BENEFITS of public speaking:

1. **Communication Skills**: Public speaking involves structuring your thoughts, organizing

information, and delivering it coherently. This enhances your overall communication abilities,
making you a better communicator in everyday conversations and written communication.

2. **Confidence Boost**: Overcoming the fear of public speaking can significantly boost your
self-confidence. As you gain experience and receive positive feedback, you'll feel more self-
assured in various social and professional situations.

3. **Leadership Development**: Leaders often need to communicate their vision, inspire others,
and lead by example. Public speaking is a fundamental leadership skill that can help you stand
out and effectively lead teams or organizations.

4. **Career Advancement**: Effective public speaking is a sought-after skill in the workplace. It

can lead to promotions and career opportunities by making you a more persuasive and influential
employee or leader.

5. **Networking**: Public speaking engagements provide opportunities to connect with like-

minded individuals, industry experts, and potential collaborators. Networking can open doors to
new opportunities and valuable relationships.

6. **Personal Growth**: Conquering the fear of public speaking is a powerful form of personal
growth. It challenges you to step out of your comfort zone, build resilience, and develop a
growth mindset.

7. **Knowledge Sharing**: Public speaking allows you to share your expertise, knowledge, and
ideas with a wider audience. You can educate and inform others, contributing to knowledge
dissemination in your field of interest.

8. **Effective Advocacy**: Public speaking is a crucial tool for advocating causes or promoting
social and political change. Passionate and persuasive speeches can rally support and mobilize
people to take action.

9. **Presentation Skills**: Public speaking improves your ability to create and deliver
compelling presentations. This skill is valuable not only in professional settings but also in
academic and educational contexts.

10. **Persuasion**: Public speaking equips you with the ability to persuade and influence
others. Whether you're convincing investors, selling products, or inspiring change, persuasive
speaking is an invaluable skill.

In summary, public speaking is a multifaceted skill that can positively impact various aspects of
your life. It enhances your communication, confidence, and leadership abilities, opening doors to
career advancement, personal growth, and the opportunity to make a difference in your
community or field of interest.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

that describe the process of how information is exchanged between individuals or entities. Here
are some prominent models:

1. **Shannon-Weaver Model**: Also known as the "Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver" model,

this linear model of communication involves a sender who encodes a message, which is then
transmitted through a channel to a receiver who decodes the message. It emphasizes the technical
aspects of communication.

2. **Berlo's SMCR Model**: Developed by David Berlo, this model expands upon Shannon and
Weaver's model by adding the concept of a source (the originator of the message) and the idea
that communication is affected by the skills and attitudes of both the sender and receiver.

3. **Transactional Model**: This model, proposed by communication theorists Barnlund and

Habermas, views communication as a two-way process where both the sender and receiver
simultaneously encode, decode, and interpret messages. It recognizes that communication is
influenced by context, noise, and feedback.

4. **Osgood-Schramm Model**: This model emphasizes the role of context and feedback in
communication. It suggests that communication involves the sharing of meanings and that the
effectiveness of communication depends on the degree of similarity between the sender's and
receiver's interpretations.

5. **Lasswell's Model**: Lasswell's model focuses on answering five key questions about
communication: Who (the sender), Says What (the message), In Which Channel (the medium),
To Whom (the receiver), and With What Effect (the impact of the communication).

6. **Jakobson's Model of Communication**: Developed by linguist Roman Jakobson, this

model identifies six communication functions: sender (emotive), receiver (conative), context
(referential), message (poetic), channel (phatic), and code (metalinguistic). It highlights the
various aspects of language and their roles in communication.

7. **Dance's Helical Model**: Proposed by communication scholar Frank Dance, this model
recognizes that communication is an ongoing, spiraling process that evolves over time. It
emphasizes the importance of context, history, and the dynamic nature of communication.

8. **Grice's Maxims of Communication**: Philosopher H.P. Grice proposed a set of

conversational maxims that guide effective communication, including the maxims of quantity,
quality, relation, and manner. These maxims help ensure clarity and mutual understanding in
conversations.
These models provide different perspectives on communication, ranging from linear and sender-
receiver-focused models to more complex and interactive models that consider context,
feedback, and the sharing of meaning. The choice of model depends on the specific context and
goals of communication analysis.

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS involves several key elements that work together to
facilitate the exchange of information and understanding between a sender and a receiver. These
elements are:

1. **Sender**: The sender, also known as the communicator or source, initiates the
communication process. They have a message or information they want to convey to the
receiver.

2. **Message**: The message is the information, idea, or content that the sender wishes to
communicate. It can take various forms, including spoken words, written text, visual images, or
non-verbal cues.

3. **Encoding**: Encoding is the process by which the sender converts their thoughts, ideas, or
message into a format that can be transmitted to the receiver. This may involve choosing words,
gestures, symbols, or other means of expression.

4. **Channel**: The channel is the medium through which the message is transmitted from the
sender to the receiver. It can be face-to-face conversation, written documents, telephone calls,
emails, video conferences, or any other communication tool.

5. **Receiver**: The receiver is the individual or group for whom the message is intended. They
play a crucial role in the communication process by decoding the message and trying to
understand its meaning.

6. **Decoding**: Decoding is the process by which the receiver interprets and makes sense of
the message they receive. It involves understanding the words, symbols, or non-verbal cues used
by the sender.

7. **Feedback**: Feedback is the response or reaction provided by the receiver to the sender's
message. It helps the sender gauge whether the message was understood as intended and allows
for clarification or adjustments if needed.

8. **Noise**: Noise refers to any interference or distortion that can disrupt the communication
process. It can be external noise (e.g., loud background sounds) or internal noise (e.g.,
distractions or misinterpretations) that hinders effective communication.
9. **Context**: The context of communication includes the environment, situation, and cultural
factors that influence how the message is received and interpreted. Context helps provide
meaning and relevance to the message.

10. **Feedback Loop**: In a continuous communication process, there is often a feedback loop
where the roles of sender and receiver can reverse. The original receiver may become the sender
by providing feedback, and the process can continue.

11. **Purpose or Goal**: Communication usually has a purpose or goal, which can be to inform,
persuade, entertain, educate, or achieve some other objective. Understanding the purpose helps
guide the message and communication strategy.

These elements work together in a dynamic process, and effective communication requires that
each element functions smoothly to ensure the accurate transmission and understanding of the
message. Misunderstandings or breakdowns in any of these elements can lead to communication
barriers.

TYPES OF SPEECHES

Speeches can take various forms, each tailored to a specific purpose or occasion. Here are some
common types of speeches:

1. **Informative Speech**: The primary goal of an informative speech is to provide the audience
with factual information, explanations, or insights about a particular topic. It aims to educate and
increase the audience's understanding.

2. **Persuasive Speech**: A persuasive speech seeks to convince the audience to adopt a

specific viewpoint, belief, or take a particular course of action. It often involves using persuasive
techniques and appeals to emotions and logic.

3. **Demonstrative Speech**: In a demonstrative speech, the speaker explains how to do

something or how something works by providing step-by-step instructions or demonstrations. It
is often used for instructional or educational purposes.

4. **Entertaining or Humorous Speech**: This type of speech is meant to amuse and entertain
the audience. It includes jokes, anecdotes, and humorous stories to make the audience laugh and
enjoy the presentation.

5. **Motivational Speech**: Motivational speeches aim to inspire and energize the audience.
They often involve storytelling, personal anecdotes, and messages of encouragement to motivate
individuals to take action or overcome challenges.

6. **Special Occasion Speech**: Special occasion speeches are delivered on specific events or
milestones, such as weddings, graduations, funerals, or award ceremonies. They are tailored to
the significance of the occasion.
7. **Debate Speech**: In a debate speech, the speaker presents arguments for or against a
particular topic or proposition. It is common in formal debates and competitive debate events.

8. **Extemporaneous Speech**: An extemporaneous speech is delivered with minimal

preparation and notes. The speaker relies on their knowledge and speaking skills to deliver a
coherent and impromptu presentation.

9. **Keynote Speech**: Keynote speeches are typically delivered at conferences, conventions,

or major events. They set the tone for the event and often address significant themes or topics.

10. **Commencement Address**: Given at graduation ceremonies, commencement addresses

often provide advice, reflection, and inspiration to graduates as they embark on a new phase of
life.

11. **Eulogy**: Eulogies are speeches delivered at funerals or memorial services to honor and
remember a deceased person's life and accomplishments.

12. **Acceptance Speech**: These speeches are given when an individual or group receives an
award, recognition, or honor. They often express gratitude and acknowledge the significance of
the award.

13. **Farewell Speech**: Farewell speeches are delivered when someone is leaving a group,
organization, or job. They offer reflections on the past and express good wishes for the future.

14. **Toast**: Toasts are short, celebratory speeches often given at social gatherings, such as
weddings or formal dinners, to express well-wishes or raise a glass in honor of a person or event.

These are just a few examples of the many types of speeches that serve different purposes and
suit various occasions. The choice of speech type depends on the speaker's goals and the context
in which the speech is delivered.
SPEAKING COMPETENCIES

refer to the skills and abilities that individuals develop to effectively communicate verbally.
These competencies are crucial for clear, engaging, and persuasive communication. Here are
some key speaking competencies:

1. **Clarity**: The ability to express ideas and information clearly and concisely, avoiding
jargon, ambiguity, or unnecessary complexity.

2. **Pronunciation**: The skill to articulate words and sounds correctly, ensuring that the
audience can understand what is being said.

3. **Enunciation**: The clear and distinct pronunciation of words, which enhances overall
clarity in communication.

4. **Fluency**: The capacity to speak smoothly and without frequent pauses, maintaining a
natural flow of conversation or presentation.

5. **Voice Control**: The ability to modulate one's voice effectively, including adjusting
volume, pitch, tone, and pace to suit the context and engage the audience.

6. **Articulation**: The precision in which speech sounds are formed, ensuring that words are
pronounced distinctly and accurately.

7. **Vocal Variety**: The skill of varying vocal tone, inflection, and emphasis to convey
meaning, emotion, and engagement in speech.

8. **Body Language**: Effective use of non-verbal cues, such as gestures, facial expressions,
and posture, to enhance communication and convey messages.

9. **Eye Contact**: The ability to establish and maintain appropriate eye contact with the
audience, demonstrating confidence and connection.

10. **Listening Skills**: Active listening skills are essential for responding to audience
feedback, questions, and concerns during a presentation or conversation.

11. **Organization**: Structuring the content in a logical and coherent manner, including clear
introductions, transitions, and conclusions.

12. **Audience Awareness**: The capacity to assess and adapt to the needs, interests, and
expectations of the audience to ensure effective communication.
13. **Engagement**: The skill of capturing and maintaining the audience's attention through
compelling storytelling, anecdotes, and interactive elements.

14. **Adaptability**: The ability to adjust communication style, language, and content
depending on the context and audience, ensuring relevance and effectiveness.

15. **Confidence**: Developing self-assurance in one's speaking abilities, which can enhance
credibility and the impact of the message.

16. **Emotional Intelligence**: The capacity to recognize and manage emotions in both oneself
and others during communication, promoting empathy and understanding.

17. **Rhetorical Devices**: Utilizing rhetorical techniques such as analogies, metaphors, and
persuasive language to enhance the persuasive power of a speech.

18. **Time Management**: Effectively managing time during a speech or presentation to ensure
that key points are covered within the allocated timeframe.

19. **Handling Q&A**: The ability to respond confidently and thoughtfully to questions from
the audience, demonstrating expertise and addressing concerns.

20. **Feedback Reception**: Openness to receiving feedback on one's speaking performance

and a willingness to learn and improve.

These speaking competencies are not only valuable for public speaking but also for everyday
communication in various contexts, such as business meetings, interpersonal conversations, and
educational presentations. Developing and honing these skills can significantly enhance one's
ability to communicate effectively and connect with others.