ANTHROPOLOGY

 It is a compound of two Greek words, ‘Anthropos ‘ and

‘Logos’, which can be translated as ‘Human’ and Reason’,
respectively.

 Anthropology means ‘REASON ABOUT HUMANS’, or

‘KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HUMANS’.

 Social Anthropology would then mean Knowledge about CLIFFORD GEERTS

humans in societies. 1973

CULTURE  PROMINENT ANTHROPOLOGIST

 The word ‘Culture’, which is also crucial to the discipline,  Expressed a similar view in an essay which essentially deals
originates from the Latin ‘COLERE’ which means cultivate. with the differences between humans and animals.

 Nevertheless carries with its basic ambiguity. On the hand,  If we want to discover what man amounts to, we can only
every human is equally cultural. find it in what men are, and what men are, above all other
things, is various.
 Alternative ways of conceptualizing culture were
proposed as unbounded:  It is in understanding that variousness - it’s range, it’s
nature, it’s basis and it’s implications.
 CULTURAL FLOWS
 Construct a concept of human nature that, more than a
statistical shadow and less than a PRIMITIVIST DREAM,
has both substance and truth.

PRIMITIVISM

 Mode of aesthetic idealization that either emulates or

 aspires to recreate “Primitive” experience.
 Defined as a philosophical doctrine that considers
 FIELDS OF DISCOURSE
“primitive” peoples as more noble than civilized peoples
and was an offshoot of a nostalgia for a lost Eden or
Golden Age.
 Belief in superiority of a simple Way of life close to nature.
 Belief in superiority of nonindustrial society to that of the
present.

IDEALISM

 Identifies and describes metaphysical perspectives which

assert that reality is indistinguishable and inseparable from

human perception and understanding.
TRADITIONS OF KNOWLDEGE
 Metaphysical view that associates reality to ideas in the
mind rather than to material objects.

 It lays emphasis on the mental or spiritual components of

experience.

PLATO

 Father of idealism
 Believed therer are two worlds, the spiritual (eternal) and
the appearance (senses)
What is Idealistic person?

 A person who cherishes or pursue high or noble principles,

purposes, goals, etc.

 A visionary or impractical person. A person who

represents things as they might should be, rather than as
HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION
they are.
 There are two primary factors that shape the behavior of
 Idealistic – you dream of perfection, whether yourself or
human groups. These are Environment and History.
other people.
 The behavior which serves as an adaptive tool for the
 Ex. – you might have the idealistic goal of bringing an end
varied stimuli projected by the environment, is influence
to childhood poverty in the world. But how?
by beliefs, practices, and possessions.
 Like to think how to make things better. They want to be
 The set of behavior from human traditions are came from
of the highest standard and often have ambitious goals
a constant practice that will assed from generation to next
that maybe challenging to achieve.
generations.
ETHNOCENTRISM
CULTURAL VARIATION
 Greek word “ethnos” means people.
 Established when a group of human being experiences
 Evaluating other people from one’s own vantage-point differing environmental conditions.
literally place at the centre.
Example : which is the clothing of the people in baguio and from
 Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions pangasinan?
originating in the standards and customs of one’s own
Answer : we observed people from upland always wearing thick
culture.
clothing than us lowlanders.
 Belief in the superiority of your own culture that results
This is because of the weather we are experiencing. Same as
from judging other cultures by your own cultural ideas
through to Filipinos and the Skimos of Alaska.
 EX,
1. Judging other Countries’ Diets CULTURAL VARIATION OF NATIONALITY & ETHNICITY
2. Expecting others to Speak English
3. Chopsticks Vs Western Cutlery  NATIONALITY – A group of people who share the same
4. An Idiot Abroad history, traditions and language, and who inhabits in a
particular territory delineated by a political border and
CULTURE RELATIVISM controlled by the government.

 Posited as the opposite of Ethnocentrism.  ETHNIC GROUPS – Within the nation are the smaller
cultural groups that share specific environments,
 Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs and
traditions, and histories that are not necessarily subscribed
practices should be understood based on that person's
by the mainstream culture.
own culture. Proponents of cultural relativism also tend to
argue that the norms and values of one culture should not 5 Social differences
be evaluated using the norms and values of another.
1. GENDER
1. Gesture of extending one’s hand to shake the hand of 2. SEX
another person as a way of greeting. 3. SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
2. Mano Po 4. POLITICAL IDENTITY
3. Greetings of God Morning, Good Afternoon, Good 5. RELIGION
Evening.
4. Be Gentle / Gentleman  GENDER – refers to the socially constructed
5. Harana
roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that a
given society considers appropriate for men and
women.
 SEX – A Biological characteristic of human such male or
female.
 TYPES OF GENDER
 HETEROSEXUAL – A person with this gender is
inclined to be sexually attracted to a person of
the opposite sex.
 HOMOSEXUAL – A person that is sexually
attracted to the same sex.
 GAY – Romantically and sexually attracted to
male.
 LESBIAN – Romantically and sexually attracted to
female.
 BISEXUAL – Individuals who are attracted to
both sex.
 ASEXUAL – A totally incapable of being attracted
to any sex.
 POLYSEXUAL – Attracted to multiple types of
gender identity
 PANSEXUAL – Accommodates all types of
gender.
 There are people whose gender identities do not match on
their biological identity as male or female. These people
classify themselves as TRANSGENDER.
 There sexual orientation is not related to their GENETALIA,
which allow them to identify with other type of gender.
 Under this category are people who allow themselves as
TRANSEXUAL.
 TRANSEXUAL – these individuals believe that the discord
between their internal gender and the gender role that
they have to perform can be addressed through medical
sexual reassignment.
Socioeconomic class
 GLOBAL SOUTH – The developing countries that perceive
poverty.
 Refers broadly to the regions of Latin America,
Asia, Africa, and Oceana. It is one of a family of
terms, including “THIRD WORLD COUNTRY”
( Though not All) low-income and often
politically or culturally marginalized.
 WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL
SOUTH?
 Ans : Countries in Global south suffer from
POVERTY, LACK OF HUMAN RIGHTS, and the
DEPLETION and ABUSE of NATURAL RESOURCES.
 GLOBAL NORTH – The developed countries and
industrialized nations.
 Encompasses the rich and powerful regions such as
NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE, CANADA, AUSTRALIA, RUSSIA,
ISRAEL, JAPAN, NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, SOUTH
KOREA, TAIWAN and UNITED STATES.
 WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF GLOBAL NORTH?
 Ans : The North had a strong navy, which meant they had
very well trained sailors and technically advanced ships
and ammunition. They also have a large fleet of private
trading ships, which provided goods from other countries
that helped the soldiers on the battlefield.
 WHAT IS THE OLD NAME OF GLOBAL NORTH?
 It is called FIRST WORLD COUNTRY during 1970s in
recognition of the greater economic and political power of
the third world country.
 POLITICAL IDENTITY – refers to the set of attitudes and
practices that an individual adheres to in relation to the
political systems and actors within his or her society.
 RELIGION – The belief in and worship of a superhuman
controlling power especially a personal God or Gods.
 Monotheistic – believing in the existence of one God.
 Polytheistic – Believing in the existence of multiple Gods.\
Subdisciplines of anthropology
 ARCHEOLOGY – Examines the remains of ancient and
historical populations to promote an understanding of
how humans adapted to their environment and
developed.
 CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY – Promotes the study of a
society’s culture through their belief systems, practices
and possessions.
 LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY – Examines language of
group of people and its relation to their culture.
 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY – Looks into biological
development of humans and their contemporary variation.
 APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY – Attempts to solve
contemporary problems through the application of
theories and approaches of the discipline.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
 CULTURE IS EVERYTHING – It is what a person has, does
and thinks as part of society. This implies all of person’s
belief system, set of behaviors and material possessions.
 MATERIAL CULTURE – Includes all tangible and visible
parts of culture, which includes clothes, foods and even
buildings.
7 types of sociology
 NONMATERIAL CULTURE – Includes all intangible parts of
culture, which consist of values, ideas and knowledge.
 CULTURE IS LEARNED – Culture is set of beliefs, attitudes
and practices that an individual learns through his or her
family, church and other social institutions.
 Enculturation – is a process of learning your own culture.
 Acculturation – is a process of accommodating desirable
traits from other culture.
 Deculturation – culture has been lost and even cultural
trait itself is in the process of being forgotten.
 CULTURE IS SHARED – this implies that a particular
behavior cannot be considered al a culture if there is only
one person practicing it. Culture is shared
intergenerational.
 Multiple generations of people intermingle or come
together like a household where great grandmother,
grandmother, parents, and child all live together.
 CULTURE AFFECTS BIOLOGY – Humans are born into
cultures that have values and beauty and body. As such,
they alter their bodies to fit physiological norms that are
dictated by their culture.
 CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE – Culture is a tool for survival that
humans use in response to the pressures of their
environment.
 CULTURE IS MALADAPTIVE – Culture can also cause
problems for the people who subscribe to it. These
problems arise when environment is change and culture
has remained the same.
 CULTURE CHANGES – The final characteristic of culture it is
never static. This dynamism of culture is due to changing
needs of human as they interpret and survive in their
environment.
SOCIOLOGY
AUGUSTe COMTE – FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY
Study of “Scientific study of society, including patterns of
Social relationships, Social interactions, and Culture”.
 The study of the development, structure, and functioning
of human society.
 The study of Social Problems.
 Sociology focuses on the systematic understanding of
social interaction, social organization, social institutions,
and social change
 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY -
 SOCIAL CHANGE
 HUMAN ECOLOGY
 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS
 APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
 SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS AND RESEARCH
1. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION - the system of relationships
between persons and among groups with regard to the
division of activity and the functional arrangement of
mutual obligations within society.
2. SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Social psychology
(sociology), known as sociological social psychology, and
sometimes as psychological sociology, is an area of
sociology that focuses on social actions and on
interrelations of personality, values, and mind with social
structure and culture.
3. SOCIAL CHANGE - Social change is the alteration of the
social order of a society which may include changes in
social institutions, social behavior’s or social relations.
4. HUMAN ECOLOGY - Human ecology is an interdisciplinary
and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between
humans and their natural, social, and built environments.
(An example of social system - ecosystem
interaction: destruction of marine animals by commercial
fishing).
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION - the system of relationships between
persons and among groups with regard to the division of
activity and the functional arrangement of mutual obligations
within society.
SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Social psychology
(sociology), known as sociological social psychology, and
sometimes as psychological sociology, is an area of sociology
that focuses on social actions and on interrelations of
personality, values, and mind with social structure and culture.
SOCIAL CHANGE - Social change is the alteration of the social
order of a society which may include changes in social
institutions, social behavior’s or social relations
IMPORTANT terminologies in sociology

• SCIENTIFIC – Refers to the methodological and theoretical

rigor that sociology applies in its study of society and
human behavior.

• SOCIETY – Is the product of human interactions as humans

subscribe to the rules other culture.

• SOCIAL INTERACTION – Compilation of ways and means by

which humans interact with each other within the confines
of a society.

• SOCIAL ORGANIZATION – refers to the interrelationship

(two or more things is related to each other/others) parts
of society.

• ROLES – set of accepted behaviors that define the

individual’s responses and inclinations (a person's natural
tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way).

• GROUP – basic unit of organization. (a number of people

who work together or share certain beliefs.)

• INSTITUTIONS – It is established when roles, statuses, and

groups are perpetuated within the context of a society. (a
society or organization founded for a religious,
educational, social, or similar purpose.) an established law,
practice, or custom.