RESEARCH WRITE-UP WEB 20302: PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH 2

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY: AN EVALUATION ON

ASSESSING THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, PRACTICE
(KAP) AND MISCONCEPTION TOWARDS CONSUMER'S
USAGE PATTERN OF PARACETAMOL AMONG
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA

Raihan Binti Ismail (12213122126)

Nur Fatihah Binti Rahimi (12213122122)

Izzah Aufa Binti Ridzuan (12213122152)

Sarah Qistina Binti Hazilan (12213122114)

Nurul Izzati Binti Mohd Zuki (12213122156)

Shazatul Izzah Binti Ahmad Basri (12213122111)

Nur Inatha Nabilah Binti Mohammad Zaini (12213122140)

Puteri Nur Adriana Binti Mohd Danial Choong (12213122102)

Bachelor Of Biomedical Science (Honours)

Universiti Kuala Lumpur Institute of Medical Science Technology

(UniKL MESTECH)

NURHUDA BINTI MOHAMAD NAZRI

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................i
LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1
1.1 Background........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement............................................................................................................2
1.3 Objectives..........................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................4
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................4
2.2 Knowledge of Paracetamol Usage Pattern.........................................................................5
2.3 Attitude on Paracetamol Usage Pattern.............................................................................7
2.4 Practice on Paracetamol Usage Pattern.............................................................................7
2.5 Misconception of Paracetamol Usage Pattern...................................................................8
2.6 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................10
3.1 Research design...............................................................................................................10
3.2 Research instrument........................................................................................................11
3.3 Respondents of the study................................................................................................11
3.4 Research procedure or data collection method...............................................................11
3.5 Data analysis....................................................................................................................12
3.6 Questionnaires and interview sample..............................................................................12
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS...................................................................................................................13
4.1 Demographic Data...........................................................................................................13
4.2 Knowledge of paracetamol usage pattern.......................................................................16
4.3 Attitude on paracetamol usage pattern...........................................................................19
4.4 Practice on paracetamol usage pattern............................................................................20
4.5 Misinformation and misconception about paracetamol usage pattern...........................24
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................26
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................32
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................33
APPENDIX............................................................................................................................................36

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: pie chart about data collections of respondent’s gender. 16

Figure 2: pie chart showing the average age of a university student that response to
the survey. 17
Figure 3: Pie chart about the Institute of respondents attended. 17
Figure 4: Pie chart shows the level of Education Background of respondents. 18
Figure 5: Receiving medical advice regarding paracetamol consumption while
purchasing. 19
Figure 6: Taking paracetamol before or after meal. 19
Figure 7: pie chart above shows the percentage of university students that whether
taking any other prescription or non-prescription medications containing paracetamol
or acetaminophen with paracetamol or not. 20
Figure 8: pie chart shows the percentage of students whether they know
paracetamol can or cannot be consumed during and after alcohol consumption. 21
Figure 9: Bar chart above shows the percentage of attitude university students
towards paracetamol usage pattern. 22
Figure 10: pie chart shows the percentage of university students whether they follow
medical advice regarding paracetamol consumption or not. 23
Figure 11: pie chart shows the percentage of how often university students use
paracetamol tablet, syrup, or suppository. 24
Figure 12: pie chart demonstrated the percentage of the frequent of students’
consumption of paracetamol tablet, syrup, or suppository. 24
Figure 13: pie chart of the condition that university students consume paracetamol.
25
Figure 14: Bar chart shows the percentage of university students that have
misinformation and misconception about paracetamol usage patterns. 26

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ABSTRACT

Paracetamol is also known as acetaminophen is one of the most popular and most
used analgesic and antipyretic drugs around the world, available without a
prescription, both in mono- and multi-component preparations. This study aims to
evaluate on assessing the knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP), and misconception
towards consumer’s usage pattern of paracetamol among university students in
Malaysia. This study is to clarify the information regarding paracetamol consumption.
A qualitative survey has been conducted in four sections in terms of knowledge,
attitude, practice, and misconception on paracetamol. Data were collected from total
100 university students across Malaysia, in May 2023 from Institusi Pengajian Tinggi
Awam (IPTA), Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Swasta (IPTS), Institusi Pengajian Guru
(IPG) and college. The main finding of this study is to identify knowledge levels
related to paracetamol usage patterns among university students in Malaysia.
Secondly, to investigate the attitudes among students towards paracetamol usage
patterns in Malaysia. Thirdly, to analyze the practice of paracetamol among
university students in Malaysia. Lastly, to address the misconception and
misinformation about paracetamol usage patterns among university students in
Malaysia. Based on the survey, most of the respondents are highly knowledgeable of
paracetamol. However, some of them have moderate amount of knowledge of
consuming paracetamol. Therefore, the level of practice and misinformation also
misconception of consuming paracetamol among university students are at the
moderate level. Hence, Malaysian especially university students should have an
adequate amount of knowledge to help them appraise the health impacts that
paracetamol can give on their health.

Keywords: paracetamol, university students, knowledge, attitude, practice,

misinformation, misconceptions.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Paracetamol is one of the common non-opioid analgesics and is known as

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with a favorable safety profile. It is
available worldwide as an analgesic and anti-pyretic that is regularly used to treat
fever and moderate to mild pain in people of all ages (Nur Amalina Dellemin, Zalina
Zahari,et. al., 2020). It is well established to be safe when taken at the prescribed
levels, and it is frequently supplied as an over-the-counter painkiller in many
countries (Kamel F, Magadmi R, Abu Ouf N M, et. al, 2021). Paracetamol has been
around for over 50 years. It’s safe and many guidelines recommend it as the go-to
treatment (Moore, 2016). Additionally, it is one of the most often prescribed
medications, a practice that is prevalent among university students who are enticed
to take a variety of medications without a doctor's prescription, from traditional
painkillers to antibiotics (A.A.H.S. Samarawickrama, et al., 2021).

Then, self-medication is the selection and use of drugs by people to address

ailments or symptoms that they are aware of themselves. The usage of non-
prescription medications can cause issues, and the most frequent substance used in
self-poisoning is paracetamol (Shoib S., et al., 2022). The misused of prescription
painkillers among Malaysian students may be a concern. Self-medication is a part of
self-care, which needs to be greater knowledge about and is responsible for
improving students' attitudes towards the practice. It's also crucial to think about how
drugs are available and used to reduce unnecessary health risks.

As reported by many previous studies regarding misuse and overuse of

paracetamol in daily medication administer among university students lead us in this
survey and study to assess and evaluate the student’s knowledge, attitude, and
practice (KAP) regarding usage pattern of paracetamol and its dosing intake as well
as their awareness on paracetamol – containing products. By improving KAP
towards paracetamol usage, healthcare providers can help promote safe and
appropriate usage patterns and reduce the risk of harm to patients.

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1.2 Problem Statement

Most people did not know the normal daily dose of paracetamol or the maximum
daily dose. This lack of knowledge on the normal daily dose of paracetamol could
result from over-the-counter purchase of paracetamol by the public, often from
unqualified people who knew nothing about the daily dose and adverse effects of
paracetamol. The recommended dose of paracetamol for children is weight-based,
but age-based dosing is also used. Overweight children may receive inappropriate
dosing based on age-based dosing. Fever phobia, where parents consider fever a
health threat, has led to the overconsumption of paracetamol and inappropriate self-
medication practices. Lack of health literacy and consultation from healthcare
providers increases the risk of misuse and overconsumption of paracetamol.

At least, that’s the conventional view of the drug. The trouble is that the
conventional view is probably wrong. Huge amounts of paracetamol are used to treat
pain, measured not in how many tablets are used but in the thousands of tons. The
recommended dosage for adults is 500mg to 1000mg for every 4 to 6 hours up to a
total daily dose of 4000 mg, the recommended dosage for children is 15 mg/kg every
4 to 6 hours up to a total daily dose of 2,400 mg (National Prescribing Service
Limited [NPS] 2003). Acute single ingestion of acetaminophen greater than 10 g or
200 mg/kg (whichever is lower) in adults is considered hepatotoxic (Dart et al. 2006).

In cases of alcohol dependency, renal impairment, and hepatic impairment,

this medication (paracetamol) should be taken cautiously. It interacts with cytotoxic
treatments, lipid-regulating medications, anticoagulants, and metoclopramide (F.,
Prescott L., 2000). Although adverse effects are uncommon, certain studies have
shown that a rise in suicide events was caused by poor side effect knowledge,
overestimation of the fatal dose, and widespread availability.

Besides that, this survey wants to highlight the need for proper product
labeling, creative educational interventions, and health promotion activities to
promote the correct use of paracetamol among UniKL MESTECH students. Hence,
there is a study that has shown that paracetamol poisoning is one of the most
common around the world. According to Hawkins, Edwards, and Dargan (2007),
acetaminophen poisoning accounts for 48% of drug-related hospital admission in the

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United Kingdom and causes 100-200 deaths manually. Besides that, acetaminophen
poisoning also causes acute liver failure in the United States and the United
Kingdom which in countries where paracetamol is widely used, several cases of
acute damage to liver cells used to repeated doses of paracetamol have been
reported, especially if the maximum therapeutic dose 90mg/kg/24 h is exceeded.
Consequently, this raised a major concern regarding the level of knowledge and
awareness especially amongst young adults in Malaysia towards the dosage of
paracetamol since there is a possibility that young adults other than university
students may have or may not have proper education regarding the usage of
paracetamol. That is why we aim to know the gasp of knowledge related to
paracetamol usage among Malaysian students and to address the misconception
and misinformation about paracetamol that happen in our community.

Besides that, this survey wants to highlight the need for proper product
labeling, creative educational interventions, and health promotion activities to
promote the correct use of paracetamol among consumers. Almasdy and Sharrif
(2011) suggest that the prevalence of self-medication among Malaysians without
medical advice increases the trend of paracetamol misuse and overuse. Therefore,
it is anticipated that creative educational interventions and health promotion
activities, in conjunction with appropriate product labeling, may assist in promoting
the appropriate use of paracetamol among consumers (Shone et al., 2011). Hence,
this study’s point is to assess the acts of paracetamol use among Malaysian
students by identifying their knowledge, attitude, practices (KAP), and
misconceptions regarding paracetamol usage.

1.3 Objectives

1. To identify knowledge levels related to paracetamol usage patterns among university

students in Malaysia.
2. To investigate the attitudes among students toward paracetamol usage patterns in
Malaysia.
3. To analyze the practice of paracetamol consumption among university students in
Malaysia.
4. To address misconceptions and misinformation about paracetamol usage patterns
among university students in Malaysia.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Paracetamol is known as acetaminophen and is widely used and administered to all

level of ages due to its efficacy, safety, and availability in many pharmaceutical
forms, such as syrups, suspensions, tablets, and in form of suppositories (Aiman
Daifallah et. al., 2021). Despite its widespread and perceived safety, paracetamol
misuse and overuse have been reported particularly among university students and
people who self-medicate. Moreover, Paracetamol is one of several medications that
university students are most tempted to take without a prescription (A.A.H.S.
Samarawickrama et al., 2021). Therefore, there is a concern regarding the
knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and misconceptions of paracetamol usage
among Malaysian students.

Various studies conducted among students regarding the knowledge of

paracetamol have shown users’ ignorance (Boudjemai et al., 2013). Assessing the
knowledge of Malaysian students regarding paracetamol involves evaluating their
familiarity with the recommended dosage, maximum daily dose, appropriate use for
specific symptoms and potential interactions with other medications. Apart from that,
investigating the attitudes among students toward paracetamol usage is also
important. Paracetamol has been discovered to be one of the over-the-counter drugs
most frequently linked to unintended overdose in Malaysian students. The excessive
formation of the poisonous and reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
during drug metabolism has also been linked to paracetamol overdose-related life-
threatening liver damage (Karel Allegaert, 2013). This means that liver damage can
be significantly decreased by providing paracetamol at the right dosage and interval
(Karel Allegaert, 2013). By examining their self-medication habits, frequency of
usage and adherence to recommended dosages, we can assess whether proper
usage patterns are being followed.

In general, to lessen the chance of stomach discomfort, paracetamol should

be taken with food or milk. Alcohol use should be avoided when taking paracetamol
since it increases the risk of liver damage (Rotundo, L., et al., 2020). Additionally, it is
important to use paracetamol only as directed and for the intended symptoms. It is

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also essential to seek medical care if symptoms continue or get worse. In addition,
unless specifically instructed by a healthcare expert, it is not advised to use
paracetamol for more than 10 consecutive days to relieve pain or for more than 3
consecutive days to relieve fever (Freo U.,et. al,2021). This is because paracetamol
might interact or react with other drugs (Freo U., et al., 2021).

2.2 Knowledge of Paracetamol Usage Pattern

Paracetamol is an over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic medicine that is

frequently prescribed by healthcare practitioners. It is often used to treat pain and
fever in people of various ages including children, adolescents, and adults. Always
follow the doctor’s instructions and read the directions on the medicine before taking
it. Make sure not to exceed the suggested dose. It is critical to read the instructions
for paracetamol medication because the strength and suggested dose varied.
Typically, paracetamol is taken every 4 to 6 hours. Allow at least four hours between
doses. It is not recommended to consume more than four doses of paracetamol in
24 hours period. If symptoms show worsening or do not improve, consult a doctor.

Paracetamol, like any drug, has potential side effects. Based on available
information and clinical trials, this comprehensive review seeks to provide an
overview of the side effects of paracetamol, covering both common and unusual
adverse responses. To begin with, the most usually reported paracetamol side effect
is gastrointestinal discomfort, which includes nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain.
These are usually mild and temporary, and they can be reduced by taking the drug
with food or milk. Paracetamol can produce skin responses such as redness, itching,
or hives in rare situations. If any skin reactions develop, it is critical to stop taking the
drug and seek medical assistance as soon as possible. Aside from that, liver
damage (hepatotoxicity) is one of the most dangerous side effects of paracetamol.
Excessive paracetamol usage can cause liver damage. Moreover, acute liver failure
is a rare but potentially severe side effect of paracetamol overdose. To reduce the
risk of hepatotoxicity, it is critical to stick to approved dosages and avoid exceeding
the maximum daily dose. Although it is uncommon, some people can have severe
allergic reactions to paracetamol, including anaphylaxis. An allergic reaction might

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cause trouble breathing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, and intense
itching. If any signs of an allergic response appear, seek immediate medical
treatment.

Paracetamol can interact with other medications, particularly those

metabolized by the liver. Certain medicines such as certain antibiotics, antiepileptic
drugs, and some herbal supplements can raise the risk of hepatotoxicity when used
together. To reduce the risk of drug interactions, it is critical to inform healthcare
practitioners about any medications, including over-the-counter treatments and
herbal supplements, that are taken concurrently with paracetamol. Paracetamol is
considered safe for use during pregnancy and lactation when used at recommended
doses. However, before taking any medications during pregnancy or during
breastfeeding, it is best to consult with a healthcare expert. Individuals with
underlying liver disease or impaired liver function should exercise caution when
using paracetamol.

Paracetamol is a trusted option for managing pain and fever due to its
efficacy, safety, and availability in various formulations. To begin, paracetamol is
widely used to reduce mild to severe pain, such as headaches, toothaches, muscle
pains, menstrual cramps, and arthritic pain. It reduces pain perception and provides
comfort by acting centrally in the brain. When nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
medicines (NSAIDs) are contraindicated or not recommended, paracetamol is
frequently used as a first-line treatment for pain. Second, paracetamol is an excellent
fever reducer, making it a popular choice for fever management in both adults and
children. It works by reducing the production of prostaglandins, which are important
in body temperature regulation. (Ong et al., 2007)

To improve its effectiveness in treating pain and fever, paracetamol is

frequently taken with other drugs. For moderate to severe pain management,
combination medicines including paracetamol and opioids (such as codeine) are
given. These combination medicines work effectively to improve pain control while
reducing the need for greater opioid doses. It is available in a variety of formulations,
including oral solutions and chewable tablets, making it easier for young children to
take. Paracetamol is beneficial in treating acute pain, but its role in chronic pain
syndromes is limited. According to recent guidelines and data, paracetamol has poor

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efficacy in chronic pain diseases such as osteoarthritis and low back pain. However,
as determined by healthcare professionals, it may still be used as part of multiple
analgesia methods or with other pain treatment measures (Ong et al., 2007).

2.3 Attitude on Paracetamol Usage Pattern

According to Merriam Webster dictionary, attitude is defined as a feeling or

emotion toward a fact or state. Then, another meaning of attitude is held to be a
function of the sum of the person's salient behavioral beliefs concerning the outcome
of the action each weighted by their evaluation of that outcome (Sutton, S., 2001).
Several studies have explored the attitudes and beliefs among university students
towards paracetamol usage. According to one of the studies conducted in 2019, it
was found out that about 90% of students had used paracetamol as their common
medicine. Mostly the common reason is due to headache and fever. Most students
believed that paracetamol was safe and effective. However, a quarter of the students
correctly identified the dosage according to the recommended dose of paracetamol.
Then, about 60% of students said that paracetamol is one of the medicines that is
easily obtained. Furthermore, most of the students knew that combining paracetamol
intake with alcohol could give an adverse effect reaction towards health (Folashade,
Theophilus Monday Ejeikwu & Winna, 2019).

Besides, the reasons for paracetamol usage are to alleviate ache and
discomfort related to several types of pain such as headache, toothache, backache,
arthritic pain, muscular aches, osteoarthritis, menstrual or period pain, postpartum
which are the pain felt after delivery process etc. (Norliza, 2023). In addition,
paracetamol is also used to reduce fever since paracetamol can decrease a high
body temperature about 30 minutes after the dose is taken (Health direct Australia,
2023).

2.4 Practice on Paracetamol Usage Pattern

The practice of paracetamol usage refers to the responsible and safe

application of paracetamol for pain relief and fever reduction. There are several

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patterns of paracetamol usage, including acute pain relief, regular dosage for chronic
conditions, combination formulations, and prophylactic use. The maximum daily
dosage of paracetamol in adults and children older than 12 years is typically 500 to
1000 mg every 4 to 6 hours (NPS Medicine Wise, 2015). Modified-release
paracetamol is recommended to be taken at a dosage of 665 to 1330 mg every 6 to
8 hours as it has a higher dose of paracetamol than standard paracetamol tablets
(Health Direct, 2023). The maximum total dosage within a 24-hour period should not
exceed 4 grams. Where else, for children aged 1 month to 12 years, the
recommended dosage of paracetamol is 15 mg/kg every 4-6 hours, and no more
than four doses are taken within 24 hours (Therapeutic Goods Administration, 2019).
An acute single ingestion of acetaminophen greater than 10 g or 200 mg/kg
(whichever is lower) in adults is considered hepatotoxic, meaning it can cause liver
damage (Dart et al. 2006). Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to the correct dosage
instruction provided.

Obtaining reliable information from the right source is essential for making
informed decisions related to our health. Based on data survey in India, 83.9% adults
follow the recommendations of friends and family, 12.2% follow advertisement and
only 21.9% follow the advice of pharmacists (Kumar et al, 2017). One of the
excellent sources of information regarding paracetamol usage is healthcare
professionals as they can provide personalized guidance based on the individual's
medical history (BMC Public Health, 2021). Apart from that, reliable information
regarding paracetamol can also obtained from official drug information resources
and the package inserts that come with paracetamol products.

2.5 Misconception of Paracetamol Usage Pattern

The idea that paracetamol is completely risk-free and may be used for any
kind of pain or discomfort without running any risk of adverse effects is one that is
frequently held regarding the drug. Although paracetamol is usually regarded as safe
when used as advised, there are a few misconceptions surrounding its use. Firstly,
people said that Paracetamol lingers long after taking it hence causing harm to one’s

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body. In fact, most healthy individuals lose a dose of paracetamol, the active
ingredient in Panadol, from their bodies within 24 hours when taken as prescribed. In
most healthy people, the half-life of paracetamol after oral ingestion (about 2.5
hours) is less than that of caffeine (65 mg) in a standard cup of coffee (around 5
hours). This shows that a healthy body eliminates caffeine from a standard cup of
coffee more slowly than it does from paracetamol (Christopher J Derry & Sheena
Derry et. al, 2014).

Next, the misconception is they can take paracetamol because they have
diabetes and high blood pressure but in reality, the only analgesic that is known to
have fewer drug interactions and can be taken by those with diabetes and high blood
pressure is paracetamol (Desk, 2023) Other than that, another misconception is that
it is safe to consume alcohol while taking paracetamol. Mixing alcohol with
paracetamol considerably raises the risk of liver damage. Both alcohol and
paracetamol place stress on the liver, and when taken together, they can overwhelm
the organ's ability to detoxify.

2.6 Conclusion

Paracetamol is a common medicine used by students to treat fever, headache

etc. However, it was found that students are consuming inaccurate doses of
paracetamol for themselves. This issue needs to be addressed as inaccurate
paracetamol dosing which can lead to paracetamol poisoning or ineffective treatment
for adults. Several future perspectives should be considered to improve the current
research and practice. Research should be conducted to design a specific formula to
calculate the exact dose of paracetamol based on the adult weight, age, and gender.
The formula can aid in reducing the dose calculation error by healthcare providers.
As there is no current local guideline, this study's findings can guide the design of a
publicly accessible guideline on paracetamol use in adults. Ideas to sensitive the
population involved in the use of paracetamol considering the dosage, age, and
gender should be implemented. A detailed local guideline should explain the
paracetamol dosage according to adult's body weight, age, and gender. The

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guidelines should also help the parents to understand the product labeling of the
paracetamol syrups available in the market.

Furthermore, infographics showing the appropriate dose of paracetamol and

the potential side effects of paracetamol poisoning can be designed to educate
adults on the safe use of paracetamol for themselves. The infographics should also
keep students aware of the available brands, strengths of paracetamol syrups in the
market, and the appropriate dosage based on age and gender. These infographics
can be disseminated through visits to pharmacies or the websites of the Ministry of
Health Malaysia.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research design

In this study, descriptive research design based on quantitative methods is being

used. The quantitative research method is used to emphasize the objective
measurements and the statistical or numerical analysis of data collected through
surveys, and questionnaires (Babbie Earl R., 2010). Quantitative research is better in
this study, where it can generates factual and reliable outcome data. Then, through
this research method we would like to identify patterns of paracetamol usage, where
to perform this study, it requires statistical data to represent the data collection.
Statistical data are used to show the trend and level of consumers usage pattern of
paracetamol. After that, in this study simple sampling method is also being used
where certain respondents from large communities are being selected. A cross-
sectional study collects data from different individual perspectives, and this method

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is one of the easiest methods in gathering respondents and does not require much
time. So, based on the questionnaires the data were analyzed through statistical
data and numerical analysis.

3.2 Research instrument

The research instrument was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices
(KAP) towards consumer usage patterns of paracetamol among university students
in Malaysia. The survey form used is a questionnaire. Questionnaire is another
primary data collection method that involves asking a group of people. It is a list of
questions to collect opinions from individuals. The questionnaire is divided into 4
sections, knowledge of paracetamol usage, attitude toward paracetamol usage,
practice of paracetamol usage pattern, and misinformation and misconception about
paracetamol usage. The details such as familiarity with the recommended dosage,
maximum daily dose, appropriate use for specific symptoms, potential interactions
with other medications, attitudes toward paracetamol usage, and self-medication
habits. Their responses are being collected and analyzed to assess their knowledge,
attitudes, and practices related to paracetamol usage.

3.3 Respondents of the study

The respondents are selected using a simple questionnaire from the Google form.
The total number of respondents for this research is 100 people, which involved
students from all universities in Malaysia. This is because a lot of university students
are unfamiliar with the appropriate use of paracetamol. Hence, the finding was made
across all university students in Malaysia to get broad opinions regarding the KAP
and misconceptions of paracetamol usage.

3.4 Research procedure or data collection method

For the first approach, the questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was
based on a study by N. A. Dellemin, et al. titled "Development and Validation of a
Questionnaire on Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception Towards Allergic Reactions of

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Paracetamol- a Survey" (Dellemin, N. A., et al, 2020). The questionnaire was made
using the Google Form application. Next, the questionnaire was pilot tested with
team members by answering the questionnaire and comment regarding the structure
of the questionnaire in the Google Form application. Any error, grammatical mistake,
or unclear questionnaire instruction will be noted, and the necessary corrections will
be made. The questionnaire is subjected to additional modification, and the
questionnaire has been consulted with lecturer to determine the efficacy and
applicability of the questions. Once the necessary adjustments and improvements
had been made, the questionnaire was sent out to Malaysian university students.
The survey, which was performed from May 30 to June 13, 2023, was disseminated
for nearly 2 weeks using social media such as WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, and
personal messages before the target of 100 respondents was reached.

3.5 Data analysis

The data collected from the Google form was analyzed using Microsoft Excel, with a
primary focus on descriptive statistics. The results were presented using a pie chart
and a bar chart. For the statistical analysis, the data were evaluated based on
categorical variables, specifically the response of “yes”, “maybe” or “no”. Then, the
mean score was converted into a percentage (%).

3.6 Questionnaires and interview sample

Please refer to Appendix 1.

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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS

Section A

4.1 Demographic Data

For the demographic data, a pie chart was used to collect several background
information about respondents. However, this survey research keeps the
respondent’s identity anonymous by did not asking for their name, address and
contact number. Demographic data consisted of 4 questions which were age,
gender, institute, and educational background. Based on Figure 1 below, it is shown
that the average of respondent’s gender that answering this survey where the
highest contribution is among female with 67% of respondents while percentage of
male students contribute with the survey only 33%.

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Figure 1: pie chart about data collections of respondent’s gender.

Besides, Figure 2 was demonstrated about the average age of university students
that involve in this survey where the highest average of age was among student that
have 21 until 23 years old with 48 % followed by 18 until 20 years old with 41% while
the lowest average of age was among student that have 27 until 28 years old with
1% or can be specific only one student that have 28 years old and second lowest
was among student that have 24 until 26 that get 10% of contributors.

Age
1%

10% 18-20
21-23
41% 24-26
27-28

48%

Figure 2: pie chart showing the average age of a university student that response to
the survey.

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Figure 3 showed the types of institutes that the respondents attended. The type of
institutes of respondents attended consists of Institute Pengajian Tinggi Awam (IPTA)
with 49%, followed by Institute Pengajian Tinggi Swasta (IPTS) with 40% and
Institute Pengajian Guru (IPG) with 6%. The lowest percentage is from college with
4% of the respondents participating in this survey.

Institute

4%
6% IPTA
IPTS
IPG
College
49%

40%

Figure 3: Pie chart about the Institute of respondents attended.

Figure 4 showed the education level of the respondents. The level of the
respondents consists of bachelor's degree students with 61%, followed by
foundation's students with 20%. The lowest percentage consists of diploma students
with 19% of the respondents participating in this survey.

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Education Background

20%
Foundation

Diploma

Degree
61% 19%

Figure 4: Pie chart shows the level of Education Background of respondents.

4.2 Knowledge of paracetamol usage pattern

Figure 5 shows the results of receiving medical advice regarding paracetamol

consumption when the user purchases it. The medical advice that the users received
was from pharmacists (69%), doctor (60%), family (41%), internet (28%), nurse
(23%), friend (22%) and advertisement (17%). Meanwhile, 1% of the respondents
never receive any medical advice regarding paracetamol consumption while
purchasing it.

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Figure 5: Receiving medical advice regarding paracetamol consumption while

purchasing.

Figure 6 showed that 90% of respondents took paracetamol after taking their meal
and followed by 10% of the respondents taking their paracetamol before their meal.

Figure 6: Taking paracetamol before or after meal.

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Based on figure 7, the result was showed 60% of the respondents had taken
paracetamol with other prescription or non-prescription medications containing
paracetamol or acetaminophen followed by 31% had not taken paracetamol with
other prescription or non-prescription medications containing paracetamol or
acetaminophen.

Figure 7: pie chart above shows the percentage of university students that whether
taking any other prescription or non-prescription medications containing paracetamol
or acetaminophen with paracetamol or not.

Based on Figure 8, the results show that 68% of the respondents know that
paracetamol cannot be consumed during and after alcohol consumption, followed by
32% of the respondents that do not know.

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Figure 8: pie chart shows the percentage of students whether they know
paracetamol can or cannot be consumed during and after alcohol consumption.

4.3 Attitude on paracetamol usage pattern

As Figure 9, question (1) shows that 83% of the university students answered
positively to the question ‘I believe that paracetamol is an effective pain relief
medication.’ while 15% of the university students answered maybe and 2%
answered no. Other than that, from question (2), 40% of university students were
responded negatively to question ‘Even if my pain persists after taking paracetamol, I
still continue taking it.’ but 36% of the respondents were positive and another 24%
answered maybe.

Furthermore, from question (3), 82% of the university students answered positively
to question ‘I should discontinue taking paracetamol when I realize it develops
allergic reaction symptoms.’ while 10% of the respondents are negatively and 8% of
them answered maybe. Lastly, question (4) ‘I am confident in my knowledge of the
appropriate dosage and usage of paracetamol.’ shows that 60% of the university
students are knowledgeable about it, while 32% of them answered maybe and 8%
answered no.

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Percentage Of University Students ATTITUDE TOWARDS PARACETAMOL USAGE PATTERN

Yes Maybe No
83% 82%
80%
60%
60%
36% 40%
40% 32%
24%
15%
20%
2% 8%10% 8%
0%

Attitute Toward Paracetamol Usage Pattern

Figure 9: Bar chart above shows the percentage of attitude university students
towards paracetamol usage pattern.

4.4 Practice on paracetamol usage pattern

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Based on the Figure 10, the result was shown the percentage of university students
that followed the medical advice regarding paracetamol with containing 91% while
the students who confuse whether they follow or not were 7% and followed by 2% of
students that did not follow the medical advice regarding paracetamol.

Do you follow the medical advice regarding paracetamol

consumption?
2%

7%

Yes Maybe

No

91%

Figure 10: pie chart shows the percentage of university students whether they follow
medical advice regarding paracetamol consumption or not.

Furthermore, the result in Figure 11 shows how often university students used
paracetamol tablet, syrup, or suppositories. The highest result was 93 % which
showed the number of students that uses paracetamol whenever the conditions
appear following by 6% of university students uses paracetamol every month and
1% with everyday uses while every week was not appear.

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How often do you use paracetamol tablet/

syrup/suppository?
1%

6%
Whenever the condition
appears

Every month

Everyday

Every week

93%

Figure 11: pie chart shows the percentage of how often university students use
paracetamol tablet, syrup, or suppository.

Moreover, Figure 12 resulting in 49% of students that consume paracetamol every 7

to 9 hours which is the highest value in the pie chart then following by 45% students
who consume paracetamol every 4 until 6 hours and the lowest value shows 6% of
students that consume paracetamol every 2 until 3 hours.

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Figure 12: pie chart demonstrated the percentage of the frequent of students’
consumption of paracetamol tablet, syrup, or suppository.

The percentage of condition that the university students consume paracetamol was
shown in Figure 13 where the highest result was 70% with the condition of acute
pain relief like headache and menstrual cramp while the lowest result was 1% which
is regular dosage for chronic conditions such as arthritis. In addition, the conditions
like combination formulation and prophylactic use were respectively 3% and 1%.

Under what condition you consume paracetamol ?

3% 1%

Acute pain relief (ex; headache,

26% menstrual cramp)

Prophylatic use (to prevent pain or

fever before they occur)

Combination formulation (ex:

70% paracetamol with codeine)

Regular dosage for chronic condition

(ex; arthritis)

Figure 13: pie chart of the condition that university students consume paracetamol.

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4.5 Misinformation and misconception about paracetamol usage pattern

MISINFORMATION AND MISCONCEPTION

ABOUT PARACETAMOL USAGE PATTERN.
Percentage Of University Student

YES MAYBE NO
80% 70%
60%
39% 44%
34%
40% 27% 31% 35%33%
32%
25%
20% 16%
14%

0%

Misinformation And Misconception About Paracetamol Usage Pattern

Figure 14: Bar chart shows the percentage of university students that have
misinformation and misconception about paracetamol usage patterns.

Finally, the bar chart in Figure 14 showed the percentage of university students that
have misinformation and misconceptions about paracetamol usage patterns where
the misinformation and misconceptions about paracetamol usage patterns was about
the believe that taking paracetamol regularly will weaken my immune system, the
thought that taking paracetamol in higher doses than recommended will provide
faster and more effective pain relief, the believe that paracetamol is only effective for
relieving physical pain and not for other types of discomfort, and the believe that
different brands of paracetamol have significantly different effects or efficacy. The
highest misinformation and misconception about paracetamol usage patterns was
the belief that different brands of paracetamol have significantly different effects or

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efficacy which is 35% of student believed that and followed by 32% of university
students uncertainty with that misconception and other 33% did not believe that.

In addition, the lowest misinformation and misconception about paracetamol usage

patterns was the thought that taking paracetamol in higher doses than recommended
will provide faster and more effective pain relief which is 14% while the student with
uncertainty thought was 16% and 70% of students did not think that taking
paracetamol in higher doses than recommended will provide faster and more
effective pain relief. For the believe that paracetamol is only effective for relieving
physical pain and not for other types of discomfort, 31% believe while 21% with
uncertainty and 44% did not believe with that statement. For the questions, 39% do
not believe that taking paracetamol regularly will weaken my immune system while
34% are uncertain with that statement and the other 27% believed that taking
paracetamol regularly will weaken their immune system.

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CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION

Paracetamol is one of the medicines that can easily be obtained in pharmacies,

grocery stores, and supermarkets. Paracetamol also is a commonly used medicine
that can help treat pain and reduce high temperature (fever) and is familiar as a pain
killer. Paracetamol is often recommended as the first treatment for pain as it is safe
for most people to consume, and the side effects are rare to occur. Basically, all
students in Malaysia know about paracetamol and its usage in medical use. In some
ways, this study is used to assess the knowledge, attitude, practice, and
misconception towards consumer’s usage pattern of paracetamol among university
students as it is important to gain information regarding this issue, where the misuse
and overuse of paracetamol can lead to adverse health effects. University students
are a particularly important population to study in this case because students are
often under stress due to academic and social pressures that could lead to high
usage of analgesic medicine like paracetamol.

The first objective of this research is to indicate the level of knowledge of

paracetamol usage pattern regarding among university students in Malaysia. Based
on the results obtained, Figure 5 shows that most respondents, 69%, seek medical
advice when purchasing paracetamol. This highlights the critical role of pharmacists
in providing consumers with advice and information. Furthermore, 60% of
respondents got medical guidance, emphasizing the importance of healthcare
professionals in ensuring safe pharmaceutical use. It is reassuring to note that most
of the respondents seek professional assistance, as this can help limit possible risks
and guarantee proper usage. However, it is worth mentioning that a sizable
proportion of respondents from family 41%, internet 28%, friends 22%, and
advertisements 17% got advice from sources with potentially limited knowledge.

According to Figure 6, the majority of respondents, 90% took paracetamol

after their meals. This is consistent with the recommendation that the drug be taken
with food or milk to reduce the probability of gastrointestinal discomfort. However,
another 10% of respondents used paracetamol before meals. Paracetamol can be
taken with or without food because it is gentle to the stomach. It is necessary to read
the instructions on the packaging and consult with a doctor about any medications

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that are about to be taken (Kaur, 2022). Next, Figure 7 shows that 60% of
respondents took paracetamol alongside other prescription or non-prescription drugs
containing paracetamol. This emphasizes the significance of raising awareness
about the potential risks of unintentional overdose caused by numerous drugs with
the same active ingredient (MRPharmS, 2019). To avoid adverse occurrences,
patients should be aware by reading medicine labels, checking for duplicate
chemicals, and obtaining professional guidance. According to Figure 8, a significant
percentage of respondents, which is 68%, were aware that paracetamol should not
be consumed during or after alcohol intake. This suggests a high level of
understanding of the potential liver damage caused by mixing paracetamol and
alcohol (Amako, 2018). However, 32% of respondents were unaware of this
restriction, which is dangerous. To guarantee the safe use of paracetamol, public
health campaigns, educational materials, and clear labelling on pharmaceutical
packaging are essential.

Next, the other objective of this study is to investigate the attitudes among
students toward paracetamol usage pattern in Malaysia. This objective is mainly to
identify the attitudes of students while taking paracetamol and to see whether they
know and are aware of the right attitude when consuming this medicine in daily life.
Students may have positive or negative attitudes towards paracetamol, which can
affect their usage pattern. This is because certain students believes that paracetamol
as a safe and effective medication, while others may be hesitant to use it due to fear
of side effects or addiction. According to the results obtained in the survey, most of
the respondents (83%) believe that paracetamol is an effective pain relief medication
and there is a minority (2%) of students that did not believe paracetamol is an
effective pain relief medication. When pain persists after taking paracetamol, 40% of
respondents said that most of them do not continue consume paracetamol while
36% said to be agree that they are taking the paracetamol when pain persists and
24% of university students answered that they will continue taking the paracetamol
even pain persists.

Based on Figure 9, most respondents, 82% agree that they should

discontinue consuming paracetamol when realized certain medical effects such as
allergic reaction symptoms. According to the data obtained in the survey, 60% of the

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total respondents were confident in their knowledge about appropriate dosage and
usage of paracetamol while 32% respond positively and another 8% is not confident.
A similar trend was conducted in Riyadh confirming the same data (Mohammed Al
Essa et.al, 2019). All respondents in the survey were confirmed that they are aware
of the risk associated with paracetamol or medicinal abuse, and none of them
contributing to such behaviour.

To analyze the practice of paracetamol consumptions among university

students in Malaysia, they were asked about their adherence to medical advice
regarding its usage, the frequency at which they take paracetamol, and the specific
conditions for which they use it. In the survey, 91% of the respondents followed the
medical advice for paracetamol usage, while another 9% were uncertain or did not
adhere to the advice. Medication adherence is a significant challenge for many
individuals (Erdos, K., 2021), as not everyone consistently follows the prescribed
guidelines (Olsson, R., 2021).

This survey identified a concerning trend among consumers, as it revealed

that some students are taking paracetamol too frequently. Regarding usage patterns,
93% of respondents reported using paracetamol as needed, while 6% used it
monthly and 1% used it daily. According to Figure 12, most respondents take
paracetamol every 7 to 9 hours, which is acceptable for proper metabolism and
sustained effectiveness. It is generally considered safe to take paracetamol regularly
for many years, as long as you do not exceed the recommended dose (NHS
Choices, 2022).

In the UK, an estimated 6300 tonnes of paracetamol are sold annually,

amounting to roughly 70 tablets per person each year (Halati, C., 2021). Another
African study found that paracetamol was the most used medicine among university
students (Lucas, et al., 2007). According to Figure 13, the two primary uses are
acute pain relief (70%) and prophylactic use (26%). This is because paracetamol is
primarily used for mild to moderate pain management. In cases where pain is
caused by inflammation, such as arthritis, NSAIDs such as ibuprofen work better
(Halati, C., 2021).

39% of respondents do not believe that taking paracetamol regularly will

weaken the immune system. However, 27% of respondents believe in that. The

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findings demonstrate that there are still Malaysian university students who are
misinformed about the usage of paracetamol since the difference in percentages
between those who agree and those who disagree is not significant. There is no
evidence to support the claim that taking paracetamol often causes the immune
system to deteriorate (Sil, A., et al., 2017). When used as prescribed, paracetamol is
usually regarded as safe, but if used in high dosages or for an extended length of
time, it may cause negative effects (McCrae, J. C., et al., 2018). It's crucial to follow
dosage recommendations and not take more paracetamol than the recommended
daily amount. However, research found that doctors themselves would pick
paracetamol for asthmatic patients if there was a chance of legal issues or bad
responses to Aspirin or NSAIDs (Wong, I. C. K., 2000). Students should talk to the
doctor if they have any worries about taking paracetamol or how it can affect the
immune system. They can suggest other therapies and give advice on how to take
paracetamol safely.

Furthermore, 70% of respondents do not agree that taking paracetamol in

higher doses than recommended will provide faster and more effective pain relief.
The mechanism by which paracetamol works is to stop the body from producing
certain molecules that result in pain and fever (Graham, G. G., et al., 2013). There is
a maximum effective dose but exceeding it will not result in any extra advantages.
Physiological poisoning from too much paracetamol consumption will occur with
abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, appetite loss, and yellowing of the skin or
eyes. In Australia, fewer than half of the parents were aware that paracetamol
poisoning might result from an overdose and harm the liver, stomach, and kidneys
(Walsh, Edwards, and Fraser 2007). In the United Kingdom, consumers
demonstrated increased awareness of the symptoms of paracetamol toxicity,
including liver damage (80.0%), disorientation (70.0%), and fatalities (88.3%) (Simkin
et al. 2012). The Malaysian government may consider implementing tactics to raise
consumer awareness of paracetamol overdose.

The Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) 2014 states that more than 50
acetaminophens (paracetamol) medications are sold in Malaysia by different
pharmaceutical businesses. University students in Malaysia have different views on
the effects and efficacy of different brands of paracetamol, likely due to

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misinformation and their own experience in the use of paracetamol of different

brands. Different brands of paracetamol in Malaysia should have similar effects and
efficacy if they contain the same active ingredient (Lippincott® Illustrated Reviews:
Pharmacology, 2018). However, different brands may use different inactive
ingredients or formulations that can affect how well the medication is absorbed by
the body or how quickly it takes effect (Pottel et al, 2020). For example, some
paracetamol products may contain coating or binding agents that can affect how
quickly the medication dissolves in the stomach, which can affect how quickly it
takes effect. In some cases (Khanal, 2011), the differences in inactive ingredients
can also affect how well the medication is tolerated by some individuals, such as
those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients.

This study employed a quantitative method. There are several limitations in

this research study such as sample size which refers to the restriction imposed on
the number of respondents included in the research. A small sample size can affect
the statistical power of the study. Statistical power refers to the ability of the study to
detect meaningful effects or relationships between variables. By using small sample
size, the study may lack sufficient power to identify significant differences or
relationships accurately. Therefore, a power analysis should be performed to
determine the minimum sample size required to detect meaningful effects or
relationships. This analysis considers factors such as effect size, desired statistical
power, and significance level to estimate an appropriate sample size. Other than
that, there is time constraints. Research studies require a specific time limit to collect
data, analyze results, and draw conclusions. Time constraints may restrict the length
of the study, limiting the researchers' ability to thoroughly investigate the topic as well
as to reach a large sample size (Shrutika Sirisilla, 2022). Therefore, research
objectives should be prioritized and refined. Evaluate the primary research objectives
and determine if it is feasible to narrow down the scope of the study. By focusing on
specific aspects or subgroups of the student population, a more manageable sample
can be gathered within the available time limit.

Moreover, due to the limitations of the selected answer, this method is unable
to fully convey the respondent’s own opinions. Hence, further research is needed to
establish by using longitudinal research. In a longitudinal study, the same subject is

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periodically examined to look for any changes that might happen over time. This
means any changes in the outcome variable cannot be attributed to differences
between individuals. While longitudinal studies repeatedly observe the same
participants over a period, cross-sectional studies examine the difference in the
population at one point in time (Lauren Thomas, 2022). This study can be used to
gain extensive knowledge of Malaysian university students’ perceptions on the KAP
and the misconception of paracetamol usage. Further studies should be considered
to establish more specific questions that will provide better indicator in determining
the level of knowledge among university students in Malaysia. Furthermore, as
respondents would have the chance to share their own personal thoughts and
perceptions, additional research will need to develop more comprehensive
questionnaires.

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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

According to the British National Formulary, paracetamol is an over the counter

(OTC) medication that is approved for conditions including mild to moderate pain and
pyrexia (Formulary, 2007). According to Khairy Jamaludin paracetamol sales jumped
by 238% in the first quarter of 2022 (Today, 2022). The sales jumped are increasing
because paracetamol is used for fever, flu and cough medicines. This shows that
paracetamol is one of the high demand medications. However, there is a possibility
that students may have or may not have proper education regarding paracetamol.
Therefore, this survey was conducted to focus on determining the knowledge,
attitudes, practices (KAP) and misconceptions about paracetamol usages among
universities students in Malaysia.

Based on the quantitative of universities students in response to our

questionnaire, it can be concluded that universities students in Malaysia have a
moderate knowledge in paracetamol usage and have a highly positive in the attitude
and practice of paracetamol usage. Moreover, the research identified prevalent
misconceptions among university students regarding paracetamol consumption. In
conclusion, the results of this study highlight the value of comprehensive educational
activities aiming at enhancing understanding, forming attitudes, encouraging
appropriate practice, and refuting misconceptions about paracetamol among
university students. We can help university populations utilize paracetamol safely
and effectively, thereby boosting their general wellbeing, by increasing their
awareness, developing responsible attitudes, and promoting suitable practices.

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APPENDIX

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RESEARCH WRITE-UP WEB 20302: PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH 2

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY (UniKL MESTECH)

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY: AN EVALUATION ON ASSESSING THE

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE (KAP) TOWARDS CONSUMER'S
USAGE PATTERN OF PARACETAMOL AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN
MALAYSIA

We are 2nd semester students of Bachelor of Biomedical Science (BBMS) from

University of Kuala Lumpur Institute of Medical Science (Unikl MESTECH). We
are currently doing a survey for our WEB20302 - Professional English 2 course.
Our survey is about A Cross-sectional Study: An Evaluation on Assessing the
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Towards Consumer's Usage Pattern of
Paracetamol among University Students in Malaysia.

Research Background

This research was conducted in the interest of researchers about knowledge,

attitude, and practice (KAP) towards consumer's usage pattern of paracetamol
among university students in Malaysia according to students’ perspective.

Study Aim

This research is done to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice
among university students in Malaysia about the paracetamol consumption.
Respondents will be asked related questions regarding the knowledge, attitudes,
practice, misinformation, and misconception about paracetamol usage pattern.
Therefore, respondents will answer this online questionnaire through “Google
Forms”, and it takes about 10 minutes to complete answering.

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RESEARCH WRITE-UP WEB 20302: PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH 2

Type of Questionnaires

Respondents will receive a google form link to answer the questions. This
questionnaire consists of 5 sections which are section A, B, C, D and E.

Participant’s Right

With that, participant is voluntary and you are under no obligation to participate.
We are very appreciative of the time you have taken to assist in our survey. Once
again, we are extremely grateful for your contributing your valuable time, your
honest information, and your thoughtful suggestions.

Confidentiality

This survey and any files transmitted within it are confidential and intended solely
for the use of the individual or entity to whom they are addressed.

Section A: Demographic

1) Gender:
a. Male
b. Female
2) Age:
a. 18-20
b. 21-23
c. 24-26
d. Others
3) Institute:
a. IPTA
b. IPTS
c. IPG
d. College
e. Others

4) Education Background

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RESEARCH WRITE-UP WEB 20302: PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH 2

a. Foundation
b. Diploma
c. Degree
d. Matriculation
e. Others

Section B: Knowledge on Paracetamol Usage

1. Do you receive any medical advice regarding paracetamol consumption

when you purchase it? If yes, from whom do you receive the
information?
(You may choose more than one answer)
a. Doctor
b. Pharmacist
c. Nurse
d. Friend
e. Internet
f. Advertisement
g. Family
h. Others
2. Do you take paracetamol tablets/syrup before or after meal?
a. Before
b. After
3. Do you take paracetamol if you are taking any other prescription or non-
prescription medications containing paracetamol or acetaminophen.
a. Yes
b. No
4. Do you know that paracetamol cannot be consumed during and after
alcohol consumption?
a. Yes
b. No

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RESEARCH WRITE-UP WEB 20302: PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH 2

Section C: Attitude on Paracetamol Usage Pattern

No. Statement Yes Maybe No

1. I believe that paracetamol is an
effective pain relief medication
2. Even if my pain persists after
taking paracetamol, I still continue
taking it.
3. I should discontinue taking
paracetamol when I realize it
develops allergic reaction
symptoms.
4. I am confident in my knowledge of
the appropriate dosage and usage
of paracetamol.

Section D: Practice on Paracetamol Usage

1. Do you follow medical advice regarding paracetamol consumption?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Maybe
2. How often do you use paracetamol tablet/syrup/suppository?
a. Every month
b. Every week
c. Everyday
d. Whenever the condition appears
3. Upon your consumption of paracetamol tablet/syrup/suppository, how
frequently do you take it?
a. Every 2-3 hour
b. Every 4-6 hour
c. Every 7-9 hour

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RESEARCH WRITE-UP WEB 20302: PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH 2

4. Under what condition you consume paracetamol?

a. Acute pain relief (ex; headache, menstrual cramp)
b. Regular dosage for chronic condition (ex; arthritis)
c. Combination formulation (ex: paracetamol with codeine)
d. Prophylactic use (to prevent pain or fever before they occur)

Section E: Misinformation and Misconception About Paracetamol Usage

No. Statement Yes Maybe No

1. I believe that taking paracetamol
regularly will weaken my
immune system.
2. I think that taking paracetamol in
higher doses than
recommended will provide faster
and more effective pain relief.
3. I believe that paracetamol is only
effective for relieving physical
pain and not for other types of
discomfort.
4. I believe that different brands of
paracetamol have significantly
different effects or efficacy.

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