Electrical Engineering Lab 3rd SEMESTER

Lab Instructor: Engr. Ali Hassan

Session: ME-14 Section: C Workstation No: 4
Group Details
Names Registration No. Lab Performance Listen
Lab Report Total
(4) Learnt/
(4) (10)
Viva (2)
Bilal Kamran 403281
Hammas Naveed 407747
Arslan Rafique 426229
M. Hannan 418402

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Title: -
Measuring the resistance of different combinations of resistors on a breadboard.

Objective: -
• To learn about color coding in resistors.
• To learn about DC multimeters.
• To make series, parallel, and series-parallel combinations of resistors.
• To learn why the theoretical resistance is almost always different from the experimental
resistance.
Components required/Used: -
• Wires.
• Resistor.
Equipment required/Used: -
• Digital Multimeter.
• A breadboard.

Procedure: -
1) Take resistors and calculate their resistance through color coding.
2) Connect the multi-meter to the power supply.
3) Connect probes to multi-meter.
4) Take the resistors and make the series combination of resistors and measure equivalent
resistance with a multi-meter as well as through formula.
5) Now make a circuit of parallel combination and measure equivalent resistance with multi-
meter as well as through formula.
6) Now make a series-parallel circuit and measure equivalent resistance with multi-meter as
well as through formula.
7) The readings of multi-meter are experimental values while those from the formula are
theoretical.
8) Now calculate the percentage error.
Simulations:
1) M.Hannan 418402
Series:

M Hannan 418402
Parallel:

M Hannan 418402
Combination:

M Hannan 418402
2) Arslan Rafique 426229
Series:

Arslan Rafique 426229

Parallel:

Arslan Rafique 426229

Combination:

Arslan Rafique 426229

3) Bilal Kamran 403281
Series:

Bilal Kamran 403281

Parallel:

Bilal Kamran 403281

Combination:

Bilal Kamran 403281

 4) Hammas Naveed 407747
Series:

Hammas Naveed 407747

Parallel:

Hammas Naveed 407747

Combination:

Hammas Naveed 407747

Hardware:

No. Coded Resistance(Ω)

1 3300
2 680
3 10000
4 2200

Series:
Equivalent Resistance = R1+R2+R3+R4
Theoretical resistance =3300+680+10000+2200
= 16180 Ω
Experimental resistance = 16102Ω
Result:

16180−16120
%Error= ∗ 100
16180

= 0.48%
Parallel:

1 1 1 1 1
= + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅4
Equivalent Resistance R1

Theoretical Resistance = 428.20Ω

Experimental resistance = 429.52 Ω
Result:

429.52−428.5
%Error= ∗ 100
428.2

= 0.308%

Combination:

Equivalent Resistance= R series + R parallel

Theoretical Resistance = 12000Ω
Experimental Resistance = 11975Ω
Result:

12000−11975
%Error= ∗ 100
12000

= 0.21%
Results and discussion:
We concluded that measuring resistance in a circuit without any voltage source is relatively
easier than the one through which current flows. We learned about the color coding of resistors
and used that information to compare with our experimental results. We calculated both the
theoretical and experimental results and noticed a tiny bit of error which is inevitable.

Experiment Theoretical answer Experimental answer Percentage error

(Ω) (Ω) (%)
Series 16180 16102 0.48
Parallel 428.20 429.52 0.308
Combination 12000 11975 0.21

This error can be due to the following reasons.

• Loose connection.
• No proper contact.
• Faulty apparatus.
• Temperature.
• Contact resistance in the contacts in a breadboard.
Resistance of some resistors varies with temperature, So the resistance can vary. To minimize these
errors, it's essential to be aware of the potential sources of error and take appropriate precautions, such
as using good-quality components, ensuring proper connections, and selecting the right measurement
range on your multi-meter. Additionally, calibration and periodic maintenance of your equipment can
help maintain measurement accuracy.

Lesson learnt:
01) We learnt how to use multi-meter to measure resistance. (M. Hannan)
02) We learnt how to make different circuits on breadboards with the help of resistors. (Bilal
Kamran)
03) We learnt about the resistance of us humans. (Hammas Naveed)
04) We learnt about the safety precautions to be followed while doing work. (Arslan Rafique)