Eigen values and Eigen vectors

1. Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix A, where

 1 1 2 0 1  2
       
A =  0 2 2 Answers: 1, 2,3;  2  , 1 ,  2 .
 −1 1 3  − 1 0 1
       
2. Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix A, where
 6 4 1
 
A =  − 6 −1 3 .
 8 8 4 

Hence find a non-singular matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A +A2 +A3 = PDP −1.
 4   5  1  4 5 1  −1 0 0 
         
Answers: –1, 2, 8;  − 9  ,  − 6  ,  0  ; P =  − 9 − 6 0  ; D =  0 14 0  .
 8   4   2  8 4 2   0 0 584 
        
1 −1 − 2
 
3. It is given that A =  0 2 1  . Write down the eigenvalues of A and find corresponding
0 0 − 3
 
1  1   9 
     
eigenvectors. Answers: 1, 2, − 3;  0  ,  − 1 ,  − 4  .
 0   0   20 
     
 7 −4 6 
 
4. The matrix A, given by A =  2 2 2  , has eigenvalues 1, 2, 4. Find a set of
 − 3 4 − 2
 
 10 − 4 6 
 
corresponding eigenvectors. Hence find the eigenvalues of B, where B =  2 5 2  ,and
− 3 4 1
 
 − 1  − 4   2   − 1  − 4   2 
           
state a set of corresponding eigenvectors. Answers:  0  ,  1  ,  3  ;4,5,7;  0  ,  1  ,  3  .
 1   4  1  1   4  1
           
5. The matrix A has λ as an eigenvalue with e as a corresponding eigenvector. Show that e is an
eigenvector of A2 and state the corresponding eigenvalue. Given that one eigenvalue of A is 3,
find an eigenvalue of the matrix A4 + 3A2 + 2I, justifying your answer. Answer: 110.
−1 1 4 
 
6. Find the eigenvalues of the matrix A =  1 1 − 1 and corresponding eigenvectors. The
 2 1 1
 
matrix B is defined by B = A − kI, where I is the 3 ×3 identity matrix and k is a real number.
Find a non-singular matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that B3 = PDP −1.
 − 17   1   1  17 1 1   − (3 + k ) 0 
3
0
         
Answers: − 3, 1, 3;  6  ,  − 2  ,  0  ;  6 − 2 0  ;  0 (1 − k ) 3
0 .
 7   1  1  1  (3 − k ) 3 
       1 1   0 0
 3 1 4 
 
7. The matrix A =  1 5 − 1 has eigenvalues 1, 5, 7. Find a set of corresponding eigenvectors.
2 1 5 
 
Find a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that An = PDP −1. Determine the set of values of
the real constant k such that knAn tends to the zero matrix as n → ∞.
 17   1   1   17 1 1   1 0 0
          1 1
Answers:  − 6  ,  − 2 ,  0 ;  − 6 − 2 0 ,  0 5
n
0 , − < k < .
− 7  1  1  − 7 1 1 0 0 7 7
         7 n 
8. Write down the eigenvalues of the matrix A, given by
 1 2 − 3
 
A =  0 3 − 1
0 0 4 
 
and obtain a set of corresponding eigenvectors. Find a non-singular matrix P and a diagonal
matrix D such that A5 = PDP −1.
1 1  5 
     
Answers: The eigenvalues of A are 1, 3, 4: eigenvectors are:  1  ,  1  ,  3  .
 0   0   − 3
     
 5 − 3 0
 
9. Given that 5 is an eigenvalue of the matrix A =  1 2 1  , find a corresponding
 −1 3 4
 
eigenvector. Hence find an eigenvalue and a corresponding eigenvector of the matrix A + A2.
1
 
Answers: 30,  0  .
 −1
 
10. Find the eigenvalues and a corresponding set of eigenvectors of the matrix M given by
a 2 1 
 
M =  0 b − 1 ,
0 0 c 
 
where a, b, c are all different. Find a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that
(M − kI)n = PDP −1, where I is the identity matrix, k is a constant scalar and n is a positive
1  2   c − b − 2 
     
integer. Answers: Eigenvalues of a, b, c. eigenvectors are:  0  ,  b − a  ,  a−c .
 0   0   (a − c)(b − c) 
     
5 −1 7
 
11. The matrix A is given by A =  0 6 0
7 5 
 7
(a) Find the eigenvalues of A.
(b) Use the characteristic equation of A to find A – 1.
− 5 −9 − 7
1  
Answers: The eigenvalues of A are – 2, 6, 12; A =  0 4 0 .
24 
 7 7 − 5 
  22 
5 − 8
 3 
12. The matrix A is given by A =  0 −6 0 .
0 0 1 

 
(a) Find a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A2 = PDP – 1.
(b) Use the characteristic equation of A to find A3
 682 
1 2 2 125 − 248 
   3 
Answers: λ = 5,– 6 , 1: p =  0 3 0  ; A3 =  0 − 216 0 .
0 −1  0 1 
 0  0
 
6 −9 5
 
13. The matrix A is given by A =  5 −8 5 .
1 −1 2 

(a) Find the eigenvalues of A.
(b) Use the characteristic equation of A to show that A – 1 = pA2 +qI, where p and q are
1 7
constants to be determined. Answers: λ = 1,2,– 3: p = − ; q = .
6 6
1 4 2
 
14. The matrix A is given by A =  0 −1 1 .
0 2 
 0
(a) State the eigenvalues of A.
(b) Use the characteristic equation of A to find A – 1.
1 4 − 3
–1  
Answers: λ = 1,– 1 , 2: ; A = 0 −1 0.5  .
0 0.5 
 0
1 6 6 
 
15. The matrix P is given by P =  0 2 6 .
0 − 3 
 0
(a) Use the characteristic equation of P to find P – 1.
4 0 0
–
 
(b) Find the matrix A such that P AP =  0
1
5 0 .
0 6 
 0
(c) State the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of A3 .
 
1 −3 − 4 4 3 2  1 6  6 
         
Answers:(a) 0 0.5 1 ;(b)  0 5 − 2  (c) 64,125,216;  0  ,  2 ,  6  .
 1
0 −  0 0  0  0   − 3
0  0      
 3
16. It is given that λ is an eigenvalue of the non-singular square matrix A, with corresponding
eigenvector e. Show that λ – 1 is an eigenvalue of A – 1 for which e is a corresponding eigenvector.
2 0 3
 
The matrix A is given by A = 15 −4 3 .
3 2 
 0
(a) Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigen values of A.
(b) Hence find a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A – 1 = PDP – 1
(c) Use the characteristic equation of A to show that A – 1 = pA2 +qI, where p and q are
constants to be determined. Answers: (a) λ = – 1, – 4,5;
1 0 1 −1 0 0 
    1 21
(b) P =  4 1 2 , D =  0 − 0.25 0  (c) p = ; q = − .
−1 20 20
 0 1  0
 0 0.2 
17. The vector e is an eigenvector of the square matrix G. Show that
(i) e is an eigenvector of G + k I, where k is a scalar and I is an identity matrix,
(ii) e is an eigenvector of G2.
Find the eigenvalues, and corresponding eigenvectors, of the matrices A and B2, where
 3 − 3 0 − 5 − 3 0 
   
A=  1 0 1  , and B =  1 − 8 1 
 −1 3 2  −1 3 − 6
   
1  3 1
     
Answers: Eigen values of A are 0,2,3 and of B 64,36,25 respectively.  1  ,  1  ,  0  .
 −1  −1  −1
     
18. The vector e is an eigenvector of each of the n ×n matrices A and B, with corresponding
eigenvalues λ and µ respectively. Prove that e is an eigenvector of the matrix AB with
eigenvalue λµ. Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix C, where
0 1 4 
 
C =  1 2 − 1
2 1 2 
 
Verify that one of the eigenvectors of C is an eigenvector of the matrix D, where
− 3 1 1 
 
D=  0 −2 4 
 0 0 − 4 

Hence find an eigenvalue of the matrix CD.
1  1   17 
     
Answers: E.Values of C are 4,2,– 2, , E.Vectors  0  ,  − 2 ,  − 6  , eigenvalue of CD is – 8.
1  1  − 7
     
 4 −1 1 
 
19. Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix A =  − 1 0 − 3  . Find a
 1 −3 0 
 
5 −1
non-singular matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A = PDP .
0  1   2  0 1 2  − 243 0 0 
         
Answers: − 3,2,5;  1  ,  1  ,  − 1 ; P =  1 1 − 1 ; D =  0 32 0 .
 1   −1  1  1 −1 1   0 0 3125 
        
20. The square matrix A has λ as an eigenvalue with corresponding eigenvector x. The non − singular
matrix M is of the same order as A. Show that Mx is an eigenvector of the matrix B, where
B = MAM −1, and that λ is the corresponding eigenvalue. It is now given that
1 0 0  1 0 1
   
A =  a − 3 0  and M =  0 1 0 .
 b c − 5 0 0 1
   
(i) Write down the eigenvalues of A and obtain corresponding eigenvectors in terms of a, b
and c.
(ii) Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of B.
(iii) Hence find a matrix Q and a diagonal matrix D such that Bn = QDQ−1.
 0   0   24   1   c   ac + 4b + 24 
           
Answers: (i) –5, – 3,1;  0  ,  2  ,  6a  (ii) –5, –3, 1;  0  ,  2  ,  6a .
 1   c   ac + 4b   1   c   ac + 4b 
           
21. The vector e is an eigenvector of each of the n × n matrices A and B, with corresponding
eigenvalues λ and μ respectively. Prove that e is an eigenvector of the matrix AB with eigenvalue
 3 2 2  0
λμ. [It is given that the matrix A, where A =  − 2 −2 − 2  , has eigenvectors  1  and
 1 2   −1
 2  
1
 0  . Find the corresponding eigenvalues. Given that 2 is also an eigenvalue of A, find a
 −1
 
 −1 2 2 
corresponding eigenvector. The matrix B, where B =  2 2 2  , has the same
− 3 −6 − 6 

eigenvectors as A. Given that AB = C, find a non-singular matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such
2 0 1 2 0 0 0
that P−1C2P = D. Answers: 0, 1 ; . 0,1 − 1; P =  1 0 − 1; D =  0 9 0 .
0  −1 −1   16 
   0 0 0
22. The matrix A has λ as an eigenvalue with e as a corresponding eigenvector. Show that if A is
non – singular then
(i) λ ≠ 0,
(ii) the matrix A−1 has λ−1 as an eigenvalue with e as a corresponding eigenvector.
1 −1 2 
 
The matrices A and B are given by A =  0 − 2 4  and B = (A + 4I)−1. Find a non–
 0 0 − 3
 
singular matrix P, and a diagonal matrix D, such that B = PDP−1.
1 1 3   0.2 0 0 
   
Answers: P =  0 3 8  D =  0 0.5 0  .
0 0 − 2  0 0 1 
  
23. The square matrix A has as an eigenvalue with e as a corresponding eigenvector. Show that e is
an eigenvector of A2 and state the corresponding eigenvalue. Find the eigenvalues of the matrix B,
1 3 0
where B =  2 0 2  . Find the eigenvalues of B4 + 2B2 + 3I, where I is the 3 × 3 identity
1 2 
 1
matrix. Answers: – 2, 1, 4; 27, 6, 291.
  3 −1 0 
 
24. Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix A =  − 1 2 − 1 . Find a
 0 −1 3 
 
non-singular matrix M and a diagonal matrix D such that (A − 2I)3 = MDM−1, where I is the
3 × 3 identity matrix.
1  1   1  1 1 1   −1 0 0
         
Answers: 1 , 3, 4,;  2  ,  0  ,  − 1 ; M =  2 0 − 1 D =  0 1 0  .
 1   −1  1  1 −1 1   0 0 8
         
25. Show that if λ is an eigenvalue of the square matrix A with e as a corresponding eigenvector, and
µ is an eigenvalue of the square matrix B for which e is also a corresponding eigenvector, then
λ + µ is an eigenvalue of the matrix A + B with e as a corresponding eigenvector.
 3 −1 0 
 
(i) A =  − 4 − 6 − 6
 5 11 10 
 
1
 
has an eigenvectors  − 1 . Find the corresponding eigenvalue. The other two eigenvalues of A
1
 
 1   1 
   
are 1 and 2, with corresponding eigenvectors  1  ,  2  respectively. The matrix B has
 − 2   − 3
   
1  1   1 
     
eigenvalues 2, 3, 1 with corresponding eigenvectors  − 1 ,  1  ,  2  respectively. Find a
 1   − 2   − 3
     
matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that (A +B)4 = PDP−1.
1 1 1  1296 0 0
   
Answers: 4;  − 1 2 1 , 0 256 0  .
 1 − 3 − 2  0 0 81
  
 4 1 − 1  1 
   
26. The matrix A is given by A =  − 4 − 1 4  . Given that one eigenvector of A is  − 2  , find
 0 −1 5   −1
   
the corresponding eigenvalue. Given also that another eigenvalue of A is 4, find a corresponding
 1 
 
eigenvector. Given further that  − 4  is an eigenvector of A, with corresponding eigenvalue 1,
 −1
 
find matrices P and Q, together with a diagonal matrix D, such that A5 = PDQ.
 1 
   1 1 1  1 0 0 
Answers: 3;  − 4  ; P =  − 4 −2 − 4 ; D =  0 243 0 ;
 − 4  −1 −1 − 4  0 1024 
    0

1 − 4 −3 2 
Q =  12 3 0 .
6  − 2 0 − 2 
  1 − 4 6
 
27. One of the eigen values of the matrix A =  2 − 4 2  is − 2. Find the value of a. Another
− 3 4 a 

eigen value of A is − 5. Find eigenvectors e1 and e2 corresponding to the eigenvalues − 2 and − 5
 2  1 
   
respectively. Answers: a = − 8;  3  ,  0 
 1   −1
   
28. It is given that λ, is an eigenvalue of the matrix A with e as a corresponding eigenvector, and µ is
an eigenvalue of the matrix B for which e is also a corresponding eigenvector.
(i) Show that λ + µ is an eigenvalue of the matrix A + B with e as a corresponding
eigenvector.
2 0 1 1  1  0
       
(ii) The matrix A, where A =  − 1 2 3  , has eigenvectors  2  ,  4  ,  1  . Find
1 2   1   − 1  0 
 0      
the corresponding eigenvalues. The matrix B has eigenvalues 4,5,1 with corresponding
1  1  0
     
eigenvectors  2  ,  4  and  1  , respectively, are corresponding eigenvalues. Find a
 1   − 1 0
     
matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that (A + B)3 = PDP −1.
1 1 0  343 0 0
   
Answers: 3,1,2; P =  2 4 1 ; D =  0 216 0 .
1 −1 0   0 27 
  0
29. The vector e is an eigenvector of each of the 3 × 3 matrices A and B, with corresponding
eigenvalues λ and µ respectively. Justifying your answer, state an eigenvalue of A + B.
6 −1 − 6  1  1   2 
       
The matrix A, where A =  1 0 − 2  , has eigenvectors 1 ,  − 1 ,  0  . Find the
3 −1 − 3   1  1   1 
      
8 −2 − 8
 
corresponding eigenvalues. The matrix B, where B =  2 0 − 4  , also has
4 −2 − 4 

 1  1   2 
     
eigenvectors 1 ,  − 1 ,  0  , for which −2, 2, 4, respectively, are corresponding eigenvalues.
 1  1   1 
     
The matrix M is given by M = A + B − 5I, where I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix. State the
eigenvalues of M. Find matrices R and S and a diagonal matrix D such that M 5 = RDS. [You
should show clearly all the elements of the matrices R, S and D.]
Answers: – 1, 1, 3; – 8, – 2,
1 1 2 1 −1 1 2   − 32768 0 0
R = 1 −1 0 , S =  − 1 −1 2 , D =  0 − 32 0 .
1  
2 2 
− 2  32 
 1 1 0  0 0
  0   − 1  1 
     
30. .A 3 × 3 matrix A has eigenvalues −1, 1, 2, with corresponding eigenvectors  1  ,  0  ,  1 
 −1  1   0 
     
respectively. Find
(i) the matrix A,
(ii) A2n, where n is a positive integer.
1.5 0.5 0.5   2 2 n + 1 2 2 n − 1 2 2 n − 1
  1 
Answers: A = 1.5 0.5 1.5  ; A2n =  2 2 n − 1 2 2 n + 1 2 2 n − 1 .
2
 −1 1
 0   0 0 2 
 4 1 − 1
 
31. It is given that the eigenvalues of the matrix M, where M =  − 4 − 1 4  ,are 1, 3, 4. Find a
 0 −1 5 
 
set of corresponding eigenvectors. Write down a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that
Mn = PDP−1, where n is a positive integer. Find P−1 and deduce that
 −1 −1
 0 
 3 3 
lim 4−n Mn = 
4 4 
0
n →  3 3 
 4 4 
 0 
 3 3 
 − 2 −1 1 
 
 1   1   1   1 1 1  1 0 0   3 2 3 
         
Answers:  − 4  ,  − 2  ,  − 4  ;P =  − 4 − 2 − 4  ; D =  0 3 n 0  ; P−1=  2 0 .
1
 −1  −1  − 4  −1 −1 − 4  0 0 4n   2 
           −1 −1
 0 
 3 3 
1 4 − 16 
32. Write down the eigenvalues of the matrix A, where A =  0 2 3  . Find corresponding
0 3 
 0
eigenvectors. Let n be a positive integer. Write down a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such
that An = PDP −1. Find P −1 and An. Hence find lim 3 − n A n .
n→
1 4 − 2 1 0 0
1  4  − 2    
Answers: 1, 2, 3;  0  ,  1  ,  3  ; P = 0 1 3 ; D =  0 2n 0 ;
0  0  1 
      0 1  0 3n 
 0  0

1 −4 14  1 0 0
−1   −n n  
P = 0 1 − 3  lim 3 A =  0 2n 0 .
0 n →
 0 1  0
 0 3n 