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am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ XmXznI ]cn-k-c-߃

K.M. FRANCIS

Ign™ c≠p \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]ptcm-K-a\ hmZn-I-sf-bpw, hn]vf-h-Im-cn-I-

sfbpw Gsd {]tNm-Zn-∏n® hm°p-I-fmWv IΩyq-Wn-k-hpw, am¿Ivkn-k-hpw. XXz-
im-kv{X-Ønepw, hnhn[ Nn¥m ]≤-Xn-I-fn-epw, cmjv{So-b, kmº-ØnI aWvU-e-
Øn-epw, temI Ncn-{X-Ønepw Cu c≠p ]Z-߃ {Inbm-fl-Ihpw \n¿Æm-b-I-hp-
amb ]e kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Hcp kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿnXn F∂ \ne-
bn¬ CXns‚ {]mtbm-KnI kao-]-\-߃ XnI®pw ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw
kXym-t\z-j-W-Øn-epw, am\-hnI hnIm-kØn\pw Bh-iy-amb ]e Xncp-ti-jn-
∏p-Iƒ am\-hc - m-in°v kw`m-h\ sNbvXp sIm≠mWv am¿Ivknkw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂X- .v
A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m-\pw, Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-߃ Bthmfw Bkz-Zn-°m-
\pw, kz¥w i{Xp-°sf (h¿§ i{Xp-hn-s\-b-√) D∑q-e\w sNøm\pw ]cn-{i-an-°p-
∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ am¿Ivkns\ hmbn-°m≥ am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Im¿ ad∂p t]mbn. am¿Ivkn-
k-Øn¬ icnbpw sX‰p-ap-≠v. am¿Ivknkw kXy-am-sW∂ hmZ-hpw, am¿Ivknkw
sX‰m-sW∂ hmZhpw sX‰m-Wv. F∂m¬ ]q¿Æ kXy-Øn-te-bv°p≈ a\pjy
h¿§-Øns‚ hf¿®-bn-ep≈ Adn-hp-Iƒ am{X-amWv am¿Ivknkw. am¿Ivkns‚
IrXn-Isf Ncn{XØns‚ ]pXnb Adn-hn-t‚bpw A\p-`-h-ß-fp-tSbpw shfn-®-
Øn¬ ]p\¿ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ ]pXnb Z¿i-\-߃ ImWm≥ a\p-jy\p Ign-bpw.
]p\¿hm-b-\-bpsS Bh-iy-IX
Imd¬ am¿Ivkv Is≠-Øn-b-Xpw, s{^U-dn¬ FwK¬kv hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b-Xpw, hvfmUvao¿ Cen-b-\n®v se\n≥ tkmhn-b‰p bqWn-b-\n¬ {]tbm-Kn-®-Xp-
amb XXz-Øn-s‚bpw {]tbm-K-Øn-s‚bpw BsI XpI-bmWv am¿Ivkn-kw. Cu
aq∂v hy‡n-If - psS Nn¥bpw {]tbm-Kh - p-amWv am¿Ivkn-kw. F∂m¬ am¿Ivkns‚
IrXn-Isf apgp-h-\mbpw {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p Xs∂ tkmjy-enÃv
]co-£-W-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]co-£-W-
߃ \S∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ {]h¿Øn-Isf \ymbo-I-cn-
°m- \ p- X - I p∂ Imcy- ß ƒ am{Xw sXc- s ™- S pØp {]kn- ≤ o- I - c n- ® - h - b m- W v
am¿Ivknkw F∂ t]cn¬ temIw C∂v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn¬ am¿Ivkn-
k-sa∂ t]cn¬ {]N-cn-°p-∂Xv tkmhn-b‰p bqWn-b-\n-te-bpw, ssN\-bn-tebpw
`c- W m- [ n- I m- c n- I - f psS sNbv X n- I sf \ymbo- I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ m- h - i y- a mb
am¿Ivkns‚bpw FwK¬kn-s‚bpw se\n-s‚bpw IrXn-I-fnse sXc-s™-SpØ
Nne `mK-߃ am{X-am-Wv.
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DZm-l-c-W-ambn C¥ybnse am¿IvknÃv _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ tlK-ens‚ IrXn-
Iƒ hmbn-t°≠ Bh-iy-IX AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. Ahsc kw_-‘n®v tlK¬
bmYm¿∞ysØ Xe-Xn-cn®v I≠ Bi-b-hmZn am{X-am-Wv. F∂m¬, tlK-ens\
a\- n-em-°msX am¿Ivknkw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v am¿Ivkpw, FwK¬kpw,
se\n\pw Fgp-Xp-∂p. Ub-e-Iv‰nIvkv F∂ {]{Inb a\- n-em-°m≥ tlK-ens\
hymJym-\n-°pI am{X-amWv Rm≥ sNøp-∂-sX-∂pw At±-lsØ NØ ]´n
t]mse Icp-X-cp-sX-∂pw, B henb a\p-jys‚ Nn¥-I-fmWv Xs∂ kzm[o-\n-®-
sX∂pw Xs‚ Ah-km\ \mfp-I-fn¬ Imd¬ am¿Ivkv ]c-ky-ambn G‰p ]d-bp-
∂p. Zmkv Im∏n-‰-ens‚ H∂mw hmfy-Øns‚ aq∂m-asØ P¿Ω≥ ]Xn-∏ns‚ apJ-
hp-c-bn-emWv am¿Ivkv C°mcyw kΩ-Xn-bv°p-∂-Xv.
FwK¬kpw am¿Ivkns\ hmt\mfw ]pI-gvØp-∂p-≠v. ""t^mb¿_mlpw
¢mkn-°¬ P¿Ω≥ Bi-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ e£yhpw'' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ sltK-ens\
D¬s°m-≈ms\ Ign-bq, Dt]-£n-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v FwK¬kv D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
se\ns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ P¿Ω≥ XXz-Nn¥, {^©v tkmjy-en-kw,
{_n´ojv cmjv{Sob kºZv hyh-ÿsb Ipdn-®p-≈- kn-≤m-¥-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb XpS¿®-bmWv am¿Ivkn-kw. C°mcyw Xncn-®-dn™ bqtdm-∏nse
Nn¥-I¿ c≠mw temI alm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-tijw {]-kvXpX Nn¥-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-
e-Øn¬ am¿Ivkn-ksØ ]p\¿ hmb-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xns‚ ^e-amWv
bqtdm-∏n-ep-≠mb ]e ]ptcm-K-a\ Nn¥-I-fp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm-\w. Cu Nn¥-I-
f-mWv bqtdm IΩyq-Wnksa∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. BƒØp-k¿, ]utem
{^b¿, At¥m-Wntbm {Kmwjn, tPm¿÷v eq°m-®v, km¿{Xv, sZdoZ F∂n-h-sc-
√mw sltK-en-b≥ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ am¿Ivkn-ksØ hne-bn-cpØn temI-Øn\v
]pXnb Z¿i-\-߃ kw`m-h\ sNbvX-h-cm-Wv. Ah¿ am¿Ivkn-k-Ønse tkzOm-
[n-]-XysØ shdp-°p-Ibpw Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy tkmjy-enÃv k¶-ev]sØ kw`m-
h\ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ C¥y≥ am¿Ivkn-kp-Iƒ GIm-[n-]Xy
tkmjy-en-ksØ k\m-X\ kXy-ambn ImWp-∂-h-cm-Wv.
am¿Ivkns‚ am\-hn-IXm Nn¥-Iƒ
am¿Ivknkw F∂ t]cn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nse
GIm-[n-]Xy ]co-£-W-ßsf am{Xw \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂ Nne `mK-ß-fm-sW∂v
\mw t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ am¿Ivkns‚ a\p-jys\ Ipdn-®p-≈,
a\p-jys‚ kzXzsØ (Identity) Ipdn-®p≈ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ e`y-a-√.
a\p-jys‚ kzXzsØ Ipdn-®p≈ kw`m-h-\-bmWv am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ tI{µw.
{]kvXpX tI{µsØ `c-W-IqS cN-\-Iƒ Ah-K-Wn-®p. F∂m¬ c≠mw temI-
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a-lm-bp-≤Ø
- n-\p-tijw {]kvXpX cN-\I - ƒ ]eXpw {]kn-≤o-Ir-Xa
- m-bn. {]kvXpX
cN-\-Iƒ a\p-jy-h¿§sØ Ipdn-®mWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ am¿Ivkns‚
]n¬°me cN-\-Iƒ sXmgn-emfn h¿§sØ Ipdn-®mWv IqSp-X¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.
C°m-cW - Ø- m¬ am¿Ivkv Xs‚ BZy-Ime cN-\I - sf Dt]-£n-®p-sh∂v BƒØq-
k-dns\t∏mep-≈-h¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. am¿Ivkns‚ BZy-Ime cN-\-Iƒ ]{X kzmX-
{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n cNn-°-s∏´ IrXn-I-fm-Wv. F∂m¬ am\n-s^tÃm ]{X kzmX-
{¥ysØ \ntj-[n-°p-∂p. tkzOm-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ am¿Ivkns‚ BZym-Ie cN-\-Iƒ
Xa-kv°-cn°pw. ]{X kzmX-{¥y-an-s√-¶n¬ a\p-jy≥ arK-Øn\v Xpey-am-Ip-sa∂v
am¿Ivkv D∂-bn-°p-∂p. tkzOm-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ°v bph-am¿Ivkv A\-`n-a-X-\m-Wv, ]Iz-
X-bn-√m-Ø-h-\m-Wv. F∂m¬ bphm-hmb am¿Ivkv kXy-k-‘\pw \oXn-am-\pw,
a\p-jy-h¿§-Øns‚ hgn-Im-´n-bp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v am¿Ivkns‚ BZy-Ime cN-
\-If
- psS ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ am¿Ivkn-ksØ ]p\¿hm-b\ - bv°v hnt[-ba - m-°n-bm¬
]pXnb hgn-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn\v Xpd∂p In´pw.
am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ LS\ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv am¿Ivkns‚ ]mcokv
PohnX Ime-L-´-Ønem-Wv. {]kvXpX Ime-L-´-Øn¬ am¿Ivkv cNn®, ""C°-
tWm-anIv B‚ v ^ntem-k-^n-°¬ am\p-kv{In]v‰vkv Hm^v 1844'' F∂ t]cn¬
{]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb tcJ-I-fmWv am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {]am-W߃.
{]kvXpX {]am-W-Øns‚ hnI-knX cq]-amWv apgp-h≥ am¿Ivkn-k-hpw. F∂m¬
C°mcyw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ {^©v hn]vf-h-Øns‚ XmXznI ]cn-
kcw hy‡-am-I-Ww. Ak-a-Xz-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ dqt m-bpsS hni-
I-e-\-Øn¬ D∂-bn-°p∂ a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ \jvS-sa∂ Nn¥sb, {_n´ojv kmº-
ØnI imkv{X-hpw, tlK-ens‚ A\y-h¬°-c-W-sa∂ Bi-bhpw IqSn-tN¿Øv
am¿Ivkv Xs‚ kz¥-amb Nn¥ \¬Ip-∂p. BcmWv a\p-jy≥? F¥mWv a\p-
jyXzw? a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ \jvSw F¥mWv? aXw Fßns\ cq]w sIm≠p? aX-
hn-a¿i\saßns\ kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-am-Ip∂p? F∂o Nn¥-I-sf√mw ]mcokv
am\p-kv{In-]v‰n-kn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.
sXmgn-eqsS a\p-jy≥ {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw kz¥w kØ-sbbpw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂p-sh∂ Bibw am¿Ivkn\v e`n-®-Xv Bflm-hns‚ {]Xn-`m-k-imkv{Xw
(Phenemenology of Spirit) F∂ tlK-ens‚ {KŸ-Øn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v am¿Ivkv
Cu IrXn-bn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
am¿IvknÃv cN-\-I-fpsS {]tXy-IX
am¿Ivkpw, FwK¬kpw, se\n\pw cNn® IrXn-Iƒ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂v
Imcy-߃ \mw {i≤n-°Ww. H∂m-a-Xmbn temI Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
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thWw am¿IvknÃv IrXn-Iƒ hmbn-t°-≠-Xv. c≠m-a-Xmbn am¿Ivkn-t‚bpw
FwK¬kn-t‚bpw IrXn-Iƒ ]eXpw hncp-t≤m-‡n-I-fmWv (irony) A√msX hnj-
bsØ t\cn´v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-X√. aq∂maXmbn hyXykvX hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-
dn®v sshZvKZyw e`n-®-h¿°p am{Xsa am¿Ivkns\ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-I.
H∂m-aX- mbn Ch¿ aq∂p-t]-cp-tSbpw hen-sbmcp iX-am\w IrXn-Ifpw a‰p≈
Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS IrXn-I-fpsS hna¿i-\-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn am¿Ivkns‚ BZy-
Ime cN-\-I-fnsem∂mWv tlK-ens‚ icn-bpsS XXz-imkv{X hna¿i-\-Øn\v
Hcp kw`m-h\ F∂ IrXn. {]kvXpX IrXn-bn¬ am¿Ivkv tlK-ens‚ icn-bpsS
XXz-imkv{Xsa∂ {KŸsØ hna¿i\ hnt[bam-°p-∂p. tlK¬ D∂-bn-°p-
∂p-sh∂ t]cn¬ am¿Ivkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v. icn-bpsS XXz-imkv{Xsa∂ IrXn-
bnse Bi-bß - ƒ Xs∂-bmtWm? AtXm icn-bpsS XXz-im-kv{X-sa∂ {KŸsØ
a\- n-em-°m-sX-bmtWm am¿Ivkv tlK-ens\ hna¿in-°p-∂-Xv. am¿Ivkv tlK-
ens‚ icn-bpsS XXz-im-kv{XsØ Ipdn-s®-gp-Xn-bXv Xs∂-bm-Wv, icn-bpsS XXz-
imkv{Xsa∂ {KŸ-Øns‚ D≈-S°sa∂v ]cn-KW - n®p sIm≠v am¿Ivkns\ hmbn-
°-cp-Xv. {]XypX BZyw tlK¬ cNn® icn-bpsS XXz-imkv{Xsa∂ {KŸw
hmbn-°p-I. AØcw Hcp hmb-\i - m-eb- n-eqsS am{Xsa am¿Ivkn-kØ - nse icnbpw
sX‰pw a\- n-em°m≥ Ign-bp-I.
FwK¬kv cNn® B‚-Up-dnßv (Anti Duhring) F∂ {KŸw Updnßv cNn®
{KŸ-Øns‚ hna¿i-\a - m-Wv. Ub-eI - v‰nIvkv F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w FwK¬kv
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Updn-ßns‚ IrXnsb hna¿in®p sIm≠m-Wv. sltK-en-b≥
Ub-e-Iv‰n-Ivkns\ Ipdn-s®-gp-Xp∂ B‚n Updnßv F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬, tlK-
ens‚XmsW∂ t]cn¬ FwK¬kv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v tlK-ens‚ Bi-b-hp-
ambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√. Ub-e-Iv‰n-Ivkns‚ kz`m-hw \ntj-[-Øns‚ \ntj-
[-am-sW∂v (Negation of Negation) FwK¬kv hmZn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX CXv sltK-
en-t‚-Xm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. sltK¬ D∂-bn-°p∂ Ub-e-
Iv‰nIvkv F∂ XXzhpw FwK¬kv D∂-bn-°p∂ X-Xzhpw H∂m-sW∂v FwK¬kv
Ah-Im-i-s∏Sp∂p-s≠-¶nepw, B Ah-Imi hmZw icn-bm-sW∂v Fßns\
Adnbmw? tlK-ens‚ Ub-eI - ‰
v nIvkv F∂ Bi-bØ - n¬ Dƒs°m≠p≈ \ntj[w
(Sublation) F∂ hm°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v, F∂m¬ Dƒs°m-≈p-Is
- b∂ XXzw
FwK¬kv Dt]-£n-®p. c≠v \ntj[w bmYm¿∞ysØ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p-sh∂v
FwK¬kv D∂-bn-°p-∂p. AXn-\mbn -3x-3=9 F∂ KWnX imkv{X kq{X-hmIyw
{]tbmKn°p-∂p. KWnXimkv{X-Øn¬ ˛ F∂-Xn\v C√mbva (C-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p)
F∂pw + F∂-Xn\v D≈mbva (D-≠m-Ip-∂p) F∂ A¿∞-am-Wp-≈-sX-∂mWv
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s]mXp-th-bp≈ [mc-W. F∂m¬ Aßns\ Hcp A¿∞-Øn-e√ - x - F∂-Xn\v
+ F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. -, + F∂ Nn”w Zni-sb-bmWv (direction) kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xv. A¥-co-£-Ønse GsX-¶nepw Hcp ÿe-Øn\v ]qPyw (zero) F∂v
\¬Ip-I. ]qPy-Øn¬ \n∂v he-tØm´v D≈ Ne-\-amWv + ]qPy-Øn¬ \n∂v CS-
tØm´v D≈ Ne-\-amWv - . ]qPy-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ hy‡n he-tØm-´v t\m°n
\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xp-I. Ah≥ Htcm ASn apt∂m´v hbv°p-∂-XmWv addi-
tion AYhm + . ]qPy-Øn¬ \n∂v he-tØm´p t\m°n \n¬°p-∂-h-t\mSv CS-
tØm´v Xncn-bm≥ ]d-™m¬ 1800 bmbn, ho≠pw CS-tØm´v Xncn-™m¬ 3600
bmbn, Ahs‚ Zni he-tØm´v Xs∂-bm-bn. Cu A¿∞-Øn-emWv - x - = + F∂
kq{X-hmIyw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. vector analysis F∂ hnj-b-Øns‚ imkv{Xob
ASn-Ød Adn-bp∂ Hcp ^nknIvkv imkv{X⁄\\p am{Xsa + - F∂Xv Znisb
kqNn∏n°p-∂p-sh∂v {Kln-°m≥ Ign-bp-I.
F∂m¬ FwK¬kv - x - = + F∂v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv c≠p {]mhiyw
_m¶n¬ \n∂v ISw hmßn-bm¬ \mep cq] sUt∏m-kn-‰p-≠m-Ip-sa∂ A¿∞-
Øn-em-Wv. \ntj-[-Øns‚ \ntj[sa∂ XXzw `mjm {]tbmKw am{X-am-Wv. Cu
{]tbm-K-Øn\v bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ A¿∞w H∂pw Xs∂-bn-√. Hcp hkvXp-hns\
\ntj-[n-®m¬ AXv C√m-Xm-Ipw. FwK¬kv ]d-bp∂ A¿∞w Xs∂-bmWv Ub-
e-Iv‰n-Ivkn\v tlK¬ \¬Ip-∂-sX∂ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bn¬ am¿IvknÃv ssk≤m-
¥n-I¿ tlK-ens\ hmbn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-bv°p-∂p. tlK¬ Hcp BibhmZn-bm-
sW∂v am¿Ivkv ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ tlK¬ Bi-b-hm-Zn-bmtWm?
B‚n Updnßv F∂ FwK¬kns‚ IrXn hmbn-®m¬ Updn-ßns‚ hmZw
F¥m-sW∂v hmb-\-°m-c\v a\- n-em-In-√. FwK¬kns‚ Bi-b-߃ am{Xw
a\- n-em-Im≥ th≠ Hcp \ne-]m-Sp-Xd am{X-amWv B‚n Updn-ßv. Updn-ßns‚
hmZw kmº-ØnI hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ tlK-ens‚ bYm¿∞y hymJym-\-hp-am-Wv.
tlK-ens‚ Ub-e-Iv‰n-Ivk-\p-k-cn®v Ncn-{X-Øns‚ \ne-hn-ep≈ L´sØ
]pXnb L´w \ntj-[n-°pI am{X-a√ Dƒs°m-≈pI IqSn sNøp-∂p-≠v. DZm-l-c-
W-Øn\v _m¿en-hnØv kzbw \in®v _m¿en-sN-Sn-bm-Ip-∂-X-√. _m¿en-hn-Øn-\-
IsØ apIp-f-Øn¬ _m¿en-sN-Sn-bpsS apgp-h≥ hf¿®bpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp
LS\ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. am{X-a√ _m¿en-sN-Sn-bpsS e£yw (A-t\Iw _m¿en
hnØp- I ƒ D≠m- I p- I ) Cu hnØp- a p- X ¬ apIp- f - Ø n¬ ebn- ® p- t N¿∂n- ´ p-
≠v(embedded).
sNSn-bpsS Bcw`w apX¬ Ah-km\w hsc-bp≈ L´-߃ C√m-Xm-
Ip∂Xnt\m-sSm∏w apIpfw (germ) hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb L´-Øn-te°v
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ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. am¿Ivkpw FwK¬kpw \ntj-[sØ kzoI-
cn-°p-Ibpw DƒsIm-≈-ens\ (sublation) sltK-en-b≥ hmN-I-a-Sn(Hegelian
Jugglery) F∂v h¿§o-I-cn®v ]p—n-°p-∂p.
Bi-b-Øns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ am{X-a√ {]Ir-Xn-bp-tS-bpw, a\p-jy-s‚-bpw, Ncn-
{X-Øn-s‚bpw B¥-cn-I-X-bn¬ Cu {]{Inb \ne-\n¬°p-∂psh∂pw tlK-ens‚
IrXn-I-fn-ep-≠v. F∂m¬ temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ tImSn-°-W-°n\v am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Iƒ
tlK-ens\ Bi-b-hmZn F∂v ap{Z-IpØn C√m-Xm-°n-b-Xm-Wv.
tlK-ens‚ Ncn-{X-hym-Jym-\a
- mWv icn-bpsS XXz-im-kv{Xw. {]kvXpX {KŸ-
Øn¬ hy‡n, IpSpw-_w, s]mXp-k-aq-lw, tIm¿]-td-‰vkv, cmjv{Sw, A¥m-cm-jv{S-
kaq-lw F∂o {Ia-Øn¬ a\p-jy-h¿§-Øns‚ hf¿®sb hnh-cn-°p-∂p. Cu
hnh-cW- Ø- n¬ hy‡n-bpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw kaq-lØ - ns‚ sFIyhpw \ne-\n¿Øp-
∂-XmWv cmjv{S-Øns‚ ZuXy-sa∂v tlK¬ D∂-bn-°p-∂p. (tl-K¬, icn-bpsS
XXz-imkv{Xw, 260). CXn-\mbn c≠v Xcw kzØv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn tlK-
ens‚ Nn¥-bpsS `mK-amWv. AXp-sIm≠v kzImcy kzØpw, kaq-l-kzØpw
Hcp-an®v \ne-\n¿Ø-Ws - a-∂X
- mWv tlK-ens‚ hmZw. Cu hmZ-sØ-bmWv Updnßv
Xs‚ IrXn-bn-eqsS D∂-bn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ am¿Ivkpw FwK¬kpw kzIm-cy-
kz-Øns‚ kºq¿Æ \ntj-[Ø - n-emWv Xß-fpsS hmZw ASn-bp-d∏ - n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v.
Updnßv Xs‚ hmZsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ kaq-l-kz-ØmWv
D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂pw, AXns\ \ntj-[n®v kzIm-cy-kzØv cq]w sIm≠p-sh-∂pw,
ASpØ L´-Øn¬ BZy L´sØ Dƒs°m≠v kzIm-cy-hpw, kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb
kzØv cq]w sIm≈p-sa∂pw hmZn-°p-∂p. Uyqdn-ßns‚ hmZ-amWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-
¥c P¿Ω\n ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂-Xv. P¿a-\n-bpsS kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ-bpsS t]cp-
Xs∂ "kaq-l-Øn-te°v e£yw shbv°p∂ Itºmf hyh-ÿnXn' (Socially
oriented market economy) F∂m-Wv. Uyqdn-ßns‚ hmZsØ t\cn-Sm≥ am¿Ivkn\v
Ign-bmsX h∂-t∏mƒ am¿Ivkns‚ Bh-iy-{]-Imcw FwK¬kv cNn® IrXn-bmWv
B‚n Uyqdnßv. Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ FwK¬kv kmaq-lnI kzØv \ntj-[n®v kzImcy
kzØv cq]w sIm≠-Xns\ \ntj-[n®v kaql kzØv cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv icn-
sb∂v hmZn-°p-∂p. Cu hmN-I-Øn¬ c≠v \ntj-[sa D≈q, Dƒs°m-≈¬ C√.
Ncn{Xw Uyqdn-ßn-t\msSm∏-am-Wv. temI-Ønse ssN\-b-S-°-ap≈ cmPy-ß-fn¬
kzIm-cy-kzØpw kaq-l-kzØpw Hcp-an®v \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ncn-{X-
Øns‚ hnimeamb Hgp-°ns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ am¿Ivkn-b≥ IrXn-Isf hni-
I-e\w sNbvXp-thWw am¿Ivkn-ksØ a\- n-em-°m≥. Uyqdn-ßns‚ hmZ-amWv
icn-sb∂v se\n≥ A\p-`-h-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em°nsIm≠mWv bp≤-I-Ωyq-Wnkw
 www.malankaralibrary.com
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(War communism) Dt]-£n®v ]pXnb kmº-ØnI \bw (new economic policy)
F∂ t]cn¬ \nb-{¥nX apX-em-fnXz hyh-ÿnXn djy-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ 1924
¬ Xocp-am-\n-®X
- v. kzIm-cy-kz-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm¿÷-\a
- mWv IΩyq-Wn-ks
- a∂v IΩyq-
WnÃv am\n-s^-tÃm-bn¬ \n¿∆-Nn® am¿Ivkn\pw FwK¬kn-\pw, B \n¿∆-N-\-
Øn¬ \n∂v ]n≥am-dm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ icn a\- n-em-bm¬ kz¥w sX‰v
AwKo-I-cn-°p∂-XmWv kXy-Øn-te-°p≈ am¿§w.
c≠m-a-Xmbn hncp-t≤m‡n {]tbm-K-߃ At\Iw am¿Ivkn-ep-≠v. e£yw
am¿§sØ km[q-Ic - n-°p-∂p-sh∂ {]kvXm-h\ am¿Ivkv X≈n-°f - b
- p-∂p. F∂m¬
AXmWv Imd¬ am¿Ivkns‚ A`n-{]mbsa∂ coXn-bn¬ Nne¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
e£yw am¿§sØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ hmZsØ Pkyq-ss´≥ amIvknw
(Jesuitine Maxim) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-I. C≥Izn-kn-j≥ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ k`-bpsS
i{Xp-°sf Xobn-en´p Np´psIm√ptºmƒ Pkyq´v sshZo-I-cpsS \ymbo-I-cW
kq{X-hm-Iy-amWv e£yw am¿§sØ km[q-I-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xv. (Karl Marx Frederick
Engels, Collected works volume 1, Page 160-165, Progress publishers, Moscow, 1975)
Cu am\-ZWvUw am¿IvknÃp-Iƒ A√m-Ø-h¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ sX‰pw
am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ icn-bp-amtWm? Hcp Aºv e£y-Øn-te°v IpXn-
°p-tºmƒ, Aºv e£y-Øn-se-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬, Aºns‚ BZy-N-e\w apX¬
e£yw am¿§-amb Aºns‚ Ahn-`mPy `mK-am-I-Ww. Aºv AXn-\n-jvS-ap≈ hgn-
bn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-km\w e£yw A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂v Aºn¬
FØn-tN-cp-sa∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv sX‰m-Wv.
aq∂m-a-Xmbn XXz-im-kv{Xw, kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{Xw, cmjv{S-ao-amw-k, Ncn-
{Xw, \c-hw-i-im-kv{Xw Ch-sb√mw Adn-bm-hp∂ Hcp hy‡nbv°p am{Xsa
am¿Ivkns\ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-I. am{X-a√ A°m-eØv bqtdm-∏n¬ \ne-hn-
ep≠m-bn-cp∂ {InkvXp-a-XsØ Ipdn-®p≈ hymJym-\-ßfpw am¿Ivkns\ a\- n-
em-°m≥ AXym-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn hkvXp-hns‚ aqeysØ Ipdn-®p≈ am¿Ivkns‚ kn≤m¥w
a\- n-em-°m≥ BZmw-kvan-Øv, tUhnUv dn°m¿tUm apX-em-bh - c
- psS aqey kn≤m-
¥hpw AXnse icn-sX-‰p-Ifpw hy‡-am-I-Ww. Bt]-£nI hne (relative price)
F¥m-sW∂v IrXy-ambn \n¿∆-Nn-°m≥ Adn-bmØ Hcp hy‡nbv°v aqe-[\w
F∂ IrXn hmbn®p a\- n-em-°pI km[y-a-√. AØ-c-Øn¬ F√m hnj-b-ß-fp-
sSbpw Bg-Øn-te-°n-dßn ]T\w \S-ØmsX am¿Ivknkw a\- n-em-°pI km[y-
a-√. B[p-\nI am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Im¿ Ah-\-h\v CjvS-ap-≈Xp t]mse {]h¿Øn-®-
Xn-\p-tijw AXns\ \ymbo-Ic - n-°m≥ am¿Ivkn-s‚-bpw, FwK¬kn-s‚bpw, se\n-
 www.malankaralibrary.com
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s‚bpw D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Ah¿°v {]tbm-K-amWv icn. {]kn≤
am¿IvknÃv Nn¥-I-\mb ]utem-{^-b¿ kn≤m-¥-an-√mØ {]h¿Ønsb BIvSn-
hn- k - s a- ∂ pw, {]tbm- K - a n- √ mØ Nn¥sb sh¿º- e n- k - s a∂pw hnfn- ° p- ∂ p.
am¿Ivkns‚ Xs∂ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ""XXz-Nn¥ am\h hntam-N-\-Øns‚ Xe-
bpw, sXmgn-emfn h¿§w AXns‚ lrZ-b-hp-am-Wv.'' (Karl Marx Frederick Engels
Collected works, Page - 187, volume 3, Page 187 Progress publishers, Moscow,
1975) C∂v am¿IvknÃp {]tbm-K-߃ I_-‘-ß-fm-Wv.