CJYL^JH YGHDJFWCWJH

Y^JBTEB BCEHEB BGYG^J[JTJH BJ^DELQJPBWCG^

JPWFJH BGYG^J[JTJH YJDJ JHJB DGHKJH YGHUJBET
TFJCJPGMEJ

LCGF?

P^E YWT^E OJHHJF.N

:60::9>;4
EEE.@

DLPGH YGMNEMNEHK?
YGMNEMNEHK?
Fo. Teshjwjte P,PeT , M. Bgs

Y^LDE D-EEE BGYG^J[JTJH YJDJHK

YLCTGBBGP BGMGHBGP YJDJHK
 NJN E
YGHDJFWCWJH
J. Cjtjr
Cjtjr Ngcjbj
Ngcjbjhk
hk
Tfjcj
Tfjcjsg
sgmej
mej mgru
mgrupj
pjbjh
bjh pg
pghy
hyjb
jbet
et bg
bgcje
cjehj
hjh
h dj
djrj
rjf
f nj
njwj
wjjh
jh yj
yjhk
hk de
detjh
tjhdj
djee
dghkjh dgaeseghse oumcjf prldubse rjhtje kclneh yjhk spgseaeb djcjm fgmlkclneh

(Fl`bghngrry & [ecslh, >995). Mghurut Yltts djh Mjhdcg`l (>99;) tfjcjsgmej
jdjcjf kjhkkujh kghgteb jutlslm rgsgsea yjhk deturuhbjh, dghkjh bjrjbtgresteb
jdjhy
jdjhyjj kjhkk
kjhkkujh
ujh sehtgses
sehtgses rjhtje
rjhtje fgmlk
fgmlkcln
clneh.
eh. Tfjcjsg
Tfjcjsgmej
mej jdjcjf
jdjcjf sgbgcl
sgbgclmpl
mplb
b
kjhkku
kjhkkujh
jh djrjf
djrjf yjhk
yjhk deturuh
deturuhbjh
bjh,, yjhk
yjhk desgnj
desgnjnbj
nbjh
h bjrghj
bjrghj jdjhy
jdjhyjj dgagb
dgagb pjdj
pjdj
sehtgses sjtu jtju cgnef rjhtje fgmlkclneh (Muh`eg & @jmpngcc, >995).

Tfjc
Tfjcjs
jsgm
gmej
ej mgru
mgrupj
pjbj
bjh
h pghy
pghyjb
jbet
et jhgm
jhgmej
ej fg
fgml
mlce
cete
teb
b fg
fgrg
rgde
detg
tgrr yjh
jhk
k
detu
deturu
ruhb
hbjh
jh sg`jr
sg`jrjj rg
rgsg
sgsea
sea.. Detjh
Detjhdj
djee lcgf
lcgf dg
dgaes
aeseg
eghs
hsee pr
prld
ldub
ubse
se kc
kcln
lneh
eh pj
pjdj
dj
fgmlk
fgmlkcln
clneh,
eh, demjhj
demjhj tgrojde
tgrojde bgrusj
bgrusjbjh
bjh sgc djrjf
djrjf mgrjf
mgrjf de djcjm
djcjm pgmnuc
pgmnucuf
uf
djrjf sgfehkkj umur gretrlset mghojde pghdgb (burjhk djre :99 fjre) (Uuwlhl,
>9:>).
Tfjcjsgmej jdjcjf pghyjbet bgcjehjh djrjf yjhk dewjresbjh lcgf lrjhktuj
bg
bgpj
pjdj
dj jh
jhjb
jb.. Tfjc
Tfjcjsg
jsgme
mejj mgmp
mgmpgh
ghkj
kjruf
rufee bg
bgmj
mjmp
mpuj
ujh
h dj
djcj
cjm
m mghk
mghkfj
fjsec
secbj
bjh
h
fgmlkc
fgmlkclne
lneh
h yjhk
yjhk ngrjbe
ngrjbenjt
njt pjdj
pjdj pghyjb
pghyjbet
et jhgmej
jhgmej.. Fgmlkc
Fgmlkclne
lneh
h jdjcjf
jdjcjf sujtu
sujtu
prltgeh djcjm sgc djrjf mgrjf yjhk mghkjhkbut lbsekgh djh hutrese cjehhyj bg
sgc-sgc cjehhyj
cjehhyj djcjm tunuf. Pgbetjr :99.999
:99.999 njye de sgcuruf
sgcuruf duhej
duhej tgrcjfer
tgrcjfer dghkjh
dghkjh
oghes tfjcjssgmej ngrnjfjyj sgtejp tjfuhhyj. Tfjcjssgmej tgrutjmj mghempj
bgtu
bgturu
ruhj
hjh
h Et
Etjc
jcej
ej,, Uuhj
Uuhjhe
he,, Temu
Temurr Tghk
Tghkjf
jf,, Jsej
Jsej dj
djh
h Jare
Jarebj
bj.. Jdj
Jdj du
dujj og
oghe
hess
tfjcjssgmej yjetu jcpfj djh ngtj. Bgduj oghes tfjcjssgmej ehe dewjresbjh dghkjh
`jrj yjhk sjmj. Yghyjbet ehe deturuhbjh lcgf lrjhktuj yjhk mgmecebe mutjtgd
kgh jtju kgh mutjse tfjcjssgmej. Pglrjhk jhjb yjhk mgwjrese sjtu kgh mutjse
desgnut
desgnut pgmnjw
pgmnjwjj jtju `jrregr
`jrregr,, jtju yjhk
yjhk desgnu
desgnutt oukj
oukj dghkjh
dghkjh tfjcjss
tfjcjssgme
gmejj trjet
trjet
(seajt tfjcjssgmej).
tfjcjssgmej). Bgnjhyjbjh
Bgnjhyjbjh pgmnjwj ehe fedup hlrmjc djh sgfjt. Jhjb yjhk
mgwjrese duj seajt kgh, de mjhj sjtu djre enu djh sjtu djre jyjf, jbjh mgmpuhyje
pghyjbet tfjcjssgmej. Oebj njeb enu mjupuh jyjf jdjcjf pgmnjwj, bgmuhkbehjh
jhjb
jhjb mgwj
mgwjre
rese
se duj
duj se
seaj
ajtt kgh,
kgh, jtju
jtju dghk
dghkjh
jh bj
bjtj
tj cj
cjeh
eh mgmp
mgmpuh
uhy
yje pg
pghy
hyjb
jbet
et
tf
tfjcj
jcjssg
ssgme
mej,
j, jd
jdjc
jcjf
jf sg
sgng
ngsj
sjrr >7 pg
pgrs
rsgh
gh.. Jhjb
Jhjb dj
djre
re pj
pjsjh
sjhkj
kjh
h pg
pgmn
mnjw
jwjj ou
oukj
kj
mgmpuhyje 79 pgrsgh bgmuhkbehjh cjfer sgnjkje pgmnjwj.
Oghe
Oghess pj
pjceh
cehk
k ng
ngrn
rnjf
jfjy
jyjj dj
djre
re jcpfj
jcpfj tf
tfjc
jcjss
jssgm
gmej
ej yjhk tgrut
tgrutjm
jmjj mghe
mghemp
mpjj
 bgturuhjh Jsej Tghkkjrj, @ehj djh Aecepehj mghygnjnbjh bgmjtejh pjdj ojnjhk
njye jtju njye njru cjfer. Pgmghtjrj etu, jhjb yjhk mgwjrese duj kgh mutjse ngtj
tf
tfjcj
jcjssg
ssgme
mejj jb
jbjh
jh mghd
mghdgr
gretj
etj pg
pghy
hyjb
jbet
et ng
ngtj
tj tf
tfjcj
jcjssg
ssgme
mej.
j. Jhjb
Jhjb eh
ehee mgme
mgmeceb
cebee
pghyjbet tfjcjssgmej rehkjh yjhk desgnut dghkjh tfjcjssgmej ehtgrmgdej yjhk
mghygnjnbjh jhgmej rehkjh sgfehkkj se jhjb tedjb mgmgrcubjh trjhsause djrjf.

Oghes tfjcjss
Oghes tfjcjssgme
gmejj yjhk
yjhk cgnef
cgnef ngrjt
ngrjt jdjcjf
jdjcjf tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej mjolr
mjolr jtju
jtju desgnu
desgnutt oukj
oukj
dghkjh @llcgy's Jhgmej. Yghdgretj pghyjbet ehe mgmgrcubjh trjhsause djrjf djh
pgrjwjtjh yjhk ehtghsea. Jhjb-jhjb yjhk mghdgretj tfjcjsgmej mjolr mucje
mghuhoubbjh kgojcj-kgojcj pghyjbet ehe pjdj usej duj tjfuh pgrtjmj. Jhjb-jhjb
ehe
ehe tgrc
tgrcef
efjt
jt pu`jt
u`jt,, cgsu
cgsu djh
djh mgmp
mgmpu
uhy
hyje
je hja
jasu
su mjb
mjbjh rg
rgh
hdj
djf
f, sg
sgf
feh
ehk
kkj
mghygnjnbjh pgrtumnufjhhyj tgrcjmnjt.
Tjhpj
Tjhpj pgrjwjt
pgrjwjtjh
jh mgdeb,
mgdeb, cempj,
cempj, ojhtuh
ojhtuhk
k djh fjte
fjte mghojd
mghojdee mgmngs
mgmngsjr.
jr. De
sjmpehk
sjmpehk etu,
etu, tucjhk
tucjhk-tuc
-tucjhk
jhk tumnuf
tumnuf bg`ec
bg`ec djh rjpuf.
rjpuf. Kjkjc
Kjkjc ojhtuh
ojhtuhk
k djh ehagbs
ehagbsee
mghojde pghygnjn utjmj bgmjtejh jhjb-jhjb pghdgretj tfjcjssgmej mjolr yjhk

tedjb mghdjp
tedjb mghdjpjtjt pgrjwjt
pgrjwjtjh
jh sgmgsteh
sgmgstehyj
yj.. Njke
Njke jhjb-j
jhjb-jhjb
hjb pghdgr
pghdgretj
etj tfjcjss
tfjcjssgme
gmejj
mjolr, trjhsause djrjf djh suhtebjh jhtenelte` sjhkjt depgrcubjh.
Trjhsa
Trjhsause
use djrjf
djrjf yjhk
yjhk ruteh
ruteh mghojk
mghojkjj tehkbjt
tehkbjt fgmlkc
fgmlkclne
lneh
h djrjf
djrjf mghdgb
mghdgbjte
jte
hlrmjc. Hjmuh, trjhsause djrjf yjhk decjbubjh ngrbjce-bjce oukj mgmpuhyje gagb
sjmpe
sjmpehk
hk,, yjetu
jetu pg
pghk
hkgh
ghdjp
djpjh
jh ng
ngse
se dj
djcj
cjm
m tu
tunu
nuf
f yjhk dj
djpj
pjtt mghy
mghygn
gnjn
jnbjh
bjh
bgrusjbjh fjte, ojhtuhk djh lrkjh- lrkjh tunuf cjeh.
Yghyj
Yghyjbet
bet tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej mjsef
mjsef burjhk
burjhk debghj
debghjcc lcgf
lcgf mjsyjrjb
mjsyjrjbjt.
jt. Yjdjfj
Yjdjfjc,
c, de
Ehdl
Ehdlhg
hgsej
sej tgrdj
tgrdjpj
pjtt nj
njhy
hyjb
jb pg
pghd
hdgre
gretj
tj pg
pghy
hyjbe
jbett bg
bgcje
cjehj
hjh
h dj
djrjf
rjf yjhk ng
ngrs
rseaj
eajtt
detu
deturu
ruhb
hbjh
jh sg
sg`j
`jrj
rj kg
kghg
hgteb
teb dj
djh
h nj
njhy
hyjb
jb tgrde
tgrdestr
stren
enus
usee de Js
Jsej
ej eh
ehe.
e. Yg
Ygh`
h`gk
gkjfj
jfjh
h

tfjcjsgmejpuh sucet decjbubjh bjrghj mehemhyj pgrfjtejh mjsyjrjbjt djh sjrjhj

yjhk demecebe lcgf tgmpjt pgcjyjhjh bgsgfjtjh de Ehdlhgsej.
N. ^umusj
^umusjh
h Mjsj
Mjsjcjf
cjf
Njkjemjhj jsufjh bgpgrjwjtjh bjrdelvjsbucgr pjdj jhjb dghkjh Tfjcjsgmej
@. Tuou
Tuoujh
jh
:. Tuou
Tuoujh
jh Wmum
Wmum
Mjmpu
Mjmpu mghdgs
mghdgsbre
brepse
psebjh
bjh jsufjh
jsufjh bgpgrjw
bgpgrjwjtjh
jtjh bjrdel
bjrdelvjs
vjsbu
bucgr
cgr pjdj
pjdj jhjb
jhjb
dghkjh Tfjcjsgmej
>. Tuou
Tuoujh
jh Bfus
Bfusus
us

j. Mjmp
Mjmpu u mghd
mghdgs
gsbr
brep
epseb
sebjh
jh pg
pghk
hkbj
bjoej
oejh
h bg
bgpg
pgrjw
rjwjtj
jtjh
h pj
pjdj
dj jh
jhjb
jb dg
dghk
hkjh
jh
Tfjcjsgmej
n. Mjmpu mghdgsbrepsebjh dejkhlses bgpgrjwjtjh pjdj jhjb dghkjh
Tfjcjsgmej
`. Mjmp
Mjmpu
u mghd
mghdgsb
gsbrep
repseb
sebjh
jh eh
ehtg
tgrv
rvgh
ghse
se bg
bgpg
pgrjw
rjwjtj
jtjh
h pj
pjdj
dj jh
jhjb
jb dg
dghk
hkjh
jh
Tfjcjsgmej
d. Mjmpu
Mjmpu mghdgs
mghdgsbre
brepse
psebjh
bjh empcgmgh
empcgmghtjse
tjse bgpgrjwjt
bgpgrjwjtjh
jh pjdj
pjdj jhjb
jhjb dghkjh
dghkjh

Tfjcjsgmej
g. Mjmp
Mjmpu u mghd
mghdgs
gsbr
brep
epse
sebj
bjh
h gv
gvjc
jcuj
ujse
se bg
bgpg
pgrj
rjwj
wjtj
tjh
h pj
pjdj
dj jh
jhjb
jb dg
dghk
hkjh
jh
Tfjcjsgmej
 NJN EE
TEHOJWJH TGL^ETEP
J. Dgaehese
Dgaehese Tfjcjsgmej
Tfjcjsgmej
Tfjcj
Tfjcjsg
sgmej
mej mgru
mgrupj
pjbjh
bjh pg
pghy
hyjb
jbet
et bg
bgcje
cjehj
hjh
h dj
djrj
rjf
f nj
njwj
wjjh
jh yj
yjhk
hk de
detjh
tjhdj
djee
dghkjh dgaeseghse oumcjf prldubse rjhtje kclneh yjhk spgseaeb djcjm fgmlkclneh

(Fl`bghngrry & [ecslh, >995). Mghurut Yltts djh Mjhdcg`l (>99;) tfjcjsgmej
jdjcjf kjhkkujh kghgteb jutlslm rgsgsea yjhk deturuhbjh, dghkjh bjrjbtgresteb
jdjhy
jdjhyjj kjhkk
kjhkkujh
ujh sehtgses
sehtgses rjhtje
rjhtje fgmlk
fgmlkcln
clneh.
eh. Tfjcjsg
Tfjcjsgmej
mej jdjcjf
jdjcjf sgbgcl
sgbgclmpl
mplb
b
kjhkku
kjhkkujh
jh djrjf
djrjf yjhk
yjhk deturuh
deturuhbjh
bjh,, yjhk
yjhk desgnj
desgnjnbj
nbjh
h bjrghj
bjrghj jdjhy
jdjhyjj dgagb
dgagb pjdj
pjdj
sehtgses sjtu jtju cgnef rjhtje fgmlkclneh (Muh`eg & @jmpngcc, >995).
Tfjcjsgmej jdjcjf pghyjbet kghgte` yjhk deturuhbjh sg`jrj jutlslmjc rgsgsea
mghu
mghuru
rutt fubu
fubum
m mghd
mghdgc
gc djre
djre lr
lrjh
jhk
k tuj
tuj bg
bgpj
pjdj
dj jh
jhjb
jb-j
-jhj
hjbh
bhyj
yj yjh
jhk
k dj
djpj
pjtt
mghuho
mghuhoubb
ubbjh
jh kgojcj
kgojcj bcehes
bcehes djre
djre yjhk
yjhk pjcehk
pjcehk rehkjh
rehkjh (nghtu
(nghtub
b fgtgrl
fgtgrlzek
zeklt)
lt) yj
yjhk
hk
desgnut
desgnut tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej mehlr
mehlr jtju trjet
trjet (`jrreg
(`jrregrr = pghkgm
pghkgmnjh
njhk
k seajt)
seajt) fehkk
fehkkjj yjhk
yjhk

pjcehk ngrjt (nghtub flmlzeklt) yjhk desgnut tfjcjsgmej mjylr. Nghtub

fgtgrl
fgtgrlzekl
zekltt deturu
deturuhbj
hbjh
h lcgf
lcgf sjcjf
sjcjf sjtu lrjhk
lrjhk tuj yjhk
yjhk mghked
mghkedjp
jp tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej,,
sgdjhkbjh nghtub flmlzeklt deturuhbjh lcgf bgduj lrjhk tujhyj yjhk mghkedjp
pghyjbet tfjcjsgmej
tfjcjs gmej (Pudlyl, Jru [, >995)
N. Gtelclke
Gtelclke Tfjcjsgm
Tfjcjsgmej
ej
Tfjcjs
Tfjcjsgmej
gmej jdjcjf
jdjcjf pghyjb
pghyjbet
et fgrgdet
fgrgdetgr
gr yjhk
yjhk deturu
deturuhbj
hbjh
h lrjhk
lrjhk tuj bgpjdj
bgpjdj
jhjbhyj. Jhjb yjhk mgwjrese kgh tfjcjsgmej djre sjcjf sjtu lrjhktuj djh kgh
hlrmjc djre lrjhk tuj yjhk cjeh jdjcjf sglrjhk pgmnjwj (`jrregrs). Jhjb yjhk
mgwjres
mgwjresee kgh tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej djre
djre bgduj
bgduj lrjhkt
lrjhktujh
ujhyj
yj jbjh
jbjh mghdgr
mghdgretj
etj tfjcjs
tfjcjsgmej
gmej

sgdjhk sjmpje ngrjt (Muh`eg & @jmpngcc, >995).

Bgcjehjh yjhk jbjh detgmubjh pjdj pghdgretj tfjcjsgmej jdjcjf kjhkkujh
seht
sehtgs
gses
es ou
oumc
mcjf
jf fgml
fgmlkc
kcln
lneh
eh pjdj
pjdj rjht
rjhtje
je jc
jcpf
pfjj jt
jtju
ju rj
rjht
htje
je ngtj
ngtj sg
sgfe
fehk
hkkj
kj
fgmlkc
fgmlkclne
lneh
h yjhk
yjhk tgrnght
tgrnghtub
ub djcjm
djcjm sgc djrjf
djrjf mgrjf
mgrjf mgmpuh
mgmpuhyj
yjee oumcjf
oumcjf rjhtje
rjhtje
prltgeh yjhk tedjb sgmpurhj (bgburjhkjh jtju tedjb mgmpuhyje rjhtje prltgeh).
Djcjm sjtu sgc djrjf mgrjf yjhk hlrmjc mghkjhduhk 099 mlcgbuc fgmlkclneh
yjhk jbjh mghkebjt lbsekgh. Fgmlkclneh jdjcjf prltgeh sgc djrjf mgrjf (PDM)
yj
yjhk
hk mgmn
mgmnjw
jwjj lb
lbsek
sekgh.
gh. Djcjm
Djcjm sj
sjtu
tu fg
fgml
mlkc
kcln
lneh
eh mgmp
mgmpuh
uhyj
yjee gmpj
gmpjtt rj
rjht
htje
je
plcepgptedj (duj rjhtje jcpfj djh duj rjhtje ngtj), yjhk dedjcjmhyj tgrdjpjt

gmpjt blmpcgbs fgmg dghkjh ebjtjh ngse (Ag), djh gmpjt sese pghkebjt lbsekgh.
Fjsec
Fjs ec pgmgre
pgmgrebsj
bsjjh
jh djrjf
djrjf pghdgr
pghdgretj
etj tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej jbjh
jbjh mghuho
mghuhoubb
ubbjh
jh oumcjf
oumcjf
 fg
fgml
mlkc
kcln
lneh
eh yjhk bu
burj
rjhk
hk dj
djh
h ou
oumc
mcjf
jf PDM
PDM yj
yjhk
hk cg
cgne
nef
f sgdeb
sgdebet
et dj
djre
re hl
hlrm
rmjc
jc
sgfehkkj jbjh tgrojde sujtu bgjdjjh jhgmej dgrjojt rehkjh sjmpje ngrjt. Bgjdjjh
jhgmej ehe yjhk jbjh mghygnjnbjh pghdgretj tfjcjsgmej mgmnutufbjh trjhause
djrjf yjhk fjrus decjbubjh sg`jrj ruteh djh tgrjtur.
@. Tjhdj
Tjhdj djh Kgojcj
Kgojcj

Tjhdjj djh kgojcj tfjcjsgmej

Tjhd tfjcjsgmej ?
:. Bgcgsujh.
>. Nener, cedjf, tjhkjh, bjbe djh njfjkejh
njfjkejh cjeh ngrwjrhj pu`jt.
0. Pgsjb hjajs.
4. Fecjhk sgcgrj mjbjh djh nghkbjb de njkejh
njkejh jndlmgh.
jndlmgh.
7. Fgmlkclneh yjhk
yjhk rghdjf yjetu burjhk
burjhk djrepjdj :9k/dc.
:9k/dc.

Yjdj tfjcjsgmej
tfjcjsgmej mjylr kgojcj bceheb tgcjf tgrcenjt
tgrcenjt sgojb umur burjhk
burjhk djre :
tjfuh. Kgojcj yjhk tjmpjb ejcjf jhjb cgmjf, pu`jt, pgrbgmnjhkjh aeseb tedjb

sgsuje dghkjh umur ngrjt njdjh burjhk. Yjdj jhjb yjhk ngsjr sgrehk deoumpje
jdjhyj keze nurub, pgrut mgmnuh`et, bjrghj jdjhyj pgmngsjrjh cemaj djh fjte
yjhk derjnj. Jdjhyj pgmngsjrjh fjte djh cemaj tgrsgnut mgmpghkjrufe kgrjb
sepjsegh bjrghj bgmjmpujhhyj tgrnjtjs. Cemaj yjhk mgmngsjr ehe jbjh mudjf
rupturg bjrghj trjumj rehkjh sjoj.
Kgojcj ehe jdjcjf nghtub mubj yjhk mlhklcled, feduhk pgsgb tjhpj pjhkbjc
feduhk,
feduhk, ojrjb jhtjrj bgduj mjtj cgnjr djh tucjh djfe oukj cgnjr. Fjc ehe
desgnjnbjh bjrghj jdjhyj kjhkkujh pgrbgmnjhkjh bgtucjhk mubj djh
tghkblrjb, kjmnjrjh rjdelclkes tucjhk mgmpgrfjtebjh mgduccj yjhk cgnjr

blrtgbs tepes djh trjngbucj ngsjr.

Bgjdjjh bucet pu`jt bgbuhehk-buhehkjh, oebj pjsegh tgcjf sgrehk
mghdjpjtbjh trjhsause djrjf bucet mghojde bgcjnu sgrupj dghkjh ngse jbenjt
pghemnuhjh ngse djcjm ojrehkjh bucet. Yghemnuhjh ngse (fgmlsedgrlses) djcjm
ojrehkjh tunuf
t unuf sgpgrte pjdj fgpjr, cemaj, ojhtuhk jbjh mghkjbenjtbjh kjhkkujh
ajjc jcjt-jcjt tgrsgnut (fgmlbrlmjtlses).
D. Yjtlae
Yjtlaesel
selclk
clkes
es
Yghyj
Yghyjbet
bet tfjcjss
tfjcjssgmej
gmej desgnj
desgnjnbj
nbjh
h lcgf
lcgf jdjhy
jdjhyjj bgcjeh
bgcjehjh/
jh/pgr
pgrunj
unjfjh
fjh/mu
/mutjs
tjsee
pjdj kgh kclneh jcpfj jtju kgh kclneh ngtj sgfehkkj prldubse rjhtje kclneh

tgrsgnutt ngrbur
tgrsgnu ngrburjhk
jhk jtju tedjb
tedjb jdj.
jdj. Dedjcj
Dedjcjm
m sumsum
sumsum tucjhk
tucjhk mutjse
mutjse tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej
mghk
mg hkfj
fjmn
mnjt
jt pgmj
pgmjtj
tjh
hkjh
kjh sgsgcc djr
jrjf
jf mgrj
mgrjf
f sg
sgfe
fehk
hkkj
kj grgret
etrl
rlp
ple
legs
gses
es dj
djh
h
 mghkjb
mghkjbenj
enjtbj
tbjh
h jhgmej
jhgmej ngrjt.
ngrjt. Jbenjt
Jbenjthy
hyjj prldub
prldubse
se Fn ngrbur
ngrburjhk
jhk djh sgc djrjf
djrjf
mgrjf mudjf sgbjce rusjb jtju umurhyj cgnef pghdgb djre sgc djrjf hlrmjc (:>9
fjre). (Bcegkmjh,>9:>)
Hlrmjc fgmlkclneh jdjcjf tgrdere djre Fn-J dghkjh plcepgptedj rjhtje jcpj
djh duj rjhtje ngtj.
ngtj. Yjdj
Yjdj ngtj
ngtj tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej yjetu tedjb jdjhyj
jdjhyj jtju burjhk
burjhkhy
hyjj

rjhtje ngtj
rjhtje ngtj tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej yjetu
yjetu tedjb
tedjb jdjhy
jdjhyjj jtju bgburj
bgburjhkj
hkjh
h rjhtje
rjhtje ngtj
ngtj djcjm
djcjm
mlcgbu
mlc gbucc fgmlkc
fgmlkclne
lnehh yjhk
yjhk mjhj
mjhj jdj kjhkku
kjhkkujhjh bgmjmp
bgmjmpujh
ujh grtrlse
grtrlsett mgmnjw
mgmnjwjj
lbsekgh. Jdj sujtu blmpghsjtlr yjhk mghehkbjt djcjm rjhtje jcpj, tgtjpe rjhtje
ngtj mgmprldubse sg`jrj tgrus mghgrus sgfehkkj mghkfjsecbjh fgmlkclneh
dgae`tevg. Bgtedjb sgemnjhkjh plcepgptedj ehe mgmudjfbjh bgtedjbstjnecjh djh
deseh
desehtg
tgkr
krjse
jse.. Fjc
Fjc eh
ehee mghy
mghygnj
gnjnb
nbjh
jh sg
sgcc dj
djrj
rjf
f mgrj
mgrjf
f mgho
mghojd
jdee fg
fgml
mlces
ceses
es dj
djh
h
mghemnucbjh jhgmej djh jtju fgmlsedgrlses.
Bgcgne
Bgcgnefjh
fjh pjdj
pjdj rjhtje
rjhtje jcpj
jcpj detgmub
detgmubjh
jh pjdj
pjdj tjcjsgm
tjcjsgmej
ej ngtj
ngtj djh bgcgne
bgcgnefjh
fjh
rjhtje ngtj djh kjmj detgmubjh pjdj tjcjsgmej jcpj. Bgcgnefjh rjhtje plcepgptedj

ehe mghkjcjme prgsepetjse, yjhk tgrojde sgnjkje rjhtje plcepgptedj jcpj djh ngtj,
jtju tgrdere djre fgmlkclneh tjb stjnec njdjh fgeht, mgrusjb sjmpuc gretrlset djh
mghygnjnbjh fgmlceses. ^gdubse djcjm fgmlkclneh mghstemucjse yjhk blhstjh
pjdj nlhg mjrrlw, prldubse ^N@ decujr mghojde gretrlpeb jbtea. Blmpghsjtlr
prldubse ^N@ sg`jrj tgrus mghgrus pjdj sujtu djsjr brlheb, djh dghkjh
`gpjthy
`gpjthyjj dgstru
dgstrubse
bse ^N@,mg
^N@,mghem
hemnuc
nucbjh
bjh tedjb
tedjb gdubjt
gdubjthy
hyjj serbucj
serbucjse
se fgmlk
fgmlkcln
clneh.
eh.
Bgcgnefjh prldubse djh gdstrubse ^N@ mghygnjnbjh nlhg mjrrlw mghojde tepes
djh mudjf pg`jf jtju rjpuf. (Purejde, >99: )
Yjdjj tjcjsgme
Yjd tjcjsgmejj cgtjb
cgtjb sjcjf
sjcjf sjtu jsjm jmehl
jmehl rjhtje
rjhtje plcepr
plceprgg tedjb
tedjb ngrngd
ngrngdjj

urutjhhyj/detubjr dghkjh oghes jsjm jmehl cjeh. Ygrunjfjh susuhjh jsjm jmehl
tgrsgnu
tgrsgnut.
t. Nesj
Nesj tgrojde
tgrojde pjdj
pjdj bg-4
bg-4 rjhtje
rjhtje plcepg
plcepgrr Fn-J,
Fn-J, sgdjhk
sgdjhkbjh
bjh bgcjeh
bgcjehjh
jh pjdj
pjdj
rjhtje jcpfj djpjt mghygnjnbjh
mghygnjnbjh bgcjehjh bgtekj Fn yjetu Fn-J, Fn-J> djh Fn-A.
(Purejde,>99:)
G. Mjheag
Mjheagst
stjse
jse bcehes
bcehes
Yj
Yjdj
dj pghd
pghdgr
gret
etjj tfjc
tfjcjs
jsgm
gmej
ej,, mghu
mghuru
rutt Oj
Ojmg
mgss dj
djh
h Jsfw
Jsfwec
eccc (>
(>99
99;)
;) jb
jbjh
jh
detgmubjh ngngrjpj bgcjehjh dejhtjrjhyj?
:. Jhgmej
Jhgmej dghkjh
dghkjh kgojcj sgpgrte pu`jt,
pu`jt, dgmjm
dgmjm tjhpj
tjhpj pghygnjn
pghygnjn yjhk
yjhk ogcjs, tedjb
tedjb
hjasu mjbjh, ehagbse ngrucjhk djh pgmngsjrjh cempj/fjte.

>. Jhgmej
Jhgmej prlkrgsea
prlkrgsea yjhk detjhdj
detjhdjee dghkjh
dghkjh feplbsej
feplbsej brlhes
brlhes sgpgrte
sgpgrte hygre bgpjcj,
bgpjcj,
hy
hygre
gre prg`lr
prg`lrdej
dejc,
c, tucjhk
tucjhk,, pghuru
pghuruhjh
hjh tlcgrj
tlcgrjhse
hse tgrfjd
tgrfjdjp
jp cjtefjh
cjtefjh,, cgsu djh
 jhlrgxej.
0. Ygrunj
Ygrunjfjh
fjh pjdj tucjhk
tucjhk,, tucjhk
tucjhk jbjh mghkjc
mghkjcjme
jme pghepesjh
pghepesjh djh bgrjpu
bgrjpufjh
fjh
jb
jben
enjt
jt su
sums
msum
um tucj
tucjhk
hk yj
yjhk
hk ng
ngbg
bgroj
roj bg
bgrj
rjss uh
uhtu
tub
b mgmg
mgmghu
hufe
fe bg
bgnu
nutu
tufj
fjh
h
bgburjhkjh fgmlkclneh djcjm sgc djrjf. Fjc ehe tgrojde pjdj tucjhk bgpjcj,
arlhtjc, pjregtjc, mlcjr yjhk mghojde cgnef mghlholc, njtjhk feduhk mghojde

cgnef djtjr jtju mjsub bg djcjm dghkjh tucjhk pepe yjhk mghlholc. Bgjdjjh
ehe desgnut aj`egs `llcgy, yjhk mgrupjbjh `ere bfjs tfjcjsgmej mjylr.
A. Ygmgrebsj
Ygmgrebsjjh
jh Yghu
Yghuhojh
hojhk
k
Whtu
Whtub
b mgmj
mgmjst
steb
ebjh
jh dejk
dejkhl
hlsj
sj tf
tfjcj
jcjsg
sgme
mejj mjbj
mjbj pg
pgmg
mgre
rebs
bsjjh
jjh yj
yjhk
hk dj
djpj
pjtt
decjbubjh dejhtjrjhyj?
:. Cjnlrjt
Cjnlrjtlre
lreum
um mgcepute
mgcepute fgmjtlc
fgmjtlclke
lke rute
ruteh
h (mghkg
(mghkgtjfu
tjfuee bjdjr
bjdjr Fn djh uburjh
uburjh
sgc-sgc djrjf), kjmnjrjh djrjf tgpe (mgcefjt nghtub, wjrhj, djh bgmjtjhkjh
sgc-sgc
sgc-sgc djrjf),
djrjf), agreteh
agreteh// sgrum
sgrum erlh
erlh (mgcef
(mgcefjt
jt stjtus/
stjtus/bjd
bjdjr
jr ngse),
ngse), djh jhjcese
jhjcesess
fgmlkclneh (mghgkjbbjh dejkhlses djh mghghtubjh oghes tfjcjsgmej).

>. Ygmgrebsjjh
Ygmgrebsjjh DHJ,
DHJ, uhtub
uhtub mghdejkh
mghdejkhlses
lses bgcjehjh
bgcjehjh kghgteb
kghgteb prghjtjc
prghjtjc pjdj
pjdj ojheh.
ojheh.
0. Nlhg
Nlhg Mjrr
Mjrrlw
lw Yuh`
Yuh`tel
telh
h (NMY
(NMY),
), jb
jbjh
jh mgmp
mgmpgrgrcef
cefjt
jtbj
bjh
h pg
pgru
runjf
njfjh
jh sgc-sg
sgc-sgcc
djrj
djrjf
f ngrd
ngrdjs
jsjr
jrbj
bjh
h oumc
oumcjf
jf,, ubur
uburjh
jh dj
djh
h ng
nght
htub
ub yjh
jhk
k jb
jbjh
jh mgmn
mgmnjh
jhtu
tu
mgmngdjbjh oghes tfjcjsgmej yjhk dedgretj pjsegh.
K. Blmpceb
Blmpcebjse
jse
Blmpcebjse yjhk djpjt tgrojde pjdj Bcegh Dghkjh Tfjcjsgmej
:. Arjbtu
Arjbturr pjtlcl
pjtlclkes
kes
>. Fgpjtl
Fgpjtlspcg
spcghlm
hlmgkj
gkjce
ce
0. Kjhkk
Kjhkkujh
ujh tumnuf
tumnuf bgmnjh
bgmnjhk
k

4. Desauh
Desauhkse
kse lrkjh
lrkjh
7. Kjkj
Kjkjcc ojht
ojhtuh
uhk
k
1. Fgml
Fgmlsed
sedgr
grls
lses
es
;. Fgmlbr
Fgmlbrlmj
lmjtlse
tlsess
 F. [l`

Yghygnjn sgbuhdgr?
Yghygnjn premgr?
-Dgaeseghse jsjm alcjt
Pehtgtes Fn J 33 -Fgmldecuse
-Dgstrubse
- Gretrlpleses tedjb gagbtea gre
retr
trls
lset
et lc
lcggf s.
Dgstrubse gretrlset rgtebuclghdltgcejc

Mutjse DHJ

Yldubse rjhtje jcaj djh ngtj Fn ngrburjhk

Bgcjehjh pjdj gretrlset

Yghkebjt L> ngrburjhk

Blmpgh
Blmpghsj
sjtlr
tlr pjdj
pjdj rjh
rjhtje
tje κ

^jhtje ξ prldubse tgrus mghgrus

Fn dgag`tea

Bgtedjbsgemnjhkjh plcepgptedj
MB? ^gsebl Ehagbse
Gretrlsea tedjb stjnec
Jhgmej Trjhsause djrjf
Fgmlceses Ngrjt ngrucjhk

Pupcjy L> 33 Fgmlsedgrlse

Yghumpubjh Ngse

Bgtedjbsgemnjhkjh
supcjy L> djh Pupcjy L> bg MB?
bgnutufjh ojrehkjh pgreagr Bgtedjbgagbteajh
33 pgrause ojrehkjh

Feplbsej
 Dysphgu
Ghdlbreh Ojhtuhk Fgpjr Cempj
Bucet
mghojde
Yghkkuhjjh ltlt bgcjnu
Tumnjhk Kjkjc Fgpjtlmgkjce Ppcghlmgkjce
njhtu hjpjs
Tgrkjhkku ojhtuhk

Bgcgcjfjh
Mb? Bgtgrcjmnj
Bgtgrcjmnjtjh
tjh Mb? ^gsebl Mb?
pgrtumnufjh djh @edgrj Hygre Mb? Bgrusjbjh
Mb? Ehtlcgrjhse pgrbgmnjhkjh
pgrbgmnj hkjh
Jbut Ehtgkretjs Bucet
Jbtevetjs

Mjcjs Mjbjh

Ehtjbg hutrese 33

Mb? Dgaeset Hutrese

E. Yghjt
Yghjtjcj
jcjbsj
bsjhjj
hjjh
h
Yghkl
Yghklnjtj
njtjh
h uhtub
uhtub mghygm
mghygmnuf
nufbjh
bjh tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej ngcum
ngcum detgmub
detgmubjh,
jh, hjmuh
hjmuh
sg`jrj umum pghjtjcjbsjjh uhtub pghyjbet tfjcjsgmej (Ojmgs & Jsfwecc, >99;2
Yltts & Mjhdcg`l, >99;2 Fl`bghngrry & [ecslh, >995) jdjcjf ?
:. Trjhsa
Trjhsause
use djrjf
djrjf (TD)
(TD)
Trjh
Trjhsa
saus
usee dj
djrjf
rjf decjb
decjbub
ubjh
jh sg
sg`jr
`jrjj tgrjt
tgrjtur
ur dj
djh
h ru
ruteh
teh,, uh
uhtu
tub
b mgho
mghojk
jkjj

bgsgfjtjh
bgsgfjtjh djh stjmehj
stjmehj pghdgr
pghdgretj
etj tfjcjsg
tfjcjsgmej
mej,, sgfehk
sgfehkkj
kj pghdgr
pghdgretj
etj tgtjp
tgtjp nesj
nesj
ngrjbtevetjs. Trjhause jbjh mgmngrebjh ghgrke njru bgpjdj pghdgretj bjrghj
djrjf
djrjf djre
djre trjhsa
trjhsause
use mgmpuh
mgmpuhyj
yjee bjdjr
bjdjr fgmlkc
fgmlkclne
lneh
h hlrmjc
hlrmjc yjhk
yjhk mjmpu
mjmpu
mgmghu
mgmghufe
fe bgnutu
bgnutufjh
fjh tunuf
tunuf pghdgr
pghdgretj.
etj. Trjhsa
Trjhsause
use decjbu
decjbubjh
bjh jpjnec
jpjnecjj bjdjr
bjdjr
fgmlkc
fgmlkclne
lneh
h pghdgre
pghdgretj
tj 3; mk/dC
mk/dC (Dungy
(Dungy,, Yjrjbf
Yjrjbf & Duncesf
Duncesf,, >9
>996)
96),, djh
decjb
decjbub
ubjh
jh uh
uhtu
tub
b mgmp
mgmpgr
grtj
tjfj
fjhb
hbjh
jh bj
bjdj
djrr fg
fgml
mlkc
kcln
lneh
eh de
dejt
jtjs
js 5,
5,7
7 kr
kr/d
/dC
C
(Fl`bghngrry & [ecslh, >995). Durjse wjbtu jhtjr trjhsause djrjf jhtjrj >-4
mehkku, tgrkjhtuhk pjdj ngrjt njdjh jhjb, usej, djh jbtevetjs jhjb.
>. Blhsu
Blhsumse
mse lnjt
lnjt bgcjse
bgcjse ngse
ngse

Lnjt bg
Lnjt bgcjs
cjsee ng
ngse
se deng
dengre
rebj
bjh
h uh
uhtu
tub
b mghk
mghkgcu
gcujr
jrbj
bjh
h zjt ngngse
se dj
djre
re tu
tunu
nuf
f
pghdgretj yjhk tgrojde jbenjt trjhsause djrjf sg`jrj tgrjtur djh ruteh djcjm
 ojhkbj wjbtu cjmj. Lnjt bgcjse ngse yjhk umum dekuhjbjh jdjcjf dgsagrjc
(Mlrre
(Mlrres,
s, Pehkgr
Pehkgr & [jctgrs
[jctgrs,, >991
>991 djcjm
djcjm Fl`bgh
Fl`bghngrr
ngrry
y djh [ecslh,
[ecslh, >9
>995)
95),,
yjhk
yjhk dengreb
dengrebjh
jh sg`jrj
sg`jrj sun butjh
butjh (denjw
(denjwjf
jf bucet)
bucet) ngrsjmj
ngrsjmjjh
jh jtju sgtgcjf
sgtgcjf
trjhsause djrjf.
0. @jhkbl
@jhkblb
b sumsum
sumsum tucjhk
tucjhk

Yg
Ygh`
h`jh
jhkb
kblb
lbjh
jh sums
sumsum
um tucj
tucjhk
hk dedecj
cjbu
bubj
bjh
h uh
uhtu
tub
b mgme
mgmehehemj
mjce
cesj
sjse
se
bgnutufjh
bgnutufjh sgumur fedup pghdgretj
pghdgretj tfjcjsgmej
tfjcjsgmej tgrfjdjp
tgrfjdjp trjhsause
trjhsause djrjf (Yltts
& Mjhdcg`l, >99;). Dghkjh mgcjbubjh pgh`jhkblbjh sumsum tucjhk mjbj
ojrehkjh sumsum tucjhk pghdgretj dekjhte dghkjh ojrehkjh sumsum dlhlr
yjhk `l`lb, yjhk nejsjhyj jdjcjf sjudjrj bjhduhk jtju lrjhktuj pghdgretj.
Ygh`jhkblbjh sumsum tucjhk ehe sgnjebhyj decjbubjh sgdehe muhkbeh, yjetu
pjdj sjjt jhjb ngcum mghkjcjme bgcgnefjh bjdjr zjt ngse jbenjt trjhsause
dj
djrjf
rjf,, bj
bjrg
rghj
hj tr
trjh
jhsa
saus
usee dj
djrjf
rjf jb
jbjh
jh mgmp
mgmpgr
grngs
ngsjr
jr bg
bgmu
muhk
hkbe
behj
hjh
h uh
uhtu
tub
b
tgrojdehyj pghlcjbjh tgrfjdjp ojrehkjh sumsum tucjhk dlhlr.

4. @jhk
@jhkbl
blb
b `lrd nclld
Pjmj dghkjh `jhkblb sumsum tucjhk, hjmuh stgm sgc yjhk dekuhjbjh
dejmnec
dejmnec djre pcjsghtj
pcjsghtj jtju tjce pusjt djre dlhlr yjhk `l`lb.
`l`lb. Dlhlr
Dlhlr `lrd nclld
ehe tedjb fjrus mgmpuhyje funuhkjh kghgteb yjhk dgbjt, djh mgmpuhyje
bgmuhk
bgmuhkbeh
behjh
jh yjhk
yjhk cgnef
cgnef bg`ec
bg`ec tgrfjdj
tgrfjdjp
p pghlcj
pghlcjbjh
bjh (@JA
(@JA & Cehbgr
Cehbgr,, >99:
>99:
djcjm Fl`bghngrry djh [ecslh, >995).
 NJN EEE
JPWFJH BGYG^J[JTJH TGL^ETEP
J. Yghkbj
Yghkbjoej
oejh
h
:. Edgh
Edghte
tetj
tjss
Ngrese neldjtj pjsegh yjetu ? hjmj, umur, oghes bgcjmeh, tjhkkjc cjfer, jkjmj,

subu njhksj, hlmlr rgbjm mgdeb, sgrtj jcjmjt.

Tfjcjsgmej
Tfjcjsgmej njhyjb deoumpje
deoumpje pjdj njhksj desgbetjr
desgbetjr cjut tghkjf
tghkjf (mgdetgrjhej)
(mgdetgrjhej)..
Pgpgrte turbe, yuhjhe, @yprus, dcc. De Ehdlhgsej sghdere, tfjcjssgmej `ubup
njhyjb deoumpje pjdj jhjb, njfbjh mgrupjbjh pghyjbet djrjf yjhk pjcehk
njhyjb dedgretj.
Yjdjj tfjcjsg
Yjd tfjcjsgmej
mej mjylr
mjylr yjhk
yjhk kgojcj
kgojcj bcehesh
bceheshyj
yj ogc
ogcjs,
js, kgojcj
kgojcj tgrsgnu
tgrsgnutt tgc
tgcjf
jf
tgrcefjt sgojb jhjb ngrumur burjhk djre : tjfuh. Pgdjhkbjh pjdj tfjcjsgmej
mehlr yjhk kgojcjhyj cgnef rehkjh, nejsjhyj jhjb njru djtjhk ngrlnjt pjdj
umur sgbetjr 4 ‐ 1 tjfuh.

>. ^ewjyj
^ewjyjtt bgsgfj
bgsgfjtj
tjh
h jhjb
jhjb
Jhjb
Jhjb `ghdgr
`ghdgruhk
uhk mudjf
mudjf tgrbgh
tgrbghjj ehagbs
ehagbsee sjcurjh
sjcurjh hjpjs
hjpjs njkejh
njkejh jtjs ehagbs
ehagbsee
cjehhy
cjehhyj.
j. Fjc ehe mudjf
mudjf demghk
demghkgrte
grte bjrghj
bjrghj rghdjf
rghdjfhy
hyjj Fn yj
yjhk
hk ngrauh
ngrauhkse
kse
sgnjkje jcjt trjhsplrt.

0. ^ewjyjt
^ewjyjt bgsgfjtj
bgsgfjtjh
h bgcujrkj
bgcujrkj

Bjrghj mgrupjbjh pghyjbet bgturuhjh, mjbj pgrcu debjoe jpjbjf lrjhk tuj
yjhk mghdgretj tfjcjssgmej. Jpjnecj bgduj lrjhk tuj mghdgretj tfjcjssgmej,
mjbjj jhjbhy
mjb jhjbhyjj ngreseb
ngresebl
l mghdgr
mghdgretj
etj tfjcjss
tfjcjssgmej
gmej mjylr.
mjylr. Lcgf
Lcgf bjrghj
bjrghj etu,
blhsg
blhsgcehk
cehk prjheb
prjhebjf
jf sgnghj
sgnghjrhy
rhyjj pgrcu
pgrcu decjbu
decjbubjh
bjh bjrghj
bjrghj ngrauh
ngrauhkse
kse uhtub
uhtub
mghkgtjfue jdjhyj pghyjbet yjhk muhkbeh desgnjnbjh bjrghj bgturuhjh.
4. Ygrtumnu
Ygrtumnufjh
fjh djh pgrbgmnj
pgrbgmnjhkjh
hkjh
Pgrehk dedjpjtbjh djtj mghkghje jdjhyj bg`ghdgruhkjh kjhkkujh tgrfjdjp
tumnuf bgmnjhk sgojb jhjb mjsef njye, bjrghj jdjhyj pghkjruf feplbsej
ojrehkjh yjhk ngrseajt brlheb. Fjc ehe tgrojde tgrutjmj uhtub tfjcjssgmej
mjyl
mjylr.
r. Yg
Ygrt
rtum
umnu
nufj
fjh
h ae
aese
seb
b jh
jhjb
jb jdjc
jdjcjf
jf bg
bg`e
`ecc uh
uhtu
tub
b umur
umurhy
hyjj dj
djh
h jd
jdjj
bgtgrcj
bgtgrcjmnj
mnjtjh
tjh djcjm
djcjm bgmjtj
bgmjtjhkj
hkjh
h sgbsuj
sgbsujc,
c, sgpgrte
sgpgrte tedjb
tedjb jdj pgrtum
pgrtumnuf
nufjh
jh
rjmnut punes djh bgtejb. Bg`grdjsjh jhjb oukj djpjt mghkjcjme pghuruhjh.
Hjmuh pjdj oghes tfjcjsgmej mehlr sgrehk tgrcefjt pgrtumnufjh djh
pgrbgmnjhkjh jhjb hlrmjc.
7. ^ewjyjt
^ewjyjt enu sjjt
sjjt fjmec
fjmec (Jhtg
(Jhtg Hjtjc
Hjtjc @lrg ‐ JH@)
JH@)
Pgcjmj Mjsj Bgfjmecjh, fghdjbhyj pgrcu debjoe sg`jrj mghdjcjm jdjhyj
ajbtlr
ajbtlr resebl
resebl tfjcjss
tfjcjssgmej
gmej.. Pgrehk
Pgrehk lrjhk
lrjhk tuj mgrjsj
mgrjsj njfwj
njfwj derehy
derehyjj sgfjt.
sgfjt.
Jpjnecj dedukj ajbtlr rgsebl, mjbj enu pgrcu dengretjfubjh mghkghje resebl
yjhk muhkbeh
muhkbeh dejcjme lcgf jhjbh
jhjbhyj
yj hjhte sgtgcjf cjfer. Whtub mgmgstebjh
mgmgstebjh

dejkhlses, mjbj enu sgkgrj deruoub bg dlbtgr.

1. Ylcj
Ylcj mjbj
mjbjh h

Bjrghj jdjhyj jhlrgbsej, jhjb sgrehk mghkjcjme susjf mjbjh, sgfehkkj

ngrjt njdjh jhjb sjhkjt rghdjf djh tedjb
te djb sgsuje dghkjh usejhyj.

;. Ylcj
Ylcj jbte
jbteve
vetj
tjss

Jhjb tgrcefjt cgmjf djh tedjb sgceh`jf jhjb usejhyj. Jhjb njhyjb tedur /
esterjfjt, bjrghj necj ngrjbtevetjs sgpgrte jhjb hlrmjc mudjf mgrjsj cgcjf

6. Djtj bgjd
bgjdj
jjh aes
aeseb jhjb
hjb tfjcj
fjcjsssgm
sgmej yjhk sgr
sgrehk
ehk ded
dedjpj
jpjtbjh
bjh
dejhtjrjhyj jdjcjf?

j. Bgjdjj
Bgjdjjh
h umum? Jhjb
Jhjb nejsjhyj
nejsjhyj tgrcefjt
tgrcefjt cgmjf
cgmjf djh burjhk
burjhk ngrkje
ngrkjerjf
rjf
sgrtj tedjb sgceh`jf jjhjb sgusejhyj yjhk hlrmjc.

n. Bgpjcj djh nghtub mubj? Jhjb yjhk ngcum/tedjb mghdjpjtbjh

pghklnjtjh mgmpuhyje nghtub bfjs, yjetu bgpjcj mgmngsjr djh
nghtub mubjhyj jdjcjf mlhklcled, yjetu feduhk pgsgb tjhpj pjhkbjc
feduhk,
feduhk, ojrjb bgduj mjtj cgnjr, djh tucjhk djfe tgrcefjt cgnjr.

`. Mjtj djh blhouhkte

blhouhktevj
vj tgrcefj
tgrcefjtt pu`jt
pu`jt bgbuhehkj
bgbuhehkjh
h

d. Mucut djh nener tgrcefjt

tgrcefjt pu`jt
pu`jt bgfetjmjh
bgfetjmjh

g. Djdj
Djdj ? Yjdj
Yjdj ehspgbse
ehspgbse tgrcefj
tgrcefjtt njfwj djdj
djdj sgngcjf
sgngcjf bere mghlhol
mghlholcc jbenjt
jbenjt
jdjhyj pgmngsjrjh ojhtuhk yjhk desgnjnbjh lcgf jhgmej brlheb.

a. Ygrut
Ygrut ? Bgcefj
Bgcefjtjh
tjh mgmnuh
mgmnuh`et
`et djh pjdj
pjdj pgrjnjjh
pgrjnjjh tgrdjpj
tgrdjpjtt pgmngsjrj
pgmngsjrjh
h
cempj djh fjte ( fgpjtlspcgmjkjce).

k. Ygrtum
Ygrtumnuf
nufjh
jh aesebhy
aesebhyjj tgrcjcu
tgrcjcu bg`ec
bg`ec uhtub umurh
umurhyj
yj djh NN hyj burjhk
burjhk
djre hlrmjc. Wburjh aeseb jhjb tgrcefjt cgnef bg`ec necj denjhdehkbjh
dghkjh jhjb-jhjb cjeh sgusejhyj.

f. Ygrtum
Ygrtumnuf
nufjh
jh lrkjh
lrkjh sgbs sgbuhdgr
sgbuhdgr uhtub
uhtub jhjb pjdj
pjdj usej
usej pungrtj
pungrtjss Jdj
 bgtg
bgtgrc
rcjm
jmn
njtjh
jtjh bgm
bgmjtjh
jtjhkj
kjh
h sg
sgb
bsu
sujc
jc,, mesj
mesjch
chy
yj, tedj
tedjb
b jd
jdjh
jhy
yj
pgrtumnufjh rjmnut pjdj bgtejb, punes, jtju bumes. Njfbjh muhkbeh
jhjb
jhjb tedjb
tedjb djpjt
djpjt mgh`jp
mgh`jpje
je tjfjp
tjfjp jdlcgsg
jdlcgsghsg
hsg bjrghj
bjrghj jdjhy
jdjhyjj jhgmej
jhgmej
brlheb.

e. Bucet
Bucet ? [jrhj bucet
bucet pu`jt
pu`jt bgbuhe
bgbuhehk-
hk- buheh
buhehkjh
kjh.. Oebj jhjb
jhjb tgcjf sgreh
sgrehk
k
mghdjpjt trjhsause djrjf, mjbj wjrhj bucet mghojde bgcjnu sgpgrte ngse
jbenjt jdjhyj pghemnuhjh zjt ngse djcjm ojrehkjh bucet
(fgmlsedgrlses).
N. De
Dejk
jkhl
hlse
sess
:. Ygraus
Ygrausee pgreagr
pgreagr tedjb gagbtea
gagbtea n/d pghuru
pghuruhjh
hjh blhsght
blhsghtrjse
rjse fgmlkcl
fgmlkclneh
neh (PDBE,
(PDBE,
Fjc? 0;)
>. Hygre
Hygre jbut n/d jkgh pgh`gdgrj
pgh`gdgrj aeselclk
aeselclkes
es (PDBE,
(PDBE, Fjc
Fjc ? :;>)
:;>)
0. Ehtlcg
Ehtlcgrjh
rjhse
se Jbteve
Jbtevetjs
tjs n/d bgtedj
bgtedjbsg
bsgemn
emnjhk
jhkjh
jh jhtjrj
jhtjrj supcje
supcje djh bgnutufj
bgnutufjh
h
lbsekgh (PDBE, Fjc ? :>6)
4. ^gsebl ehagbse
ehagbse n/d bgtedjbjdgb
bgtedjbjdgbujtjh
ujtjh pgrtjfjhj
pgrtjfjhjh
h tunuf sgbuhd
sgbuhdgr
gr (PDBE, Fjc?
Fjc?
094)
7. Dgaeset
Dgaeset hu
hutres
tresee ((PDB
PDBE,
E, Fjc
Fjc ? 71)
1. Kjhkkujh
Kjhkkujh ehtgkretjs
ehtgkretjs bucet (PDBE,
(PDBE, Fjc ? >
>6>)
6>)
@. Ehtgrvg
Ehtgrvghse
hse Bgpgrjwjt
Bgpgrjwjtjh
jh
Hl Dejkhlses PCBE PEBE
Bgpgrjwjtjh
: Ygrau
Ygrause pgreagrr Pgtgcjf decjbubjh tehdjbjh
se pgreag Ygrjwjtjh serbucjse (PEBE,
tedjb gagbtea n/d bgpgrjwjtjh 0 x >4ojm Fjc?047)
pghuruhjh defjrjpbjh pgrause pgreagr
:. Ygrebsj serbucjse
blhsghtrjse mgmnjeb dghkjh bgretgrej
pgreagr (mesjchyj hjde
fgmlkclneh fjsec?
pgreagr, gdgmj,
gdgmj,
(PDBE, Fjc?0;) (PCBE, Fjc?64)
pghkesejh bjpecgr,
:. Bgbujtjh hjde
wjrhj, sufu, (jh`bcg
pgreagr mghehkbjt
nrj`fejc ehdgx)
>. Yghygmnufjh cubj
>. Mlhetlr pjhjs,
mghehkbjt
bgmgrjfjh, hygre jtju
0. [jrhj bucet pu`jt
mghuruh nghkbjb pjdj
 4. Gdgmj pgreagr gbstgrmetjs
mghuruh
0. Fehdjre
7. Hygre gbstgrmetjs
pgmjsjhkjh ehaus jtju
mghuruh
pghkjmnecjh djrjf de
1. Bgcgmj
Bgcgmjfjh
fjh ltlt
ltlt
jrgjj bgtgrnjtjsjh
jrg bgtgrnjtjsjh
mghuruh pgrause
;. Brjm ltlt mghuruh
4. Fehdjre pghkuburjh
6. Jbrjc mgmnjeb
tgbjhjh djrjf pjdj
5. Turklr bucet
gbstgrmetjs dghkjh
mgmnjeb
bgtgrnjtjsjh pgrause
:9. TD Pestlc djh
Dejstlc mgmnjeb 7. Fehdjre pghgbjhjh
djh pgmjsjhkjh
tlrhebgt pjdj djgrjf

yjhk `gdgrj

1. Cjbubjh
pgh`gkjfjh ehagbse

;. Cjbubjh pgrjwjtjh
bjbe djh bubu
> Hygre jbut n/d
Hygre jbut Pgtgcjf decjbubjh Mjhjogmgh
ehtgrvghse bgpgrjwjtjh Hygre (PEBE,
jk
jkgh
gh pg
pgh`
h`gd
gdgr
grjj
sgcjmj 0 x >4 ojm Fjc ? >9:)
aeselclkes  Edghteaebjse clbjse,
defjrjpbjh tehkbjt
bjrjbtgresteb, durjse,
(PDBE, Fjc ? hygre mghuruh dghkjh argbughse, bujcetjs,
:;>) bretgrejj ? (PCBE, Fjc ?
bretgre ehtghsetjs hygre
:47)  Edghteaebjse sbjcj hygre
 Bgcufjh hygre  Edghteaebjse rgsplh hygre
mghuruh hlh vgrnjc
 Mgrehkes mghuruh  Edght
Edg hteae
eaebj
bjse
se aj
ajbt
btlr
lr
 Pebjp prltgbtea yjhk
yjh k mgmpgr
mgmpgrngrngrjt
jt
mghuruh djh yjhk
mgmpgrehkjh hygre
 Kgcesjf mghuruh
 Ngrebjh tgbheb
 Bgsucetjh tedur
hlhajrmjblclkes
mghuruh
pgrgdj hygre
 Jhlrgbsej mghuruh  Blhtrlc cehkbuhkjh
 Mujc mghuruh
 Muhtjf mghuruh yjhk mgmpgrngrjt
rjsj hygre
  Argbughse hjde  Ajsecetjse esterjfjt tedur
mgmnjeb  Ogcjsbjh pghygnjn,
 Ylcj hjpjs mgmnjeb pgreldg, pgme`u hygre
 Tgbjhjh djrjf  Ogcjsbjh strjtgke pgrgdj
mgmnjeb hygre
 Jhourbjh mghkkuhjbjh
 Hjasu mjbjh
tgbheb hlhajrmjblclkes
mgmnjeb
uhtub
hygre mghkurjhke rjsj
 Blcjnlrjse pgmngrejh
jhjckgteb
0 Ehtlcgrjhse Pgtgcjf decjbubjh Mjhj
Mjhjog
ogmg
mghh Ghgr
Ghgrke
ke (P
(PEB
EBE,
E,
Jbtevetjs n/d ehtgrvghse bgpgrjwjtjh Fjc ? :;1)
bgtedjbsgemnjhk sgcjmj 0 x >4 ojm  Edghteaebjse kjhkkujh
jh jh
jhtj
tjrj
rj su
supc
pcje
je defjrjpbjh Ehtlcgrjhse auhkse
auhkse tunuf yjhk
djh
djh bgnu
bgnutu
tufj
fjh
h Jbtevetjs mghehkbjt mghkjbenjtbjh
lbsekg
lbsekgh
h (PDBE,
(PDBE, dghkjh bretgrej ? bgcgcjfjh
Fjc ? :>6) (PCBE, Fjc ? :45)  Mlhetlr
Mlhetlr plcj dj
djh
h ojm

 Bgmudjfjh tedur

mgcjbubjh jbtevetjs
jbtevetjs  Pgdejbjh cehkbuhkjh
sgfjre-fjre mghehkbjt hyjmjh djh rghdjf

 Bgc
Bgcuf
ufjh
jh cgc
cgcjf stemucus (mesjchyj

mghuruh `jfjyj,sujrj)

 [jrhj bucet mgmnjeb  Cjtefjh rghtjhk kgrjb

pjsea/jbtea
 TD mgmnjeb
 Ngrebjh jbtevetjs
jbtevetjs
 Pjt
Pjtur
urjs
jsee lbsek
bsekgh
gh
destrjbse yjhk
mgmnjeb mghyghjhkbjh
 Argbughse
Argbughse hjpjs
hjpjs
 Jhourbjh terjf njrehk
mgmnjeb
 Jhourbjh mgcjbubjh
 Gbk esbgmej mgmnjeb
jbtevetjs
jbtevetjs sg`jrj ngrtjfjp
ngrtjfjp
 Desphgj sjjt jbtevetjs
jbtevetjs
mghuruh
 DJATJ^ YWPTJBJ
Fl`bghngrry, M.C. & [ecslh, D. (>995). [lhk―s gssghtejcs la pgdejtre` hursehk,
(6tf gd.). Pt. Clues? Mlsny Gcsgvegr.
Flaanrj
Flaanrjhd.
hd. J.Q & Ygtet,
Ygtet, O.G,
O.G, (:551)
(:551),, Bjpetj
Bjpetj Pgcgbt
Pgcgbtjj Fjgmjtl
Fjgmjtlclk
clke,
e, gdese
gdese bg >,
GK@, Ojbjrtj.

Ojmgs,, P.
Ojmgs P.^.
^. & Jsfw
Jsfweccecc,, O.
O.[.
[. (>
(>99
99;)
;).. Hurse
Hursehk
hk `j
`jrg
rg la `f
`fecd
ecdrg
rgh?
h? Yreh
Yreh`e
`epc
pcgs
gs &
prj`te` (0rd gd.) Pt.Clues? Pjuhdgrs Gcsgvegr.
Lcevegre HA, [gjtfgrjcc DO. Tfjcjssgmejs. Eh? Jr`g`e ^O, Fjhh EM, Pmetf LY,
gdetlrs. Ygdejtre` fgmjtlclky. Justrjcej? Ncj`bwgcc Yuncesfehk2 :555. f.>6:-09: .
Yltts, H.C. & Mjhdcg`l, N.C. (>99;). Ygdejtre` hursehk? @jrehk alr `fecdrgh jhd
tfger ajmecegs (>hd gd.). Hgw Ulrb? Tflmslh @llrplrjtelh.
Purejde P.Bgp djh Uucejhj ^etj P.Bp, >99:, Jsufjh Bgpgrjwjtjh Jhjb, Gdese E.
YT Ajojr Ehtgrprjtjmj
Ehtgrprjtjmj ? Ojbjrtj.
Ojbjrtj.
[lhk,
[lhk, D.C.,
D.C., Fl`bgh
Fl`bghngr
ngrry,
ry, M., [ecslh,
[ecslh, D., [ecbgcst
[ecbgcstgeh
geh,, M.C.,
M.C., P`fwjr
P`fwjrtz,
tz, Y.

(>995). Nubu jojr bgpgrjwjtjh pgdejtreb [lhk (gdese 1 vlc >). Ojbjrtj? Yghgrnet Nubu
Bgdlbtgrjh GK@.
Tem Ylboj PDBE DYY YYHE, (>9:1), Ptjhdjr Dejkhlses Bgpgrjwjtjh Ehdlhgsej
(PDBE), Gdese E, Ojbjrtj, Ygrsjtujh Ygrjwjt Ehdlhgsej
Tem Ylboj
Ylboj PCBE
PCBE DYY YYHE,
YYHE, (>9:5
(>9:5),
), Ptjhdj
Ptjhdjrr Cujrjh
Cujrjh Bgpgrjw
Bgpgrjwjtjh
jtjh Ehdlhg
Ehdlhgsej
sej
(PCBE), Gdese E, Ojbjrtj, Ygrsjtujh Ygrjwjt Ehdlhgsej
Tem Ylboj PEBE DYY YYHE, (>9:5), Ptjhdjr Ehtgrvghse Bgpgrjwjtjh Ehdlhgsej
(PEBE), Gdese :, Ojbjrtj, Ygrsjtujh Ygrjwjt Ehdlhgsej