CHAPTER-7

INTEGRALS

Indefinite Integral
Topic-1 Concepts Covered  Meaning of Integral of function  Integration by Substitution

 Integration by partial fraction  Integration by parts  Formulae for indefinite Integral

Revision Notes

Meaning of Integral of Function

d
If differentiation of a function F(x) is f(x) i.e., if [F(x)] = f(x), then we say that one integral or primitive or anti-
dx
derivative of f(x) is F(x) and in symbols, we write, ∫ f ( x )dx = F( x ) + C.
Therefore, we can say that integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
Methods of Integration
(a) Integration by Substitution Method :

In this method, we change the integral ∫ f ( x )dx , where independent variable is x, to another integral in which
independent variable is t (say) different from x such that x and t are related by x = g(t).
du
Let u = ∫ f ( x )dx then, = f (x)
dx
dx
Again as x = g(t) so we have = g '(t )
dt
du du dx
Now = · = f(x)·g’(t)
dt dx dt
On integrating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
 du 
∫  dt  dt = ∫ f ( x ) g '(t )dt

or u = ∫ f [ g (t )] g '(t )dt

i.e., ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f [ g(t )]g '(t )dt , where x = g(t).

So, it is clear that substituting x = g(t) in ∫ f (x) will give us the same result as obtained by putting g(t) in place of
x and g’(t)dt in place of dx.
(b) Integration by Partial Fractions:
f (x)
Consider defines a rational polynomial function.
g( x )
 If the degree of numerator i.e., f(x) is greater than or equal to the degree of denominator i.e., g(x) then, this
type of rational function is called an improper rational function. And if degree of f(x) is smaller than the
degree of denominator i.e., g(x), then this type of rational function is called a proper rational function.
  In rational polynomial function if the degree (i.e., highest power of the variable) of numerator (Nr.) is greater
than or equal to the degree of denominator (Dr.), then (without any doubt) always perform the division i.e.,
divide the Nr. by Dr. before doing anything and thereafter use the following:
Numerator Remainder
= Quotient +
Denominator Denominator
Table Demonstrating Partial Fractions or Various Forms
Form of the Rational Function Form of the Partial Fraction
px + q A B
,a ≠ b +
( x − a )( x − b ) x−a x−b

px + q A B
+
( x − a )2 x − a ( x − a )2

px 2 + qx + r A B C
+ +
( x − a )( x − b )( x − c ) x−a x−b x−c

px 2 + qx + r A B C
+ +
( x − a )2 ( x − b ) x − a ( x − a )2 x − b

px 2 + qx + r
A Bx + C
( x − a )( x 2 + bx + c ) +
x − a x 2 + bx + c
where x2 + bx + c can't be factorized further.

(c) Integration by Parts :

If U and V be two functions of x, then
 dU 

∫ U , V dx
( I ) ( II )
= U ∫ Vdx − ∫ 
 dx
∫ Vdx  dx
Key Formulae
Formulae for Indefinite Integrals
x n +1 1
(a) ∫ x n dx =
n+1
+ C , n ≠ −1 (b) ∫ x dx = log| x | +C
1 x 1
(c) ∫ a dx = log a a + C
x
(d) ∫e dx = e ax + C
ax

a
1 1
(e) ∫ sin(ax )dx = − a cos( ax ) + C (f) ∫ cos( ax )dx = a sin( ax ) + C
(g) ∫ tan xdx = log|sec x | +C or – log|cos x| + C (h) ∫ cot xdx = log|sin x | +C or – log |cosec x| + C

π x
(i) ∫ sec xdx = log|sec x + tan x | +C or log tan  +  + C
4 2
x
(j) ∫ cosec xdx = log|cosec x − cot x | +C or log tan
2
+C

∫ sec xdx = tan x + C ∫ cosec xdx = − cot x + C

2 2
(k) (l)

(m) ∫ sec x.tan xdx = sec x + C (n) ∫ cosec x.cot xdx = −cosec x + C
1 1 1 x
(o) ∫x x −12
dx = sec −1 x + C (p) ∫a 2
+ x2
dx = tan −1   + C
a a

1 1 a+x 1 1 x−a
(q) ∫a 2
− x2
dx =
2a
log
a−x
+C (r) ∫x 2
− a2
dx =
2a
log
x+a
+C

1 1
(s) ∫ x 2 − a2
dx = log x + x 2 − a 2 + C (t) ∫ x 2 + a2
dx = log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
 1 x 1 1
(u) ∫ a2 − x 2
dx = sin −1   + C
a (v) ∫ ax + b dx = a log| ax + b | +C
x 2 a2
(w)
∫ λdx = λx + C , where 'l' is a constant. (x) ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
x − a 2 − log x + x 2 − a 2 + C
2
x 2 a2
(y) ∫ x 2 + a 2 dx =
2
x + a 2 + log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
2
x 2 a2 x
(z) ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
a − x 2 + sin −1   + C
2 a

Definite Integral
Topic-2 Concepts Covered  Second fundamental theorem,  Properties of definite integral.

Revision Notes
 Meaning of Definite Integral of Function
If ∫ f ( x )dx = F( x ) i.e., F(x), be an integral of f(x), then F(b) – F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) between the
b

limits a and b and in symbols it is written as ∫ f ( x )dx = [ F( x )]a . Moreover, the definite integral gives a unique
b
a
and definite value (numeric value) of anti-derivative of the function between the given intervals. It acts as a
substitute for evaluating the area analytically.

Key Word
Anti-derivative: In calculus, an anti-derivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or
indefinite integral of a function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
This can be stated symbolically as F' = f.

Key Formulae
b b a
(a) ∫ f ( x )dx = F(b ) − F( a) (b) ∫ f ( x )dx = −∫ f ( x )dx
a a b
b a b c b
(c) ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f (t )dt (dx = dt) (d) ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( x )dx + ∫ f ( x )dx , a < c < b
a b a a c
a a b b
(e) ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( a − x )dx (f) ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( a + b − x )dx
0 0 a a

a  a
2 ∫ f ( x )dx , if f (x ) is an even function i.e., f ( − x ) = f (x )
(g)
∫ f ( x )dx = 
−a  0 0 , if f (x ) is an odd function i.e., f ( − x ) = − f (x )

a a 2a  a
f ( x )dx =  ∫
2 f ( x )dx , if f (2a − x ) = f (x )
(h)
∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ { f ( x ) + f ( − x )} dx (i) ∫
−a 0 0  00 ; if f (2a − x ) = − f (x )

2a 2a
(j)
∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ { f ( x ) + f ( 2 a − x )} dx
0 0
 Mnemonics
SeCond FundAmental Theorem of
Definite Integration

fcc Fad FbFa

Continuous anti derivative
Closed
You can also remember
fcc is small fashionable Clothes
Counter For adorable dresses
at Fbb Fashion

Closed anti Continuous derivative

F(b) – F(a)
Interpretation :
Let f be a continuous function defined on a closed interval [a,b] and F be an anti derivative of f. Then
b
∫ f ( x ) dx = [ F( x )] ba = F( b ) − F( a ) , where a and b are called limit of Integration.
a

Example 1
Evaluate the following definite integral : Step IV :
π 2 x (1 + sin x ) π x sin x
∫−π 1 + cos2 x dx. Let I3 = ∫0 1 + cos2 x dx
Solution: a a
Step I : Let Apply the property ∫ f ( x ) = ∫ f ( a − x )dx ,
π 2 x(1 + sin x ) 0 0
I =∫ dx
2
−π 1 + cos x π (π − x )sin( π − x )
π 2x π 2 x sin x
= ∫0 1 + cos2 ( π − x )
dx
= ∫− π 1 + cos2 x dx + ∫− π 1 + cos2 xdx
π ( π − x )sin x
= I1 + I2 = ∫0
dx
1 + cos2 x
Step II :
I1 = 0 (being an odd function) π π sin x π x sin x
Step III :
= ∫0 1 + cos2 x dx − ∫0 1 + cos2 x dx
π 2 x sin x
I2 = 2 ∫ dx π sin x
0 1 + cos2 x = π∫
dx − I 3
0 1 + cos2 x
(being an even function)
\ I = I2
π 2 x sin x
= 2 ∫ dx
0 1 + cos2 x
π x sin x
= 4 ∫ dx
0 1 + cos2 x
Step V : π2
π sin x =
\ 2I3 = π ∫ dx 2
0 1 + cos2 x
π2
Putting cos x = t or – sin x dx = dt or I3 =
4
When x = 0; t = 1 & x = p; t = – 1
−1 dt Hence I = p2 [ I3 = 4I]
2I3 = − π ∫
1 1 + t2

 b a 
1 ∵ ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( x )dx 
= π tan x 
−1
−1  0 0 