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Code Switching Melli Goeslow Song Lyric
Code Switching Melli Goeslow Song Lyric
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AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as partial Fulfillment of Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as partial Fulfillment of Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
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To
My Beloved God,
My Family, and
The people who always
support me.
THANK YOU!
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ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
Doing a research is something which is new for me. There were many
temptations to finish this undergraduate thesis. I would like to thank Jesus Christ
for the blessing and support; I could rise from adversity and could complete this
research properly.
M.Hum., for the assistance, advice, guidance, and patience. I would also like to
thank my co-advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. , for the guidance, correction,
and suggestion.
My deep gratitude goes to my parents, dr. B. Restu Widaya, Sp.B and Dra.
A.M. Retno Abri S., my lovely younger sister, R.D.K. Tunjung Biru, and my
thank for the knowledge, patient, experiences and lessons. I would also like to
thank Grup Rempong, Formasi Malang, B-10 Sasing, English Letters 2010, Anak
Malioboro, GTS, Bedjo 28, for the support and wonderful experiences.
To whom I can not mention one by one, thank for the support and lessons.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………...…. ii
APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………...…….iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………….................... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH..v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………....… vi
MOTTO PAGE…………………………………………………………….… vii
DEDICATION PAGE…………………………………………………………viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………x
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….…xii
ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………………xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 1
A. Background of the Study………………………………………….. 1
B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………. 3
C. Objectives of the Study……………………………………………. 4
D. Definition of Terms………………………………………………... 4
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION……………………………………………… 68
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….. 71
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………… 75
Lyric texts of Ten Indonesian Songs Composed by Melly
Goeslaw………………………………………………………………… 75
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ABSTRACT
WIDAYA, ROSA DELIMA WIKASITAKUSUMA. English-Indonesian Code
Switching in Indonesian Song Lyrics Composed by Melly Goeslaw.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letter, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University, 2015.
Code switching has been commonly used in communication either in
conversations or songs. The use of code switching in conversations and song
lyrics are very different. Unlike in the use of code switching in conversations that
occurred spontaneously, the use of code switching in song lyric has a specific
purpose because it is edited and recorded, it does not occur spontaneously.
Nowadays, there is a new trend to switch Indonesian to English in some
Indonesian songs. This research gives some information of the use of code
switching in ten Indonesian songs composed by Melly Goeslaw in 2007 until
2013 which is used to be a basis and a comparison for coming analysis.
Two main purposes highlighted in this research: (1) identifying the types
of code switching which are used in Indonesian song lyrics composed by Melly
Goeslaw, and (2) identifying the reasons of code switching in that Indonesian
song lyrics.
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ABSTRAK
WIDAYA, ROSA DELIMA WIKASITAKUSUMA. English-Indonesian Code
Switching in Indonesian Song Lyrics Composed by Melly Goeslaw.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata
Dharma, 2015.
Alih bahasa telah umum digunakan dalam komunikasi baik dalam
percakapan atau lagu. Penggunaan alih bahasa pada percakapan sehari-hari dan
lirik lagu sangat berbeda. Tidak seperti dalam penggunaan alih bahasa dalam
percakapan yang terjadi secara spontan, penggunaan alih bahasa dalam lirik lagu
memiliki tujuan tertentu karena telah melalui proses pengeditan dan rekaman, alih
bahasa tersebut tidak terjadi secara spontan. Saat ini terdapat sebuah tren baru
penggunaan alih bahasa dari Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris di beberapa lagu
Indonesia. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi mengenai penggunaan alih bahasa
di sepuluh lagu Indonesia karangan Melly Gowslaw pada selang waktu 2007-2013
yang dapat digunakan sebagai dasar dan perbandingan untuk penelitian
selanjutnya.
Terdapat dua tujuan utama dalam penelitian ini: (1) mengidentifikasi jenis
alih bahasa yang digunakan dalam lirik lagu Indonesia yang diciptakan oleh Melly
Goeslaw, dan (2) mengidentifikasi alasan penggunaan dari alih bahasa tersebut.
Penelitian ini membutuhkan semua lagu Indonesia yang disusun oleh
Melly Goeslaw yang menggunakan perpaduan Bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris pada
bagian lagu. Ada sepuluh lagu Indonesia disusun oleh Melly Goeslaw yang
menggunakan alih bahasa. Selanjutnya, lagu-lagu tersebut dianalisa untuk
menjawab dua pertanyaan seperti yang diuraikan dalam rumusan masalah.
Hasil analisa menunjukkan sepuluh lirik lagu Indonesia yang diteliti dalam
penelitian ini menggunakan tiga jenis alih bahasa. Terdapat empat kasus tag
switching yang ditemukan di tiga lagu. Intrasentenial switching terjadi lima kali di
dalam tiga lagu. Mayoritas penggunaan alih bahasa menggunakan tipe
intersentential switching, terdapat dua puluh satu kasus yang terjadi di delapan
lagu. Alih bahasa tersebut terjadi di judul, bait, chorus, bridge, refrain dan koda.
Ada enam alasan mengapa sebuah lagu menggunakan alih bahasa, yaitu untuk
mengungkapkan pikiran dan perasaan tertentu, karena kurangnya fasilitas, karena
signifikansi semantik, untuk menyampaikan pesan lagu ke pendengar yang
memiliki latar belakang bahasa yang berbeda, untuk menekankan sebuah
informasi, dan untuk menarik perhatian.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Human is a social being who has to live with others and language is a
a society. This era is a globalization era; many people realize that learning and
mastering in more than one language give them many advantages. Developing
Early on, it was decided that English, rather than Dutch, would be the first
foreign language of the country because Dutch was the language of the
colonialists and it did not have the international status that English did.
(Lauder, 2008: 10).
Even there are laws stating that English as the first foreign language in Indonesia
which has to be learned by the students since the elementary school and it is found
In the 1989 Law, Chapter IX, Section 39, Verse 3, English is specified as a
compulsory subject, part of the Basic Curriculum. This supported by
Government Regulation Number 28, 1990, which states that English is to
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be taught from the first year of Junior High School but may be taught as
early as Primary Four at the school‟s discretion. (Lauder, 2008: 16).
English and use code features to deliver the message in their daily conversation.
works which exist in society. The song lyric is one of the literary works which can
be an example. The use of code switching in conversation and song lyric are
different. Language switching in the song lyric is used by some purposes, it does
The most well known examples are the macaronic songs and carols
popular in medieval Europe, which feature a combination of Latin with
one or more vernacular language such as English or French, often serving
to convey religious message in a way relatively accessible to the
uneducated masses (see Schendl 1996, 1997). In eleven century al-
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This occurrence is also found in Indonesia. There are some songs which
The first song composer whose songs is in the Indonesian top chart and has been a
works are not only popular in Indonesia, but also in foreign countries, such as in
switching in Indonesian song lyrics including the reasons. The analyzed songs are
Melly Goeslaw‟s songs (ten songs in number). This research gives some
view, in particular Indonesian lyrics songs. The result of this analysis is used to be
a basis and a comparison for the coming analysis. The result is also used to
observe the type and reason of code switching in the Indonesian song lyrics in the
future.
B. Problem Formulation
the Indonesian song lyrics composed by Melly Goeslaw. Hence, two problems can
1. What are the types of code switching in Indonesian song lyrics composed by
Melly Goeslaw?
2. What are the possible reasons of code switching in Indonesian song lyrics
The research has two objectives of the study. First is to identify the
D. Definition of Terms
research:
1. Code means a system used for communication between two or parties used on
any occasions. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 103). Wardhaugh also defines code as “any
kind of system that two or more people employ for communication. It can refer to
84).
English in the literary works, namely the lyrics in Melly Goeslaw‟s songs.
3. Song lyrics are a set of words that make up a song. Song lyric derives
via Latin lyricus from the Greek λσρικός (lyrikós), the adjectival form of lyre.
(Asher, 1903: 264). The song lyric consists of several stanzas which are
verse part and chorus part. The lyrics of a song often contain a significant message
about the society. The message can be explicit, or implied through metaphor or
symbolism.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter outlines four main parts: review of related studies, review of
of related studies discusses two previous international journals which have similar
contribution of the theories and review in solving the problems of the study.
have similar objects as a comparison and a basis in doing this research. Both of
the previous journals are done in the twenties century, thus it is previously
researched.
2009)
Andeans songs. The researcher found that both Quechua and Spanish are used in
effects. The data used based on the researcher‟s own collection and transcription
of Ancash waynus from DVDs, CDs, and recordings of the songs performed
during popular festivities in different parts of the Ancash region during the
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summer 2006 and 2007. The conclusion of this research outlines different kinds of
bilingual language use and reflects a general trend in language shift from
to monolingualism in Spanish
2009)
Music” are to (1) examine the nature of the phenomenon code switching and the
reason of code switching, (2) discuss the stylistic effects of this trend, and (3)
examine the implications of this practice for communication through music. The
findings reveal that while most code switching is done in three languages English,
Nigerian Pignin, and Yoruba– the prominent role is Yoruba. This code switching
boundaries. The study concludes that the unique identities created by code
switching in Nigerian hip-hop have positive local and global influence for music
and artists, and reflect the ethno-linguistic diversity of the Nigerian nation.
This thesis has a similar general objectives to the two previous researches
namely, song lyrics, but the main attention in this research is different. The main
focus of this research is code switching in ten Indonesian songs and the possible
reasons why the speaker of the song switches language when he or she wants to
This section presents the basic theories used such as the general
explanation of code switching, the detail explanation of code switching and the
music theory focusing in components of the song, as well as the reasons of code
1. Code Switching
the society. Before explaining the meaning of code switching, the researcher
presents the basic word of code switching, namely the word „code‟. According to
Asher (1994: 577) the term code refers to any system of signs or symbols which
convey information. Wardhaugh (2010: 84) also defines code as “any kinds of
system that two or more people employ for communication. It can refer to a
language, dialect, style, and the kinds of language varieties.” So, code is a system
which is used by people who have a same interpretation about something to get a
Mandiri (2002: 9) also states that “code switching is the mixing of words, phrases,
and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence
There are some theories of types of code switching. In this research, the
researcher uses Stockwell‟s Theory to analyze the data because it is suitable with
Resource Book for Students book, Stockwell (2002: 33) states that there are three
a. Tag Switching
words which may be inserted almost anywhere within the sentence without
violating any grammatical rules. So, tag switching is allowed to use as long as it
does not break the grammatical rules of the main language in that communication.
Milroy and Muysken (1995: 8) also equally mention tag switching is used to refer
“a switching between an utterance and the tag or interjection attached to it.” Tag
switching does not have a long pattern because it only a single word. Type of
needed. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 42). The example of tag switching can be seen below:
b. Intrasentential Switching
(Eggenschwiller, 2001: 63). A sentence is allowed to have more than one main
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language, but the use of that different languages restricted by punctuation and
switches some clauses within a sentences or clauses. (Julca, 2009: 93). Below is
c. Intersentential Switching
the different sentences. This implies one sentence is in a one language while the
switching, that is, the alternation in a single discourse between two languages,
where the switching occurs after a sentence in the first language has been
completed and the next sentence starts with a new language.” (Appel, 1987: 118).
switching is the process which the song lyric switches the language from line to
line, from sentence to sentence, from couplet to couplet, and from stanza to stanza
couplet, and a stanza is a unity when the topic does not change. Felix Julca-
Guerrero applied a same perspective in his journal “Word Borrowing and Code
We‟re going to Nicki‟s house at nine and maybe to the night club afterwards.
Kristina bleibt allerdings zu Hause sie muss noch arbeiten.
(Unfortunately Kristina is staying at home because she still has to do some work).
(Stockwell, 2002: 33)
(Malik, 1994: 10). Therefore, there is a spesific reason why people use code
switching to delivery the message. According to Malik, there are ten reasons of
code switching:
a. Lack of facility
Malik (1994: 16) states that code switching is used when the speaker
carry on the conversation smoothly. The following is an example for the reason
Saya difahamkan bahawa OKS jarang minum, hanya seorang social drinker.
[I understand that OKS seldom drinks, he is only a social drinker.]
(Muthusamy, 2009:4)
b. Lack of register
This reason occurs when the speaker does not know the specific terms of
the language that is being used. This condition makes the speaker uses a term of
technical, their registral items are likely to be from English and grammatical items
from Hindi.” (Malik, 1994: 16). It usually occurs in certain occupations, such as in
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the speech of doctors, lawyers, engineers. The example of reason for lack of
Malik (1994: 16) claims that usually when a speaker who masters in more
than one language is tired or angry, code switching is used to deliver that feeling.
In this research, this reason is used when the speaker has a certain state of mind;
her feeling. The following is an example for the reason because of mood of the
speaker:
The word „fan‟ (bothered) is used in expressing the participant‟s frustration in the
example. This can be due to the participant‟s mood that made she use that word
unconsciously. Hence, Mandarin Chinese is used for the subject of the sentence or
several instances in which a switch at the end of an argument not only helps to
end the interaction but may serve to emphasize a point. The switching aims to
give a stress and more force the statement. As cited by Muthusamy (2009), David
(2003) uses the courtroom environment to show how a defending lawyer uses
important point to the judge that the accused had not committed any crime for 10
years.
Sebelum ini OKT pernah ditangkap pada tahun 1975 dan 1986. There has been a
10 years gap since the last offence Semenjak itu OKT telah berumahtangga,
mempunyai kerja tetap dan insaf”.
[Before this, OKT was caught in 1975 and 1986…..since then OKT has married
and has held a steady job.]
(Muthusamy, 2009:5)
e. Habitual experience
Malik (1994: 16) stresses the fact that “code switching often occurs in
expressions of gratitude and discourse markers.” The speaker uses code switching
because that expressions are habitual experiences used in his or her daily life.
Muthusamy (2009: 5) cites that Hoffman (1971) reports in Puerto Rican homes,
the mother gives short commands to their children in English, such as Don’t do
f. Semantic significance
how a judge shifts from Bahasa Malaysia, the national language and the official
Kenapa kamu tak setuju, panggilan pertama telah dijawab oleh BG Boy dan dah
tentu Das mesti menanya di manakah BG Boy berada? Kamu tak faham soalan,
saya maksudkan……
[Why don‟t you agree – Bg Boy responded to the first call and surely Dos asked
where he was ? You do not understand the question, I mean….]
(Muthusamy, 2009: 5)
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of a same group or culture. Hence, words and phrases are retained in their original
by Malik (1994: 17), Pietro reports that Italian immigrants would tell a joke in
English and give the punch line in Italian, not only because it was better said in
Italian but also to stress the fact that they all belong to the same minority group,
from various linguistic background. Malik (1994: 17) states that “code switching
is also used when the speaker intends to address people coming from various
linguistic backgrounds.” Hence, the speaker uses some parts of the topic in one
language and the other parts in another language. The speaker also clearly
In that example, the participant wanted to dedicate her wishes to a specific group
i. Pragmatic reason
Javanese, and then he switches the language into Indonesian when he talks to the
j. Driving attention
Malik (1994: 18) shows that code switching is also used to attract the
comes across non-English, either Hindi or any one of the other Indian languages,
when the speaker uses words from a foreign language. A similar situation prevails
For the example Malik (1994: 18) shows that in advertisements (in both,
of the readers/listeners. In English newspaper when the readers come across non-
English, either Hindi or any one of the other Indian languages, the reader‟s
4. Code Mixing
Code mixing occurs when speakers use two or more language below
clauses level within one social situation. As cited by Claros (2009), Muysken
(2000) defines three types of code mixing: insertion, alternation, and congruent
lexicalization. In his view, code switching occurs when lexical items from one
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language are incorporated into another. Bokamba (1989) notes that code mixing is
and in song lyric are different because “the utterance in a conversation are
typically spontaneously produced” (Bentahila, 2002: 192), while the use of code
switching in the song lyrics has a purpose, “the author of the lyrics has
and rhetorical effect or discourse that is not spontaneous, but carefully constructed
(Bentahila, 2008: 2). From the theories, it is seen that the use of code switching in
Stanzas in a song lyric have their own function seen from part of the song
verse, chorus, bridge, hook, and refrain. “All songs are put together with some or
all of these parts in a particular pattern.” (Davidson, 1996: 6). The researcher
contended besides those five parts, a good song has also to have title and coda, as
From knowing the components of the song which use code switching,
components of the song because each part has its own function to deliver the song
message.
a. Title
Title sometimes contains the main idea of the song. “Many times, the chorus is
taken from the title of the song.” (Davidson, 1996: 6). The song title should also
to be memorable and fitting to the theme of the song. (Estrella, 8th September
2014).
b. Verse
Verses are components of the song containing the song background. “The
verse contains the details of the song: the story, events, images and emotions that
the writer wishes to express.” (Davidson, 1996: 6) The verses direct the listeners
of the song to know and understand deeper the message background which wants
to deliver in the chorus part. “The verses are preliminary parts which can deliver
the listeners to feel and guess what is actually to be conveyed in the chorus. The
c. Chorus
the listeners of the songs because this part is always sung repeatedly. “The chorus
is repeated throughout the song.” (Davidson, 1996: 6). The frequently with which
the chorus is repeated may make it the most dominant and memorable element of
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the song. (Bentahila, 2002: 202). The chorus is the component of the song which
contains the main idea of song message. “It contains main idea, or big picture, of
d. Hook
Hook is “a phrase of word that literally hooks, or grabs, the listeners and
draws them into song.” (Davidson, 1996: 7). The hook is the component of the
song which is recognized easily by the listeners and it is an icon of the song. The
hook is not only a phrase of word, but also an instrument. “The hook can be
e. Bridge
Not every song has a bridge. Bridge is used to keep the listeners‟ attention.
“The break is a device that is used to break up the repetitive pattern of a song and
keep the listeners‟ attention.” (Davidson, 1996: 7). The bridge can also be a
change of key music. “In a bridge, the pattern of the words and music change.”
f. Refrain
phrase that ties a song together. A refrain is only a phrase, or a word, while a
chorus contains many more words.” (Davidson, 1996: 7). A refrain may be
lyrically but are not placed in a separate section and/ or long enough so as to be
g. Coda
The English word „coda‟ comes from “an Italian word for „tail‟, it is the
additional lines of a song which brings the song to a close.” (Estrella, 8th
September 2014). The coda is an optional addition to a song, so not every song
to support the analysis. The review is taken from the website maintained by the
1. Melly Goeslaw
Mellyana Goeslaw Hoed, who has a stage name “Melly Goeslaw”, was
songwriter. Her career is begun by becoming a backing vocalist for Elfa Seciora.
After marrying Anto later that year, they went on to form the band Potret and the
band's first album was released in 1995. In 1999, Goeslaw started her solo career
independent song writer and she is brave to produce work which is different from
others. The Jakarta Post described her lyrics as being deliberately antagonistic.
Goeslaw's songs have won awards within and outside Indonesia. (Rudi, 2014).
D. Theoretical Framework
in Indonesian song lyrics, the researcher uses Stockwell‟s Theory to classify types
of code switching.
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researcher uses Malik‟s Theory to identify possible reasons why the speaker of the
song switches the language to another language when delivering the message. The
to classify components of the song which use code switching as a tool to know
the reason of the use of code switching in song lyrics. The analysis is also related
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
The researcher uses specific methodology to analyze the data and this
chapter provides the description of the objects of the study, the approach of the
study, and the description of procedures used in data collection and data analysis.
code switching in the parts of the song. The researcher finds that there are ten
also English-Indonesian switching in the song‟s lyrics. The titles of the songs
The speaker in this song is mentioned clearly in the lyrics. The speaker is a
woman who is falling in love with a man and she hopes she can be his bridge. The
simple form in the chorus part. The English part consists of a sentence which is
The speaker of the song asks others to follow him or her to dance together
in the dance floor. The use of English in this song is more complex than the first
song because there is a stanza which uses English, but other stanzas still use
The song “I‟m Sorry Goodbye” narrates the women‟s thank you because
God show her lover‟s real nature which is manipulative. Similar to the first song,
the code switching case occurs from Indonesian, as the main language of the song,
4. My Heart
The lyrics of this song narrate that there is a couple of lover who are
falling in love. In the future, probably they will not be a couple of lover again, but
the love feeling will always exist in their heart The code switching occurs between
5. Selamanya Cinta
The speaker of this song is falling in love and she thinks that she will love
him throughout her life. The main language of this song is Indonesia language, the
code switching from Indonesian to English occurs at the end of the song. There is
no clue that this song contains English code switching because the title, verses, ad
6. Butterfly
From the lyric the readers and the listeners know that the speaker of this
song is falling in love with someone. Butterfly is an English word used to be the
title of the song and to be the addressee‟s nickname given by the speaker. The
verses of this song use Indonesian, while the chorus part uses English to delivery
7. Glow
From the song lyric, the listeners of this song know that the speaker has a
high self-confidence. The speaker believes that he or she can do anything. The use
of code switching in this song is a complex one. The use of code switching has
8. Love Story
the listeners of this song. There are two forms of code switching usage in this
song, namely a sentence and a phrase. The code switching occurs from Indonesian
to English.
The speaker loves herself. The speaker is proud of herself. She always
shows her real side. She is happy to be who she is. This is one of the songs
analyzed which quite often switches Indonesian to English, even the opening of
becomes the object of study in this research. The speaker of this song says to his
or her lover that he or she loves her or him so much. The speaker also believes in
her or him. The speaker of the song thinks that love is something which is private
and others do not need to know.The main language of this song is Indonesian,
Switching in Indonesian Song Lyrics Composed by Melly Goeslaw” seen that this
approach in this research because the data used are ten Indonesian song lyrics
composed by Melly Goeslaw. The goal of this research is identifying the types of
code switching in that song lyrics and the possible reasons of code switching
This part is divided into two smaller sections, namely data collection and
data analysis. Data collection presents the number of the data and specifies how
the data are collected, organized, categorized, and treated for the purpose of the
study. Data analysis clarifies the steps of analysis for finding the answer for the
problem formulations.
1. Data Collection
foreign language in Indonesia. The first step to collect the data is finding out
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Melly Goeslaw‟s biography in the internet to get a list of songs which Melly
Goeslaw made. The next step, the researcher finds out the lyric of each song from
internet, in order to know which songs contain code-switching and which do not.
Thus, the songs which contain code switching are collected and analyzed to
2. Data Analysis
This part clarifies the steps of the analysis for finding the answers for the
problems. This part also clarifies how to interpret the numbers and symbols
presented in the data. There are five steps conducted to accomplish the research
as follows:
The research makes a list of Melly Goeslaw‟s songs and finds out which
which use code switching in some of the song parts, the next step which has to do
is to identify the types of code switching in the song lyrics. That classifying is
explicit interpretation of the song lyrics, there is a brief explanation why those
To simplify the analysis and avoid double discussion, each code switching
„A‟ refers to the code of the code switching. Then, the next numbering refers to
type of code switching based on Stockwell‟s Theory. There are three code usages:
INTER refers to intersentential switching. The last part of this numbering refers to
the case number of each type of switching. The case numbering uses roman
numerals. For example data (A/ TAG/1) refers to the first data identified in tag
After identifying the type of code switching, the next step which has to do
is identifying the possible reason why that part of the song lyric switches into
different language and why that switching occurs in that component of the song.
To answer this second problem formulation, the researcher uses Malik‟s Theory.
According to Malik (1994), there are ten reasons why the speaker uses code
switching to delivery the message: lack of facility, lack of register, mood of the
attention. The classification of reasons employees the text analysis. The text
Bloor. ”For SFL, a language is „a system of meanings‟. That is to say that when
people use language, their language acts produce or, or more technically,
construct meaning.” (Halliday, 2004: 2). The researcher closely read the song
lyrics to get into the context and understand why in certain parts of the song using
code switching. It is done so that the analysis to the second problem formulation is
The last step is making a conclusion from the findings to answer two
CHAPTER IV
This chapter presents the analysis done by the researcher to answer two
questions elaborated in the problem formulation. The first is to identify the types
of code switching in Indonesian song lyrics composed by Melly Goeslaw and the
This section is divided into two main sub-sections. The first one is the
lyrics composed by Melly Goeslaw and the second one is the explanation of
possible reasons of code switching. These two sub-sections are interrelated and
cannot be separated because the explanation from each sub-section will support
the other.
Theory. There are three types of code switching according to Stockwell; there are
1. Tag Switching
From the analysis, there are four cases of tag switching in ten song lyrics
examined in this research. The following paragraphs elaborate the notion of code
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The first data of tag switching usage in Indonesian song lyrics composed
by Melly Goeslaw is found in “Let‟s Dance Together” song. There is a case of the
b. Butterfly
The English nominal item „butterfly‟ is used as a subject in the first sentence of
sentence can be merely a subject or predicate (verb). The English word „butterfly‟
inserted in Indonesian sentence as a subject which does not cause any violating in
formal Indonesian grammatical rule because the subject can stand alone as long as
it has a clear meaning which subsequently collaborated with other words to form a
sentence.
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word „diva‟ uses in this line. The same case also occurs in the first line of the fifth
stanza.
For the additional information, both of them occurs in the first line of the fourth
2. Intrasentential Switching
Love.” Language code switching occurs twice in this song and both of switching
The intrasentential switching cases are begun in Indonesian and then shifts
continuation of Indonesian topic which wants to narrate that her or his feeling and
heart are falling in love with the addressee. The Indonesian has to be connected to
the English part in order to form a complete sentence. Generally, the progressive
(Greenbaum-Quirk, 1990:53).
b. Selamanya Cinta
INTRA/ III) the language switches the Indonesian language to the English
language. The English part is the independent clause in this switching. “An
complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.” (Eggenschwiller, 2001: 59).
The aspect presents progressive collaborated with the time adverbial „now‟ in
these sentence shows the action is going on during that period of time. “Aspect is
a grammatical category that reflects the way in which the action of a verb is
viewed with respect of time.” (Greenbaum-Quirk, 1990: 51). On the contrary, the
subordinate clause of this sentence is the Indonesian part. The Indonesian part
started with the word „walaupun.‟ In English, „walaupun‟ means „even though.‟
(although, because, if, unless, when, etc)” (Eggenschwiller, 2001: 60). The
subordinate clause in the first line needs the independent clause in the second line
complete though and can stand alone as a sentence.” (Eggenschwiller, 2001: 59).
c. Glow
intrasentential switching, also occurs in the second and third line in the third
The English part narrates a feeling statement which becomes a clue to deliver the
message in Indonesian part, but the main idea of that statement is delivered in
English. The second and third lines have a unity with the first line of the stanza,
so the English part also uses a stative present tense. Although composed of two
because the statement in the second line needs the statement in the third line to
The intrasentential switching occurs in the second and third line of the
fifth stanza.
In data (A/ INTRA/ V), the switching starts in Indonesian and then shifts to
English without change the topic. The English sentence shows the contradiction of
the Indonesian statement. “The speaker uses „but„ to modify a statement and the
interlocutor, reject a suggestion, etc.” (Biber, 1999: 82). In line with explanation
in (A/ INTRA/ III) and (A/ INTRA/ IV), this sentence consists of two clauses
which are in the different lines. These lines (line 2 and line 3 in fifth stanza of the
song) use inversions to the delivery of the message. It is the reason why data (A/
INTRA/ V) still called clauses, even though they do not have a subject in the
3. Intersentential Switching
sentences. Intersentential switching is the type of code switching often used in ten
song lyrics examined in this research. The intersentential switching cases have
sentences ended with a stop mark means that the sentences are complete and they
are followed by English sentence. The message on the Indonesian narrates that the
speaker say thank you to God because He shows the real character of the
addressee and the speaker wants to break up with the addressee. The English
The English sentence uses simple present tense means that gratitude is felt
by the speaker without any definite time limit. “The use of the simple present
tense for present tense in commentaries indicates that the event has little or no
The next song which has an intersentential switching from stanza to stanza
In the data (A/ INTER/ II), the lyrics switch from English to Indonesian
from stanza to stanza. The English stanza asks other to join in floor to dance
c. My Heart
The combination of present tense and past tense is seen in this song. The
first sentence of the English part uses conditional clause type 2 or past conditional
clause presenting „you‟ (the addressee) do not love another man, it is the reason
why their love can be strong at the present. Thus, the second sentence which uses
simple present delivers its message. The past tense is used again in the third
sentence. The third clause uses „would‟ at the beginning of the clause shows the
corresponding „prediction in the past‟ (Greenbaum, 1990: 63). The two closing
sentences in this stanza use simple present tense. And the refrain closed with a
noun, my heart.
The first stanza uses Indonesian, continued with English. The message delivered
d. Butterfly
The switch in data (A/ INTER/ IV) is described as a code change, a kind
Indonesian. The first stanza uses Indonesian, followed by English in the second
stanza.
The third stanza uses Indonesian, while the fourth one uses English. The
Indonesian part and English part of this song can stand alone as a complete text
because the message in the Indonesian part and English part is similar; however,
e. Glow
from word to word because „memancar‟ and „glow‟ is an independent word which
sentence. The first sentence uses Indonesian, then the second one uses English
The researcher also finds that the use of formal English grammar in the second
sentence is doubtful in accordance with the official English grammatical rule. The
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„music‟ as a single noun is followed by the verb „glow‟. In accordance with the
applicable rules, it should be „the music is glowing‟ or „the music glows‟. This
existing error is probably due to make the sentence in accordance with the rhythm
of the song.
intersentential switching of Indonesian and English in the second sentence and the
also occurs from stanza to stanza. There are English words in the following
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stanza, but the main language in the following stanza is Indonesian. This fact
f. Love Story
In “Love Story” song, the switching cases occur in second and third
stanza.
third stanza, data (A/ INTER/X) and (A/ INTER/ XI), have the same pattern and
words. The English sentence is found at the beginning of the stanza, followed by
two Indonesian sentences. The English sentence uses habitual present asking to
make a history together. “The habitual present is used with dynamic verb senses
to refer to events that repeatedly occur without limitation on their extension into
The sixth stanza is begun by Indonesian sentence, then switched to English phrase
„love story‟ and that phrase is repeated three times at the end of the stanza. “A
phrase is any group of related words that, unlike a sentence, has no subject-
Love story.
(Goeslaw, 2011, stanzas 3-4).
Even though, an English sentence is at the beginning of the stanza. The main
language in the third stanza is still Indonesian. The fourth stanza is an independent
stanza which consists of an English phrase. There is a reason why case (A/
The fourth line uses Indonesian to deliver the message. After the stop mark, the
language switches to English until the end of the stanza. Even though the
language is different, the messages in the fourth, fifth, and sixth line have a unity
usage. The next code switching case occurs between the second and the third
stanza. The second stanza uses present English tense, while the third stanza uses
Indonesian.
Ku bukan diva.
Aku bukan ratu.
Bagai mahkota,
atau kembang goyang.
Maunya mewah.
Maunya yang mahal.
Itu bukan aku.
(Goeslaw, 2011, stanzas 3-4).
This example exhibits intersentential code. In (A/ INTER/ XV), the language
switches from English to Indonesian from stanza to stanza. The message in each
stanza is different, it makes the addressee has to have a good ability in both
“Let‟s Talk about Love” is the newest song composed by Melly Goeslaw
which uses language switching. There are some cases of language switching, but
The first code switching usage case in this song occurs from stanza to
stanza.
This case concludes in intersentential switching from stanza to stanza. The first
stanza uses English words, followed by English stanza in the second stanza.
The second and third cases of switching are intersentential switching from
sentence to sentence in the same stanza. The pattern and the explanation of both of
The first line uses English, while the following sentences use Indonesian. The
same pattern can be found in case (A/ INTER/X) and (A/ INTER/ XI) in “Love
Story” song. Different from case (A/ INTER/X) and (A/ INTER/ XI), case (A/
The state present is used with stative verb senses to refer to a single
unbroken state of affairs that has existed in the past, exist now, and is
likely to continue to exist in the future. It includes the “time less present”,
which refers to “eternal truth.” (Greenbaum-Quirk, 1990: 48).
The next case of intersentential switching from stanza to stanza occurs
The main language in the sixth stanza is Indonesian; it is seen from the majority of
the language usage. Seventh stanza is a simple stanza which has simple English
Data (A/ INTER/ XX) and (A/ INTER/ XXI) include in intersentential
English word in the first and second sentences, the whole sentence of that
From the analysis, the most type of code switching which is used in ten
switching, there are six cases in three Indonesian songs. Tag switching occurs four
which use language switching (code switching) in the song lyrics. All the songs
use both Indonesian and English, although the proportions of these Languages in
than English, while in others the use of the two language is almost equally
balance.
From knowing the types of code switching, the researcher has data to
identify the possible reasons why the speaker of the song changes the language to
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deliver a specific song message. Stanzas in song lyrics also have its own function
seen from parts of the song point-of-view. There are seven components of the
This second section elaborate the analysis of type of code switching and
part of the song to get the most appropriate reason of code switching in song
lyrics.
“I‟m Falling in Love” song consists of four stanzas. This song is opened
The first verse of the song conveys that the speaker of the song wants to
become closer to her or his lover. The speaker also imagines if he or she is a
partner of the addressee, he or she will feel very happy. The chorus is a
component of the song which has intrasentential switching cases. The chorus of
this song wants to narrate that the speaker of the song is falling in love. In the
chorus, the listeners of this song know that the speaker of this song is a woman
and the addressee is a man because it says clearly explicit in the second line of the
chorus stanza.
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The second verse conveys again that she hopes to become the bride of the
addressee. She is grateful because she can fall in love to the addressee. She feels
that feeling is very beautiful, even though she does know whether he has the same
feeling or not. Thus, the same chorus is sung after this second verse stanza.
This song uses English title which has exactly the same words as the
intrasentential switching occurs in the chorus component of the song, in the third
and fifth line. The chorus is sung twice because the song has two verses and the
(A/ 1/ INTRA/ II) Hati kecilku berkata, I’m falling in love, I’m falling in love.
(Goeslaw, 2005, stanza 2, line 5).
The data above are sentences which consist of two clauses. The Indonesian part is
a dependent clause, while the English is an independent clause. It means that the
Indonesian part needs the English part to build a complete though, while the
The Indonesian part delivers that the speaker of the song wants to reveal a feeling
and that specific feeling is delivered in the English clause. Because the English
Verbs with stative senses do not occur in the progressive. When verbs that
are ordinary stative occur in the progressive, they adopt dynamics
meaning. They may indicate a type of behavior with limited duration.
Verbs expressing emotion and attitude, which are ordinary stative, indicate
tentativeness when they occur in the progressive. (Greenbaum-Quirk,
1990: 53-54).
From knowing the pronoun, the listeners of this song clearly understand
who are the speaker and the addressee of the sentence. The first person (the self)
indicated by using pronoun „I‟ and „we‟. Because of the explanation above, the
researcher also knows that the sentences in this song use the first person point of
view indicating with the use of pronoun „I‟. This pronoun presents as a way to
The researcher also analyzes the use of verb besides knowing the pronoun
used to ease knowing the song message. ”A verb is that it is a word that denotes
an action or state being.” (Celce, 1999: 434). A verb is a key of sentence. The
main attention in this researcher is knowing the reasons of the use of code
„Fall in love‟ is an idiom which is generally used to describe and show a strong
The English switching here means that the speaker of the song wants to
reveal her strong attraction to the addressee, but she is more comfortable to
deliver it in English rather than in Indonesian which is her national language that
draw the attention of the audience for the first time and they are most remembered
by audience. The title and chorus are also components of the song which consist
the main theme and song message. Because those two components of the song
use English which delivers a strong affection to the addressee from the speaker of
the song, it means that the purpose of English usage in the song title and
Malik claims that usually the speaker turns into English to express certain state of
mind and feeling. It is the reason why the speaker changes the language into
Different from the previous song, this song is opened by a chorus. The
whole chorus uses English; there is not any Indonesian word in the chorus part.
Thus, it is followed by a verse which uses Indonesian, but there is a tag switching
case occurs in the word „DJ.‟ After the verse, the same chorus is repeated again.
Similar to the previous song, this title of the song, which uses English, also
uses an English sentence which is a clue to song message. The speaker of the song
asks others to join in the dance floor to dance together in the party.
There are two types of switching in this song, tag switching and
intersentential switching. The tag switching occurs in the last verse before the
chorus. The tag switching is in the fourth stanza to call „Disc Jockey‟ in English
words. The possibility reason why the language switch into English in the word
According to Malik, this reason of this code switching usage is caused because
The intersentential switching occurs from chorus part to the verse part.
The opening of the song, the first stanza of the song, uses English. Then, it is
The speaker and the addressee of this song are clearly understandable
because there is an English word „you‟ in the fourth line of first stanza. Because
of the word „you‟, the listeners know that the message is given directly. The
English sentences use present tense with the dynamic verbs indicates the action
which is factual. There are three sentences begun by the word „let‟s‟. „Let‟s‟ is a
contraction of the two words, „let‟ and „us.‟ „Let‟s‟ is an exhortation of the group
including the speaker to do something (Nohat, 7th July 2014). While, the second
Sentence Type I refers to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a
certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We do not know for sure whether the
condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather
realistic – so we think it is likely to happen (“If Clause Type 1”, 7th July 2014).
verse of this song narrates the condition in the dance floor (stanza 3) and explains
Seen from the message delivered in verse parts, the speaker of the song positions
himself or herself as someone who is describing the situation in the dance floor to
others.
The chorus part, using English, shows that the speaker asks and invites
others to join in the dance floor to dance together directly, spontaneously, and
without a brief explanation means that the target already knows the state on the
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dance floor. Different from the explanation about the condition in the dance floor,
c. My Heart
“My Heart” consists of five stanzas and has a similar pattern to „I‟m
Falling in Love‟ song. This song is begun by Indonesian verse and is followed by
an English chorus. After the chorus, there is an Indonesian verse which has
different words and message and is followed again by an English chorus. But
different from “I‟m Falling in Love” song, this song has a coda which uses
English as a closing of the song. The coda has same English words with the title,
“My Heart” is the third song which uses English words in its title. There is
an intersentential switching usage from stanza to stanza. The verse part uses pure
Indonesian, while the chorus uses English. The Indonesian part generally has the
The first verse of this song wants to narrate the listeners that the speaker is
very happy because of her or his relationship, he or she feels to be in heaven and
he or she is happy because of that togetherness. In the next sentence, the speaker
one of them falls in love with another man, the speaker will still love his or her
partner and will not forget their love. And the message is reemphasized using
English in the next stanza which is a chorus stanza. The next verse is only
repeated the message in the first message, the words is similar to the first verse
The uses of code switching in this song of course have a purpose. From the
conveyed in first verse, second verse, and chorus are same, but both of verse parts
use Indonesia and the chorus uses English. Malik claims that one of the reasons
switching is used when the speaker intends to address people from different
linguistics background.
This song consists of six stanzas. The song pattern of code switching in
this song is different from three previous songs examined. The intersentential
switching is found in the last sentence of second chorus stanza. The song is
opened by an Indonesian verse stanza and the chorus follows that verse. The
chorus, itself, consists of two stanzas. The first stanza uses pure Indonesian, while
the second stanza uses both Indonesian and English. Thus, the second verse is
sung and it is followed again by the chorus. Besides the title uses English, there is
only one code switching case in this song. The intersentential switching from
Indonesian sentence to English sentence occurs in two last sentences in the second
The first verse also consists of two main stanzas. The first and second line
of the first stanza narrates that the speaker of the song is very happy because he or
she can meet and know the addressee, but then it changes.
The third and fourth lines narrate that after knowing deeper the addressee, the
speaker is annoyed because now he or she knows that the addressee is not as good
The next stanza narrates the general chronology of the speaker‟s love story. At the
beginning, his or her lover treated the speaker very well, so he or she felt really
loved. But then, the speaker knows that his or her lover often lies to the speaker.
The further action which is taken by the speaker is described in the chorus part.
As said before, the chorus consists of two stanzas. The first stanza of
chorus narrates the addressee, who is the speaker‟s lover, that he or she apologizes
that he or she are not same as others, he or she is not stupid and wants to leave the
addressee.
Thus the next chorus stanza emphasizes that statement. The English
sentence in the fourth and fifth lines of second chorus stanza is a complex one
This song uses „thank you‟ in the Indonesian part, translated into „terima kasih‟ in
addressee. The message in the third line using Indonesia language is similar to
sentence to sentence in the chorus part basically have the same message, just
delivering in the different way. This repetition makes the audience pay attention in
this message, so this code switching usage is used to emphasize that point of
e. Selamanya Cinta
“Selamanya Cinta” song is the one and the only song examined in this
research which uses Indonesian title. The majority of songs which have code
switching parts use English title to make the listener realize and be able to guess
an Indonesian verse which consists of two stanzas. The first stanza itself consists
of three lines which are three rhetorical questions about the stars, moon, and sun.
The second stanza narrates that the speaker of the song was restless.
Thus, the chorus shows that the speaker is in love, but he or she still does not
It is followed by the second verse which consists of only one stanza. In this
stanza, the speaker reveals that his or her love is so great. The speaker describes
that a book about love will not be able to express all of that love feeling.
Thus, the same chorus is sung after the second verse. The third verse is also found
in this song, the third verse still uses pure Indonesian which shows that the
speaker wants to convince him or her that he or she really is in love and not
dreaming.
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This song is closed by a coda which has an intrasentential switching case (data
A/INTRA/ III).
The intrasentential switching case occurs in the coda part. It means that the
switching occurs at the end of the song and for additional information, not all
Indonesian songs analyzed in this research has a coda part. The English part is the
independent clause of the sentence. In the coda, the speaker finally realizes that
his or her love is real. However, the fact is he or she is not in a relationship with
his or her loved ones. Because the use of English is not so significant in this song,
the most possible reason why this switching occurs is just to attract listener‟s
attention. The switching beautifies the song because the title, the verses, the
chorus of this song uses Indonesian. This usage makes only Indonesian listener or
people who have a good understanding in Indonesian get the song message.
f. Butterfly
This song consists of six stanzas and is started with an Indonesian verse
which consists of two stanzas. The first stanza narrates the speaker is falling in
love with the addressee and that feeling is stronger from time to time. The speaker
feels that his or her loved one also has the same feeling and the speaker wishes
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that the addressee is his or her last lover is the message which wants to be
Thus, this Indonesian verse is followed by two chorus stanzas. The chorus
consists of two stanzas in two different languages, Indonesian chorus stanza and
English chorus stanza. The chorus started with Indonesian stanza whose message
is repeated in English part. In the chorus, the English word „butterfly‟ is a symbol
given by the speaker of the song to the addressee, so it is used both in Indonesian
chorus stanza and English chorus stanza to call the addressee. The chorus shows
that the speaker will always try to reach the addressee if one day the addressee
walks away.
After the chorus, there is also a verse. These second Indonesian verse
consists of two main stanzas which wants to narrate that the speaker will always
wait the addressee, although it takes a long time. This song is closed by the same
chorus.
Similar to “My Heart” song, the switching occurs between Indonesian stanzas to
English stanza in chorus part. The verses use Indonesian and there is no English
word contained.
„Butterfly‟ is an English word used both the title of this song and a symbol
refers to the addressee given by the speaker in this song. That English word
wedding ceremony symbolizing the promise of love and marriage. From the
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explanation, it can be concluded that the speaker has a hope the addressee is his or
her last love and the speaker is willing to wait the addressee, even he or she has to
wait a long time. The use of this tag switching case is purposed to emphasize a
The chorus consists of two main languages, Indonesian and English, which
deliver the same song message. The English part only repeats the Indonesian part
means that the speaker wants to address that message to different audience. People
who do not understand Indonesian know the main song message which is
g. Glow
This song consists of eight stanzas and is started with a verse. The verse
uses intersentential switching and consists of two stanzas. The verse is followed
by a chorus which also consists of two stanzas. The first chorus stanza uses
English in first and third line, whiles the second and fourth lines use Indonesian.
Different from first chorus stanza which uses English-Indonesian switching, the
second chorus stanza uses full English. After the chorus, there is a second verse
The first stanza of first verse stanza describes that the speaker is an
ordinary person and she or he does not have a love feeling that the addressee
wanted, but the speaker believes that he or she is shine and will be always shine.
The second stanza also describes the personality of the speaker who cannot just
stand and see when his or her enemy calls his or her name. The speaker will serve
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his enemy. From third and fourth line of this stanza, the listeners know the
Next, the chorus of this song explains that the speaker is a happy person
and the music can be an energy supplier to the speaker. This chorus is followed by
the second verse. In the first stanza of second verse stanzas, the speaker reiterates
that to be happy is only thing that he or she wants. And the next stanzas narrate
that his or her light can burn soul of his or her lover. The background of setting
The code switching case in this song is more complex than the previous
songs. There are some uses of code switching in this song. There are four
intersentential switching cases in this song. All of the uses of switching occur in
verse and chorus parts. There are three patterns of intersentential switching:
intersentential switching from word to word, from sentence to sentence, and from
stanza to stanza.
The intersentential switching from word to word is only found in this song
whose function is repetition the message which makes an effect the word „glow‟
modified form (Gumperz, 1982: 58). The composer of this song wants to make be
bold the English word „glow‟, a word which is similar to the song title because the
English word „glow‟ is the most English word found in this song. The use of the
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word „glow‟ at the beginning of the song and in the first verse stanza mean that
the speaker begins to direct the mind of the listener to pay more attention to the
from sentence to sentence. This usage shows the mood of the speaker. In the
previous sentence, the speaker states that he or she will not allow himself or
The speaker of the song can not just stand, while his or her enemy always call his
or her name. This emotion leads the speaker change the language into English to
present. “The instantaneous present is used with dynamic verb senses to refer to a
single event with little or no duration that occurs at the time of speaking.”
(Greenbaum-Quirk, 1990: 49). The same pattern is found in the sixth stanza. This
intersentential switching also wants to direct the listeners to the main message
state a certain mind. In data (A/ INTER/ VIII) seen that the speaker wants to
deliver what he or she believed in English. The use of present time in that
sentences refer to “unbroken state of affairs that has existed in the past, exsist
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now, and likely to continue to exist in the future. It includes the timeless present,
statement, while the clue of this statement delivers in Indonesian. This feeling
statement is only found in chorus part and uses two types of code switching,
intersentential switching and intrasentential switching, means that one of the main
this case happiness feeling. The use of English verb: „happy‟ is the indicator that
the speaker wants to deliver a certain feeling. Based on Oxford Dictionary, happy
means “showing or causing feeling of pleasure and enjoyment.” (Bull, 1903: 176).
Chorus:
Yeah, I'm happy all of them.
Membuatku merasa,
Oh happy all I though.
Menyentuh bintang-bintang.
(Goeslaw, 2009, stanza 3).
verse part. There is a phrase which composed of Indonesian and English. The
word which also becomes the title of this song: „glow.‟ This repetition is purposed
to make sure that the listeners know what to highlight and be focus of the song.
h. Love Story
The next song which is examined is “Love Story” song. This song is
started with an Indonesian verse. The speaker of this song reveals that whatever
happens in the future, he or she will always try the best to reach his or her beloved
one. This verse is followed by a chorus. This pattern of chorus in this song is quite
unique. The chorus consists of three stanzas and the last stanza of this song only
consists of an English phrase. The chorus restates the statement of the first verse.
The speaker of this song will always struggle to reach his or his beloved one.
There is a simple verse after the chorus. This Indonesian verse just consists of two
lines and again restates the statement of first verse and chorus part. After this
simple verse, the chorus is sung again. To close this song, there is a stanza which
narrates that whatever happens, the speaker‟s and the addressee‟s love will always
be eternal.
From the song lyrics and the explanation above, it is seen that this song
uses simple English words, and the English words: „love story‟ is English words
that most frequently appear in this song. The repetition of this word usage is
caused the speaker wants to give a highlight and a stress in that word. Malik
claims that one of the reasons why people use code switching is to emphasize
English has no a significant role in this song because the usage is limited.
The intersentential switching cases occur in its chorus in a simple pattern, the
verses, themselves, use Indonesian means that this song is addressed to Indonesian
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listeners. Besides in chorus part, the intersentential switching also occurs in coda
part. The words: „love story‟ are repeated third time in coda part to be a closing of
this song.
“I‟m not Diva” song is opened by an English stanza. Different from other
songs, this song has three different chorus stanzas. After the first verse, all three
chorus stanzas are sung. Thus, there is a different verse which is followed by
The first verse shows that the speaker of this song is a woman. It can be
seen from the use of the English words: „diva‟ and „beautiful.‟ According to
music. In the first verse, there are some statements states that the speaker is not
beautiful like a model and an angel and she is not „a plastics girl‟. Thus, the first
chorus narrates that she dares to admit that she like botox, surgery, and tattoo. She
also states that she loves herself. The second chorus narrates that even though she
likes a drama, music, and a drama, she is not a drama queen. The third chorus
states the song message using both English and Indonesian. From this chorus
stanza, the speaker of this song wants to reveal that she is not a diva and a queen,
and she does not hope be a diva or a queen who has luxury and expensive goods.
Inversely with the addressee who always acts like a diva, whereas the addressee
have nothing. To reinforce that the speaker of the song and the addressee are
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different, the speaker repeats the second chorus and third chorus which contains a
There is English tag switching case in this song. The English word „diva‟
always used in this song to fulfill Indonesian lexical need because there is no an
appropriate Indonesian word which can describe the same meaning of the English
There are three choruses in this song, the first and second chorus use
English and state the things that are liked by the speaker. Malik states that when
the speaker of code switching has a certain state of mind, this person uses certain
also shows that the speaker uses English to state the contradiction between the
speaker and the addressee and it is also purposed to show the certain mind of the
speaker which are fed to the addressee. That contradictions include in the use of
the state present means that that facts are timeless present which refer to eternal
truths seen from the speaker point-of-view. The verses of this song use English
which make international listener can know clearly the song message. On the
other hand, the English dictions are simple ones making Indonesia listener who
has an English limitation understanding is able to guess the song message which
want to deliver in English parts. The similar tendency can also be found in the
This song is newest song which uses code switching examined in this
parts. The chorus consists of two stanzas which every single stanza consists of
three lines. The first line of each chorus stanza uses English to deliver song
message. After the chorus, there is a second verse which uses Indonesian. The
same chorus is repeated again after the second verse. Thus, the other three
The opening of this song which uses English asks the addressee who
called with „baby‟ to talk about love. In the next two stanzas which are chorus
part, the speaker says that he or she is so in love with the addressee and she also
needs the addressee. The speaker cannot imagine if his or her life is without the
addressee. The speaker also does not like to reveal others about his or her love
story because that is a private thing is the message which wants to reveals in the
second verse. Then, the same chorus is repeated. After the chorus, there is the
third verse which wants to narrate that the speaker believes that the addressee is
created to accompany the speaker and the speaker can accept all the goodness and
badness of the addressee because the speaker is so in love with the addressee.
The first stanza of this song using English to deliver the message song is
an invitation from the speaker to the addressee to talk about a spesific topic: love.
Love is something which shows a feeling of strong affection for a person. Some
people think that love is a personal topic. Intersentential switching from English
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stanza to Indonesian stanza means that the speaker wants to state a certain mind,
in this case the topic is about love. The other intersentential switching cases from
the English sentence to the Indonesian sentence are found in the chorus part. The
reason of this switching is the speaker states his or her love feeling to the
addressee. The same reason is also found in the fifth stanza and last stanza. In the
last line of that stanza, the speaker switches the language from Indonesian to
English. Love is a stative verb refers to the use of the state present. State present is
The word „baby‟ is used to call the addressee who has a close relation with
the speaker. The word „baby‟ is not analyzed in this research because it is not
categorized into code switching. The frequency of the English word „baby‟ is
more than three times in the corpus of data, so it is categorized into loan word.
“Any word that appears at least three times in a corpus of data is a loanword.”
(Myers, 1993: 207). The word „baby‟ repeats the English word which has been
used since the beginning of the song, which uses English. Thus, that habit makes
that word is used in the Indonesian sentences to call the addressee. The patterns of
English usage also have a similarity to previous songs. English does not have a
song. The English dictions are simple ones and are repeatedly sung in some
components of the song. This song is the only song examined which has a word
bridge. The difference makes the listeners have an affinity with this song.
From the analysis above, it is found that there are six reasons why code
mood of the speaker (stating certain feeling and mind), emphasizing certain point,
attention. The other reasons is not found in ten Indonesian lyrics examined
because the data are not extensive enough or the settings are not require for the
The additional finding from the analysis in this sub-section is the code
switching cases occur in title, verse, chorus, bridge, refrain and coda. The hook is
only the component of the song which does not use code switching because all of
the Indonesian songs examined in this research use instrumental hook. This
Estrella‟s Theory.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The first question which has to be answered is identifying the types of code
second one is finding the reason why that parts of the song lyric use code
switching to delivery the message. The analysis uses two main theories, namely
Theory. There are three types of code switching which are used in ten Indonesian
song lyrics. The first one is tag switching. There are four cases of tag switching
found in three songs, namely in the song “Let‟s Dance Together,” “Butterfly,” and
“I‟m not Diva.” There are also five cases of intrasentential code switching found
in “I‟m Falling in Love,” “Selamanya Cinta,” “Glow,” and “I‟m not Diva.” The
intersentential switching is the type of code switching which is the most widely
used. There are twenty one cases of intersentential code switching cases found in
eight song lyrics. “I‟m Sorry Goodbye”, “Let‟s Dance Together”, “My Heart”,
“Butterfly”, “Glow”, “Love Story”, “I‟m not Diva”, and “Let‟s Talk about Love”
In order to answer the second problem formulation, the researcher uses ten
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Two songs have this reason: “Let‟s Dance Together” and “I‟m not Diva.”
The type of switching in both songs includes in the tag switching case;
This reason is used when the speaker has a certain state of mind and
feeling. He or she finds certain English expressions which represent his or her
feeling. Three songs have the reason in the intrasentential case: “I‟m Falling in
Love,” “Glow”and “I‟m not Diva.” Three songs use this reason in intersentential
This reason is used in all three types of code switching. The title of the
song which uses this reason in tag switching is “Butterfly.” There are also three
songs using this reason in intersentential switching case: “I‟m Sorry Goodbye,”
“Glow,” and “Love Story.” All of the songs which use this reason have the same
words with the song title, either partially or entirety and those words are
constantly repeated;
4. Semantic significance
an important and meaningful linguistics and social information. The only song
switching case. In this song, the speaker of the song changes the language to
The different languages are used to convey when they are targeted to the
6. Driving attention
Indonesian title when there is a code switching case in the component of its song.
The listeners of the song can not recognize that use of code switching until the
intrasentential switching appears at the end of the song. This use of code switcing
After analyzing those ten Indonesian song lyrics, there are just six reasons
the speaker (stating certain feeling and mind), emphasizing certain point, a
audience‟s attention.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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University of Michigan, 1999.
Davidson, Miriam and Kiya Heartwood. Songwriting for Beginners. New York:
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Davies, Eirlys and Abdelali Bentahila. “Code Switching and the Globalization of
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Fong, Choy Wai. Functions and Reasons for Code Switching on Facebook by
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ichaa-aboutme.blogspot.com/2011/02/lirik-im-not-diva-by-melly-
goeslaw.html). April 24, 2014.
Goslaw, Melly. I’m Sorry Goodbye. Wow Keren. n.p. n.d. (http://www.wowkeren.
com/lirik/krisdayanti/i-m-sorry-goodbye.html#ixzz2V697CMxP). June 1,
2013.
Goeslaw Melly. Let’s Dance Together. Kumpulan Lirik Lagu Pilihan. Workpress.
n.d. (http://nugsong.wordpress.com/2007/02/13/lets-dance-together/).
April 24, 2014.
Goeslaw Melly. Love Story. Lirik Lagu Terbaru. Blogspot. n.d. (http://liriklagu-
liriklagu.blogspot.com/2011/01/lirik-lagu-melly-goeslaw-featirwansyah.
html). June 1, 2013.
Goeslaw Melly. My Heart. Lirik Lagu Terbaru. Kapan Lagi Com. n.d.
(http://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/irwansyah/my_heart_%2528feat._acha_se
ptriasa%2529). June 1, 2013.
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Waynu Dongs”. Language, Meaning, and Society. Vol. 2. (2009): p. 69.
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Milroy, Lesley and Pieter Muysken. One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-
Disciplinary Perspectives on Code-Switching. New York: Cambridge
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Myers, Mike and C. Scotton. Social Motivation for Code Switching: Evidence
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Poplack, S., Sankoff, D. and Miller, C. “The Social Correlates and Linguistic
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2014.
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APPENDIX
Chorus:
Dan ku t'lah jatuh cinta,
ku wanita dan engkau lelaki.
Perasaanku berkata, I'm falling in love.
Sang cinta mendekatlah, malam menyanggupi jadi saksi.
Hati kecilku berkata, I'm falling in love, I'm falling in love.
(Back to Chorus)
(http://www.liriklagumuzika.com/2009/01/lirik-lagu-im-falling-in-love-melly-
goeslow-ft.html#ixzz2V67qiOJs accessed in 1 June 2013).
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Chorus:
Let’s dance together,
get on the dance floor.
The party won’t start,
if you stand still like that.
Let’s dance together,
let’s party and turn off the lights.
Berdiri semua
di ruang yg redup
bercahaya bagai kilat.
(Back to Chorus)
(http://nugsong.wordpress.com/2007/02/13/lets-dance-together/ accessed in 24
April 2014).
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My Heart
My heart
(http://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/irwansyah/my_heart_%2528feat._acha_septriasa
%2529 accessed in 1 June 2013).
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Chorus:
Maafkan ku harus pergi,
ku tak suka dengan ini.
Aku tak bodoh,
seperti kekasihmu yang lain.
(Back to Chorus)
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(http://www.wowkeren.com/lirik/krisdayanti/i-m-sorry-
goodbye.html#ixzz2V697CMxP accessed in 1 June 2013).
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Selamanya Cinta
Chorus:
Aku kamu jatuh cinta
walau kita berbeda.
Cubit aku biar jelas.
Aku sedang tertidur,
aku bukan bermimpi.
Chorus:
Aku kamu jatuh cinta
walau kita berbeda.
Cubit aku biar jelas.
Aku sedang tertidur,
aku bukan bermimpi.
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(http://nrulfziah.blogspot.com/2012/07/soundtrack-18-forever-love.html accessed
in 1 June 2013).
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Butterfly
Chorus:
Butterfly terbanglah tinggi,
setinggi anganku untuk meraihmu.
Memeluk batinmu yang sempat kacau
karna merindu.
Biar ku berlebihan
mendekatimu,
namun ku tunggu.
(http://www.liriklagumuzika.com/2009/01/lirik-lagu-butterfly-melly-goeslow-
ft.html#ixzz2V67qiOJs accessed in 1 June 2013).
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Glow
Chorus:
Yeah, I'm happy all of them.
Membuatku merasa,
Oh happy all I though.
Menyentuh bintang-bintang
(Back to Chorus)
(http://lyricsalls.blogspot.com/2009/07/melly-goeslaw-glow.html accessed in 1
June 2013).
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Love Story
Chorus:
Love story, let’s make a history.
Sejarah cinta kita menguasai bumi.
Mengalahkan semua yang paling terindah.
Love story
(Back to Chorus)
(http://liriklagu-liriklagu.blogspot.com/2011/01/lirik-lagu-melly-goeslaw-feat-
irwansyah.html accessed in 1 June 2013).
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Chorus 1:
I like a botox.
I like a surgery.
I like a tatoo.
I’m happy to be who I am.
Chorus 2:
I like music.
I like movie.
I like drama.
I don’t like to be a drama queen.
Chorus 3:
Ku bukan diva.
Aku bukan ratu.
Bagai mahkota,
Atau kembang goyang.
Maunya mewah.
Maunya mahal.
Itu bukan aku.
Jangan tersinggung,
I’m not talking about you.
Just having fun
(Repeat chorus 2)
(Repeat chorus 3)
(http://clarissaichaa-aboutme.blogspot.com/2011/02/lirik-im-not-diva-by-melly-
goeslaw.html accessed in 24 April 2014).
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Chorus:
Baby, I love you.
Ku temukan cinta sejati di kamu,
hanya dengan kamu.
(Back to Chorus)
(http://lyricsalls.blogspot.com/2012/12/lirik-lagu-melly-goeslaw-lets-talk.html
accessed in 1 June 2013).