NAME:

CLASS:

BIO270- CHAPTER 1: TUTORIAL EXERCISE

1. Homeostasis is maintenance of a _____________ when dealing with ____________.

2. Homeostasis is important because __________ and __________ work best in specific
conditions.
3. Three components of a homeostatic control system are _________, __________ and
__________.
4. __________ senses a change in the environment. Example: ___________.
5. ___________ determines how to respond to the change. Example: __________.
6. ___________ receives the signal and adjusts accordingly. Example: __________.
7. Two types of homeostatic control mechanisms are _____________ and ____________.
8. ___________ mechanism shuts off the original stimulus and reduces the initial intensity.
9. ___________ mechanism increases the original stimulus and makes variable farther from its
original value.
10. ____________: Maintaining a constant optimal body temperature.
11. ____________: Maintaining a constant optimal blood glucose level.
12. ____________: Maintaining a constant optimal osmotic pressure.
13. ____________: Removal of nitrogenous-waste products of metabolism.
14. ____________ trap a layer of air above the skin, which helps to ________ the skin against
heat loss.
15. Skin hairs lie flat when we are ______.
16. Skin hairs rise when we are ______.
17. ____________ is a part of the brain which monitors the body's temperature.
18. Normal human body temperature is between ________ to ________.
19. When blood is warmer than hypothalamic set point, ___________ center in hypothalamus is
activated.
20. When body temperature increases, blood is ______ than hypothalamic set point. Skin blood
vessels _________. ________ become flushed with warm blood, and heat radiates from
____________.
21. When body temperature increases, ____________ are activated and secrete __________
which vaporized by body heat to cool the body.
22. When body temperature decreases, blood is ______ than hypothalamic set point. Blood is
________ diverted from skin capillaries and _________ to deeper tissues to minimize heat
loss.
23. When body temperature decreases, _____________ activated and _________ begins to
generate more heat.
24. Two hormones involve in controlling blood glucose levels are _________ and __________.
Both hormones are secreted by the _______ and are transported to the ______ by the
bloodstream.
25. When blood glucose level increases or hyperglycemic, ___________ of the pancreas
stimulated to release ___________ into the blood. This causes ________ to take up more
glucose and the ________ takes up glucose then stores it as_________ to reduce blood
glucose level.
26. When blood glucose level decreases or hypoglycemic, ___________ of the pancreas
stimulated to release ___________ into the blood. This causes the ________ to break down
__________ and releases glucose into the blood to increase blood glucose level.
27. __________ is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across
membranes within the body.
28. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of _________, _________, and
___________.
29. ___________ the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to osmotic pressure
caused by an imbalance of molecules on either side of the membrane.
30. __________ a measure of the tendency of water to move into one solution from another by
osmosis.
31. __________ is the solute concentration of a solution that determines the movement of
water across a selectively permeable membrane.
32. If two solutions are __________, the movement of water is equal in both directions.
33. If two solutions differ in osmolarity, the net flow of water is from the __________ to the
___________ solution.
34. ____________ are animals which are isosmotic with their surroundings and do not actively
adjust their internal osmolarity.
35. __________ are animals whose body fluids are not isotonic with the outside environment,
must either discharge excess water if they live in a hypotonic environment or continuously
take in water if they live in a hypertonic environment.
36. ___________ are animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity.
Can live in either freshwater or seawater, but not both. Example: ___________.
37. ___________ are animals that survive radical fluctuations of osmolarity in their
surroundings. They either conform to the changes or regulate their internal osmolarity
within a narrow range even as the external osmolarity changes. Example: ___________.
38. Marine bony fishes (vertebrates) are _______ to sea water. Tend to lose water by _________
and gain salt by both _____ and from ______. They balance water loss by ________
seawater and actively excretes ______. They produce ______ urine from kidney.
39. Freshwater animals are _________ to fresh water. Tend to _______ water by osmosis and
lose ______ by diffusion. They excrete large amounts of ______ urine and do not drink much
water. Salts lost are replaced by _____ and by active uptake across the ______.
40. _________ is a process where waste products are expelled from the body.
41. Among the most significant wastes are _________ breakdown products of _________ and
___________.
42. _______, __________, and ________ are three forms of nitrogenous wastes.
43. Ammonia is very ______. Most common in _______ species and released across the
________.
44. _______ and adult ______ convert ammonia to less toxic urea at high energy cost. Excretion
of urea requires ______ water than ammonia.
45. Uric acid is the waste material for animals that lay __________. It is relatively ________ and
insoluble in _______. Some examples of types of animals that excrete uric acid are
________, _________, ________ and __________.
46. There are ________ key functions of most excretory systems.
47. ___________: Pressure-filtering of body fluids producing a filtrate.
48. ___________: Reclaiming valuable solutes from the filtrate.
49. ___________: Addition of toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate.
50. ___________: The filtrate leaves the system.
51. ___________ is the flame-bulb system of flatworms. It is a ________ excretory system.
52. __________ are dead-end and connected to external openings, which function mainly in
osmoregulation.
53. ___________ is a cellular unit that cap the smallest branches of the network.
54. The beating of _________ makes interstitial fluid to be filtered through openings in the flame
cell.
55. Solutes will be __________ as the fluid passes through the tubule.
56. During __________ process, excess water and wastes will be excreted in the form of urine
through nephridiopores to external environment.
57. Each segment of an earthworm has a pair of open-ended ___________.
58. Coelomic fluid is filtered into the ____________.
59. Useful solute are _________ into capillaries when the filtrate moves along the
metanephridial tubules and a dilute urine is excreted through ____________.
60. Insects and other terrestrial arthropods have an excretory system known as __________.
61. Salts and uric acid are transported using ____________ into the tubule from the
___________ and water enters the lumen by osmosis.
62. Salts and water are reabsorbed from the _________ into the hemolymph, and wastes are
excreted with ______ through the anus.
63. __________ are the excretory organs of vertebrates, function in both excretion and
osmoregulation and serve as principle site of salt regulation and water balance.
64. The human excretory system includes the kidneys and their functional unit, the _________.
65. ______ enters the kidney through renal arteries and leaves via renal veins.
66. Urine is a watery solution consists of _________, _________, ___________as well as two
nitrogenous compounds; _________ and ___________.
67. ________ carry urine from the kidneys to urinary bladder.
68. ________ temporarily stores urine before elimination.
69. _______ transports urine to exterior.
70. The ___________ nephron, with its urine concentrating features enabling mammals to get
rid of salts and nitrogenous wastes without squandering water. It has loops of Henle that
extend deep into the __________, resulted in concentrated urine. Found in ________
mammals, example: __________________.
71. ___________ mammals, for example _________, spend much of their time in fresh water,
thus, rarely face problems of dehydration. Have nephrons with relatively ________ loops.
72. _______have kidneys with juxtamedullary nephrons specialize in conserving water, but loops
of Henle extend less far into the medulla than those of mammals.
73. ________ have only cortical nephrons that produce urine which is isoosmotic/ hypoosmotic
to body fluids.
74. ___________ amphibians excrete dilute urine while the skin accumulates certain salts from
the water by active transport.
75. Amphibians on the __________ conserve body fluid by reabsorbing water across the
epithelium of the urinary bladder.
76. Freshwater fishes conserve salts by reabsorbing ions from the filtrate in their ______
tubules.
77. Marine bony fishes have fewer, smaller nephron and _______ of distal tubule. Some have
small / lack of __________ entirely. Filtration rates are low, very little urine is excreted.
78. Label the diagram of a kidney:
79. Label the diagram of a nephron: