Punishment and Social

Solidarity
JAVED IQBAL KHOKHAR
PHD-SCHOLAR (SOCIOLOGY), LLB
D E P U T Y D I R E C T I N G S TA F F AT N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y F O R P R I S O N S A D M I N I S T R AT I O N ( N A PA ) , M I N I S T R Y O F I N T E R I O R , G O V T. O F PA K I S TA N
 Who is Proponent?
 Emile Durkheim is proponent of this theory.

 Durkheim was a:
o French Sociologist
o Structural Functionalist/Positivist

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
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 Emile Durkheim
 Born in Épinal, Lorraine, France on April 15, 1858

 Died in Paris, France on November 15, 1917

 Married to Louise Dreyfus and had two children, Marie and André
o Most famous work:
 Division of Social Labor
 The Rules of Sociological Method
 Suicide: A Study in Sociology

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Social Solidarity
 Interdependence between individuals in society

 Feelings of individuals to enhance lives of others

 Core principle of collective action

 Founded on shared values and beliefs

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Types of Social Solidarity
 Mechanical Solidarity
o arises from commonalities in society.

 Organic Solidarity
o arises from interdependence amongst members
of society.

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Punishment and Social Solidarity
 Function of punishment is to uphold social
solidarity and reinforce shared values.

 Punishment expresses society's emotions of

moral outrage at the offence.

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Punishment and Social Solidarity
 Punishment is morality-affirming and

solidarity-producing mechanism and

grounded in collective sentiments.

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Collective Sentiment
 The accumulation of thoughts and feelings
expressed by the community.

 Represents the affective state of the group

at a given point in time.

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Punishment and Social Solidarity
 Punishment is done on behalf of society
and has a salutary effect on society by
reaffirming the collective
consciousness.
Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Collective Consciousness
 People's norms, beliefs, and values make up a
collective consciousness
 Shared way of understanding and behaving in the
world
 The collective consciousness binds individuals together
and creates social integration
Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Durkheim's Own Words

“Punishment serves to heal the wounds

done to the collective sentiments”

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Society and Deviance
 Society does not remove crime
altogether because society 'needed'
deviance/crime.

 Punishment controls crime and

maintains collective sentiments.
Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Functions of Deviance
1) Affirms social values of society

2) Clarifies norms and increases conformity

3) Strengthens social bonds among the people

reacting to the deviant

4) Can help lead to positive social change

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore
 Emile Durkheim VS Karl Marx
 Durkheim chose to take a purely mystical
perspective regarding society based on abstract
notions and social norms.

 Marx saw society as purely a materialistic

structure based upon tangible and physical realities.

Javed Iqbal Khokhar, PhD-Scholar (Sociology), LLB, Deputy Directing Staff at NAPA Lahore