse "AhImiw˛ISa'

_‘Øn¬ \n∂v Bsc¶nepw ]pdØpt]mbm¬ Ahsc
kaqlØns‚ AXncpIfnep≈h¿ (Marginalised) F∂v
hnfn°p∂p. kv t \l{]hrØn AYhm ImcpWy {]hrØn
sb∂m¬ kaqlØns‚ AXncpIfnep≈hsc kwc£n°pI
bmsW∂ sX‰n≤mcW {InkvXym\nIƒ°v s]mXpthbp≠v.
F∂m¬ Nne hy‡nIƒ kaqlØns‚ ]pdØpt]mIp∂Xv
kmaqlnI kwhn[m\Øns‚ A]q¿ÆXsImt≠m, AXv
ssIImcyw sNøp∂ ssldm¿°nbpsS A⁄XsImt≠m,
IgnhpIpdhp sImt≠m, sX‰psImt≠m BImw. CØcw
kμ¿`ßfn¬ kmaqlnI kwhn[m\sØ hn]peoIcn®v ,
kwhn[m\Øn\v ]pdØp≈hsc IqSn kwhn[m\Øns‚
D≈nte°v {]thin∏n°p∂XmWv D∂Xamb ]ckv t \l
{]hrØn. Cu ]ckvt\l {]hrØn sNøm\mWv IpńIƒ°v
hnZym`ymkw \¬tI≠Xv.
138
Appendix - I
a\p-jys‚ Bflmhv ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p hcp-∂p-sh∂pw

BZm-an\v {kjvSmhv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-b√
- \¬In-bs
- X∂pap≈
hn. AK-Ãns‚ hmZ-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
By not reflecting sufficiently on the text: ‘god breathed into

his face the breath of life, and man becomes a living soul some have
supposed that it means, not that a soul was then bestowed on the first
man, but that the soul which he already possessed was vivify by the
holy spirit. Their argument is that, after he had risen from the dead,
the lord Jesus breathed upon his disciples, saying: ‘ receive the holy
spirit’, and that what took place in one case took place in the other;
so that evangelist might well have gone on to say: ‘and they became
living souls’.
But, even if the evangelist had said this, we certainty would

have interpreted his words to mean that the spirit of god is that kind
of life of the soul without which rational souls must be considered
dead although their living bodies are before us. This, however, is not
what took place when men were created, as the words of scripture
clearly prove: “then the lord god formed man out of the dust of the
ground”. Hoping to make the meaning clearer, some have thought
that the words should be translated: ‘and god fashioned man from
the slime of the earth, ‘since the preceding verse in the text reads: ‘a
mist rose from the earth and watered all the surface of the ground.’
Their point is that ‘slime’ must here be understood, since it is a
mixture of moisture and soil.
This text, according to the Greek manuscripts from which it

has been translated into Latin, is followed immediately by the words:
‘then the lord god formed man out of the dust of the ground’. Whether
formative or finxit is the better Latin rendering for the Greek, eplasen,
makes no real difference, although finxit is, in fact, the better word.
It was to avoid any ambiguity that some preferred formavit. The
only trouble with fingere is that, as the word is commonly used, it
means rather to ‘make up a fiction’ than to make something real.
139
This first man, then, who was formed from the dust of the
earth or from slime (since the dust was moistened dust), this ‘dust of
the earth’, to use the exact expression of scripture, became a living
body when he received a soul, according to the apostle’s words: ‘and
this man became a living soul’.
But it is objected, Adam had a soul already for, otherwise, he

would not have been called a man, since a man is not a body only
nor a soul only but a being consisting of the two. Now, it is true that
the soul is not the entire man, but only his better part: nor is the body
the entire man, but merely his inferior part. Only when body and
soul are in union can we speak of a man. However, either part, even
when it is mentioned separately, can be used for a man; for in every
day speech no one can be blamed for saying “that man is dead and is
Peace or in pain”. – Although this can be said strictly only of his
soul. We also say: “that man is buried in such or such a place” -
although this applies only to his body. Perhaps they will protest such
a manner of speaking is contrary to the usage of Holy Scripture. On
the contrary, scripture is so such on our side in this matter that, even
when referring to a man who is still alive with a body and soul united,
it calls either part a man, meaning by “the inner man” his soul and
by outer man” his body, almost as if there were two men, although
both together make but one man.
What we need to understand is how a man can be called, on

the one hand, the image of god and, on the other, is dust and will
return to dust. The former relates to the rational soul which god by
his breathing or, better, by his inspiration communicated to man,
meaning to the body of man; but the latter refers to the body such as
god formed it from dust into the man to whom a soul was given that
it might become a living body, that is, that man might become a
living soul. But, what our lord wanted us to understand when he
breathed on His disciplines, saying: ‘receiving the holy spirit’ was
that the Holy Spirit is the spirit not only of the father but also the
spirit of the only –begotten son Himself. For, in fact, one and the
same spirit is the spirit of both father and the son –not a creature but
the creator, and forming with them the trinity: Father, Son and Holy
Spirit. Not, of course, that the physical breath issuing from his actual
mouth was the very substance and nature of the holy spirit; rather it
was a sigh by which we are to understand, as I have said, that the
140
holy spirit is common to both the father and the son, since neither
has his own individual spirit but both have the same spirit.
However, the Greek text of Holy Scripture always calls this

spirit pneuma, the name our lord here used in giving him to his
disciplines under the symbol of breath which issued from his mouth.
And throughout Holy Scripture I have not seen the spirit called by
any other name. certainly, in the verse; ‘and god formed man out of
the dust of the ground and blew or breathed in to his face the breath
of life,’ the Greek text does not give pneuma, the usual word for the
holy spirit, but pnoe, a word used more frequently of the creature
than the creator. Because of this distinction, some have preferred
translated this word not by the Latin spiritus but by flatus.
This word, pnoe, occurs also in the Greek text of Isaias in

which god says: ‘I have made every breathing,’ meaning undoubtedly,
every soul. And so our translators have rendered the Greek pnoe in
various ways: sometimes as breathing, sometimes as spirit, and
sometimes as inspiration or aspiration even when it refers to god.
However their only interpretation for pneuma is spirit, whether it is
the spirit of the man of which the apostle says…… (St Augustine,
City of God, Book xiii, Chapter 24)
Appendix - II
A≤zm-\-Øn-eqsS a\p-jy≥ {]]-©sØ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-

Øp-tºmƒ Ah≥ Xs∂-Øs∂ hf¿Øp-I-bm-sW∂ slK¬,
am¿Ivkv F∂n-h-cpsS hmZ-ßfpw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-ens‚
\nK-a-\hpw Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.
The outstanding achievement of Hegels Phenomenology and

of its and of its final outcome,….. is thus the first that Hegel conceives
the self creation of man as a process, ……. that he thus grasps the
essence of labor and comprehends objective man-true, becomes real
man - as the outcome of mans own labor (Karl Marx, Economic
and Philosophic manuscripts of 1844, in K. Marx, F. Engels, collected
works, volume 3, page 332-333, Progrss publishers, Moscow, 1975).
Human activity, to be sure, takes its significance from its

relationship to man. Just as it proceeds from man, so it is ordered
141
toward man. For when a man works he not only alters things and
society, he develops himself as well. He learns much, he cultivates
his resources, he goes outside of himself and beyond himself. Rightly
understood this kind of growth is of greater value than any external
riches which can be garnered. A man is more precious for what he
is than for what he has. Similarly, all that men do to obtain greater
justice, wider brotherhood; a more humane disposition of social
relationships has greater worth than technical advances. For these
advances can supply the material for human progress, but of
themselves alone they can never actually bring it about (Second
Vatican Council Documents, Church in the Modern World, 35).
Appendix - III
Cu temI-Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ ssZh-cmPy krjvSn-°mbn

A≤zm-\n-°-W-sa∂ "ssZh-cmPy tI{μo-Ir-X-hmZw' hnh-cn-°p∂
c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ tcJ-bpsS `mKw Xmsg sImSp-
Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
We do not know the time for the consummation of the earth

and of humanity, nor do we know how all things will be transformed.
As deformed by sin, the shape of this world will pass away; but we
are taught that God is preparing a new dwelling place and a new
earth where justice will abide, and whose blessedness will answer
and surpass all the longings for peace which spring up in the human
heart. Then, with death overcome, the sons of God will be raised up
in Christ, and what was sown in weakness and corruption will be
invested with incorruptibility. Enduring with charity and its fruits,
all that creation which God made on man’s account will be unchained
from the bondage of vanity.
Therefore, while we are warned that it profits a man nothing

if he gain the whole world and lose himself, the expectation of a new
earth must not weaken but rather stimulate our concern for cultivating
this one. For here grows the body of a new human family, a body
which even now is able to give some kind of foreshadowing of the
new age.
Hence, while earthly progress must be carefully

distinguished from the growth of Christ’s kingdom, to the extent
142
that the former can contribute to the better ordering of human

society, it is of vital concern to the Kingdom of God.
For after we have obeyed the Lord, and in His Spirit nurtured
on earth the values of human dignity, brotherhood and freedom, and
indeed all the good fruits of our nature and enterprise, we will find
them again, but freed of stain, burnished and transfigured, when Christ
hands over to the Father: “a kingdom eternal and universal, a kingdom
of truth and life, of holiness and grace, of justice, love and peace.”
On this earth that Kingdom is already present in mystery. When the
Lord returns it will be brought into full flower (Second Vatican
Council Documents, Church in the Modern world, 39).
143
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tUm. sI.-Fw. {^m≥knkv

tUm. sI.-Fw. {^m≥knkv

Xriq¿ Xmμn-°¬ tImS≥I-≠Øv amXyp ˛ sP∂n ZºXn-

"Fgp-Øns‚ A∏p-dØv H∂p-an√'

"tbip-hns\°pdn-®p≈ FgpØv A]q¿Æ-amWv'

First Published : September 8

"Fgp-Øns‚ A]q¿ÆX' F∂ Cu {KŸw {^m≥kokv

Cu {KŸ-Øn\v \mev `mK-ß-fp-≠v. Bap-Jw, hymJym-\w,

hn. AK-Ãns‚ ]cn-ip≤mﬂmhns\°pdn-®p≈ hni-I-e-

{InkvXp-hns\ A\p-I-cn-°p∂Xns‚ Bdmw L´w am{X-

Cu {]Xn- t j[w as‰mcphn[- Ø n¬ Zp¿hym- J ym- \ n-

AXns\ a\- n-em-°m≥ bmYm¿∞y-Øn\v c≠v Xe-

Bﬂob Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp DZm-l-cWw Nq≠n-°m-

Cu Nn¥m-KXn aqew s]¥-Ip-kvXm-Zn-\-Øn¬ A∏-kvtXm-

Cu {KŸ- Ø ns‚ cN- \ - b n¬ klm- b n® tUmIv S ¿

Cu {KŸw {^m≥kokv am¿∏m∏bpsS "kvt\lØns‚

CØcw teJ\ßƒ FgpXs∏Sp∂Xv temIsaºmSpap≈

F∂m¬ aebmfØn¬ FgpXp∂ hm°pIfn¬ ]e

2. hyhlmc `mjbpw k`bpsS `mjbpw

DZmlcWambn a\pjy\pw arKhpw XΩn¬ Nne hyXym

hmbn®m¬ a\ nemIm≥ XS w \n¬°p∂ Hcp {][m\

3.bmYm¿∞ysØ a\ nem°p∂ B`napJyßfn

kn≤m¥ßƒ A]q¿ÆamWv ; AXn\m¬ Ahsb

DZmlcWambn c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ hnπh

Cu hyXym-k-ßƒ At\-I-ap-≠v. {][m-\-amb H∂v ChnsS

∑m¿ CXns\ tNmZyw sNbvXp. F√m a\pjycpw ]cnip≤m

CXns‚ A\¥c^eambn k`sb∂m¬ sa{Xm∑mcpsS

F¶nepw CØcw Hcp am‰w D≠mbXv Bsc¶nepw

]t£, Aßs\bmWv k` ]Tn∏n®ncp∂sX∂v a\ n

H∂maXmbn \S]Sn ]pkvXIw F∂ {KŸamWv ]pXnb

c≠maXmbn ss__nfns‚ Hmtcm hnh¿Ø\hpw Hcp

Cu A¿∞w a\ nem°m\p≈ _p≤n tIcfØnse

sa{Xm∑mcmWv k`sb¶n¬ ssZhP\w sa{Xm∑mscbmWv

XS ßfn¬ Ahsc klmbn°m≥ AhtcmsSm∏w \S°pI

hnizmknIfne√ ]cnip≤ﬂmhv hcnI, sa{Xm∑mcnemWv

F¥mWv AKkvXot\mkns‚ ssk≤m¥nI sX‰v?

a\pjykrjv S nsb Ipdn®v hnhcn°p∂ L´Øn¬

F∂m¬, C°m-cy-Øn¬ A_≤w ]nW-™Xv AK-Ãn-\m-W.v

a\pjyXzw \jv S s∏´ a\pjy\v ho≠pw a\pjy\mIm≥,

F∂m¬ ]uckvXyk`Iƒ°mIs´ a\pjy≥ ]q¿Æ

c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ \¬Ip∂ G‰hpw henb

4. "kvt\lØns‚ kt¥mjhpw' ImgvN∏mSv am‰hpw

i ImWs∏Sp∂ ssZhw am¿∏m∏b√ amXm]nXm°fmWv

iii ssZhw a\pjys\ krjv S n°ptºmƒ krjv S nI¿Ωw

Hcp hnØmWv. hnØn¬ \n∂v G‰hpw \√Xv ]pdsØSp

iv _‘ßfnepsS hfcp∂h\mWv a\pjy≥

v c£bpw Bﬂkm£mXv°mchpw c≠v am\ßfmWv.

vi kz¿§cmPy tI{μoIrX e£yØn¬ \n∂v ssZhcmPy

vii bmYm¿∞yw Nn¥-sb-°mƒ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈Xv

Cu Ggv taJeIsfIpdn®p≈ ImgvN∏mSv hyXnbm\

i. amXm]nXm°ƒ: ImWs∏Sp∂ {kjvSm°ƒ

F∂m¬ a\pjys\ ssZhw krjvSn®Xv ssZhØns‚

ÿbn¬ BbXpsIm≠v Ahsc√mhcpw as‰mcp {InkvXp

{]k‡amb as‰mcp tNmZyw, Hcp Ip™ns\ krjvSn

C¥y≥ kwkv°mcw C°mcyw ap≥t] ]Tn∏n®n´p≠v.

"kvt\lØns‚ kt¥mj'sa∂ A∏kvtXmenI

BZnbn¬ {kjvSmhmb ssZhw a\pjy\v \¬ImØ

sNtø≠Xv. hn.tXmakv AIzo\mkns‚ hm°pIfn¬, Ir]

ii. a\pjys\ ssZhw krjvSn°ptºmƒ F√m ]Wnbpw

a\pjy≥ Hcp hnØmsW∂pw, B hnØn¬ hfcm≥

ssZhimkv { X⁄¿am¿ ss__nfns\ hymJym\n

XpS¿∂v h∂ ]e k`m {]t_m[\ßfnepw Cu XXzw

CØcØn¬ {]hrØnbneqsS B¥cnI a\pjys‚