Topic 1.

1 How do I know if my For example, a muscle will go under

movement performance is suitable hypertrophy, enlarging the muscle
for my profile? with increased work OR it can go
through atrophy which is the wasting
[FMS TESTS] away of the muscle when it is deprived
Topic 1.2 How do muscles work - the of work.
muscular system
5 types of muscle movement:
Muscular system
1. Adduction: Moving a body part
- Made up of 600 muscles.
toward the mid-line of the body.
- Primary purpose: provide movement
for the body.
2. Abduction: Moving a body part away
- The muscles receive their ability to
from the body.
move the body through the nervous
system.
3. Flexion: Bending a joint to decrease
the angle between two bones at two
5 major properties:
body parts.
1. Muscles are excitable or irritable.
4. Extension: Straightening and
This means that they are capable of
extending of the joint to increase the
receiving stimulation and responding
angle between two bones or body
to stimulation from the nerves.
parts.
2. Contractible
5. Rotation: Involves moving a body
After receiving stimulation, they are
part around an axis.
capable of contracting or shortening.

3. Extensible
3 types of muscles:
A muscle can be stretched without
damage by an application of force.
All muscles move either voluntarily (we
have the decision or conscious
4. Elasticity
thought to make it move) or
A muscle is able to return to its original
involuntarily (operate without
resting shape and length after being
conscious control).
extended or contracted.

1. Cardiac muscle - involuntary muscle.

5. Adaptability
Forms the muscles of the heart and
The muscular system is adaptable in
contracts to circulate the blood.
that it can be changed in response to
how it is used.
2. Visceral/Smooth muscles -
involuntary muscles. Found in the
organs or organ systems such as the
digestive or respiratory system.
3. Skeletal muscles - voluntary muscles.
attached to the skeleton and provide
the skeleton with the ability to move.
from other muscles or bones. It
continues at the end of the muscle to
form, along with other connective
tissues, the tendon which attaches the
muscle to the bone.

Supportive Structures:

Tendons: attaches a muscle to a bone.

Fascia: attaches muscle to muscle.

Fasciculi - bundles of muscle fibers
that are contained within another
Tendons and fascia work together with
connective tissue called the
the muscles, which create the
perimysium.
muscular system necessary for
movement.

The nervous system is intrinsically

connected to the muscular system of
the body. It is essential to the voluntary
skeletal muscles.

If the communication from the

nervous system is severed from the
skeletal muscles, the skeletal muscles
will not be able to produce movement
for the body.

Quadriplegia - the state where the

body is in paralysis.
The Cardiac muscle is the only organ
that is not directly dependent on the
nervous system.
Each bundle of muscle fibers contains
anywhere between 10 and 100
individual fibers.

Topic 1.3 How do muscles contract?

Epimysium - protective sheet or layer.

Protects the muscles from friction
 Each muscle fiber itself contains
cylindrical organelles known as
myofibrils.

Large muscles such as those in the

quadriceps group would have a large Each muscle fiber contains hundreds
number of fibers between each or thousands of myofibrils which
bundle. themselves are bundles of protein
called actin and myosin.
A small muscle used for precision
movement such as those in the hand
contains far few muscle fibers in each
bundle.

Each muscle fiber is also covered in a

fibrous connective layer of tissue which
is the endomysium which insulates
each fiber.

These run the length of the muscle

fiber and are important in muscle
contraction.

Surrounding the myofibril is a network

of tubules or channels called the
sarcoplasmic reticulum where
calcium is stored which is also
important in muscle contraction.
Beneath the endomysium is the
sarcolemma which is the muscle
fiber’s cell membrane and beneath this
is the sarcoplasm - a gelatinous fluid
that contains glycogen and fats for
energy as well as mitochondria inside
which the cell’s energy is used.
Each myofibril can be broken down
into functional repeating segments
called sarcomere which is the basis for
the muscle contraction theory called
the sliding filament theory.