Information Search and Analysis Skill

(ISAS)

“Wireless Charging Architecture Technology”

Arranged by: Group 7

1. Pandu Tri Praptomo (2220010153)

2. Qonita Qotrunnada (2220010154)

Faculty: Listyo Edi Prabowo, ST.

Class: 3 ISA 1

Continuing Education Center for Computing and Information

Technology

Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia

Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424

2023
 PREFACE

First, we want to thank the Almighty God because of his blessing and grace, the entitled
“Wireless Charging Architecture Technology” can be finished on time as per ISAS requirements
2023.

The paper is a requirement to fulfil the assignment. And we also would like to thank all the
guidance to complete it.

We hope this paper can be useful to all people and can expand our knowledge about Wireless
Charging Architecture Technology. We realize that this paper is still far from perfect in the
arrangement or in the content of the paper. We hope that the suggestion from all of you can be a
support to make us better in the next ISAS.

Finally, we hope that it can be a medium for the reader to deepen the knowledge about
Wireless Charging Architecture Technology, and we are open to any suggestions and criticisms from
the readers.

Authors

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.............................................................................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................................................
TABLE OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER I..........................................................................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................................
I.1 Background...............................................................................................................................................................
I.2 Writing Objective......................................................................................................................................................
I.3 Problem Domain.......................................................................................................................................................
I.4 Writing Methodology................................................................................................................................................
I.5 Writing Framework...................................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER II.........................................................................................................................................................................
BASIC THEORY..................................................................................................................................................................
II.1 History and Commercialization...............................................................................................................................
II.2 The Definition of Wireless Charging......................................................................................................................
II.3 The Importance of Wireless Charging.....................................................................................................................
II.4 Overview of Wireless Charging..............................................................................................................................
CHAPTER III........................................................................................................................................................................
PROBLEM ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................................................
III.1 Wireless Charging System Works and Architecture..............................................................................................
III.2 Wireless Charging Architecture Technology.........................................................................................................
III. 3. One example of a wireless charging gadget that uses Qi wireless charging technology.....................................

iOttie iON Duo Wireless Charging Station with Dual 10W Output..........................................................
III. 4. Advantages and Disadvantage of using Wireless Charging.................................................................................

A. Advantages........................................................................................................................................
1. Reduced Messiness...........................................................................................................................
B. Disadvantages...................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER IV........................................................................................................................................................................
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.................................................................................................................................
IV.1 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................................
IV.2 Suggestion..............................................................................................................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................................................

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 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: History of Wireless Charging.................................................................................................5

Figure 2: iOttie Duo Wireless Charging..............................................................................................10
Figure 3: iOttie Duo Wireless Charging pic 2.....................................................................................10

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background

Wireless charging technology is a method of charging electronic devices without the need for
physical cables. It is an alternative way to charge devices such as smartphones, tablets, audio devices,
and more. We will explain more about the system, the architecture consisting of several components
and the principles of how wireless charging works for electronic devices. We will also explain the
advantages, disadvantages, and daily implementation

I.2 Writing Objective

This paper aims to introduce a technology system for charging electronicdevices using a wireless
method

I.3 Problem Domain

This paper aims to explore what wireless charging is, its architecture and how it works.

I.4 Writing Methodology

The way this paper is written is to provide information starting from general matters to
delving further into specific matters.

I.5 Writing Framework

Here is the systematic writing of the paper entitled “Wireless Charging Architecture Technology”:

• Chapter I : Introduction

Chapter I will discuss the background, writing objective, problem domain, writing methodology, and
writing framework of this ISAS.

• Chapter II : Basic Theory

Chapter II will discuss about the basic knowledge needed to know to fully understand the paper

• Chapter III : Problem Analysis

Chapter III will mainly discuss about the wireless charging architecture technology, its advantages
and disadvantages, the application and when to use it.

• Chapter IV : Conclusion and Suggestion

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 CHAPTER II

BASIC THEORY

II.1 History and Commercialization

Figure 1: History of Wireless Charging

A. Theoretic Foundation

The study of electromagnetism originates from 1819 when H. C. Oersted discovered that
electric current generates a magnetic field around it. Then, Ampere’s Law, Biot-Savart’s Law and
Faraday’s Law were derived to model some ba- sic properties of magnetic field. They are followed by
Maxwell's equations introduced in 1864 to characterize how electric and magnetic fields are generated
and altered by each other. Later, in 1873, the publication of J. C. Maxwell’s book A Treatise on
Electricity and Magnetism unified the study of electricity and magnetism. Since then, electricity and
magnetism are known to be regulated by the same force. These historic progress established the
modern theoretic foundation of electromagnetism. [1]

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B. Technical breakthroughs and Research Projects

The history has witnessed a series of important technical breakthroughs, going along with
two major research lines on electric field and magnetic field. In 1888, H. R. Herts used oscillator
connected with induction coils to transmit electricity over a tiny gap. This first confirmed the
existence of electromagnetic radiation experimentally. Nikola Tesla, the founder of alternating
current electricity, was the first to conduct experiments of wireless power transfer based on
microwave technology. He focused on long-distance wireless power transfer and realized the
transfer of microwave signals over a distance about 48 kilometers in 1896. Another major
breakthrough was achieved in 1899 to transmit 10 8 volts of high-frequency electric power over a
distance of 25 miles to light 200 bulbs and run an electric motor . However, the technology that
Tesla applied had to be shelved because emitting such high voltages in electric arcs would cause
disastrous effects to humans and electrical equipment in the vicinity. [2]

Around the same period, Tesla also made a great contri- bution to promote the magnetic-field
advance by introducing the famous “Tesla coil”, illustrated in Figure 3a. In 1901, Tesla
constructed the Wardenclyffe Tower, shown in Fig- ure 3b to transfer electrical energy without
cords through the Ionosphere. However, due to technology limitations (e.g., low system efficiency
due to large-scale electric fields), the idea has not been widely further developed and
commercialized. Later, during the 1920s and 1930s, magnetrons were invented to convert
electricity into microwaves, which enabled wireless power transfer over long distances. However,
there was no method to convert microwaves back to electricity. Therefore, the development of
wireless charging was abandoned.

It was until 1964, when W. C. Brown, who is regarded as the principal engineer of practical
wireless charging, realized the conversion of microwaves to electricity through a rectenna. Brown
demonstrated the practicality of microwave power transfer by powering a model helicopter,
which inspired the following research in microwave- powered airplanes during the 1980s and
1990s in Japan and Canada. In 1975, Brown beamed 30kW over a distance of 1 mile at 84% with
Venus Site of JPLs Goldstone Facility. Solar power satellite (SPS), introduced in 1968, is another
driving force for long-distance microwave power transfer. The concept is to place a large SPS in
geo- stationary Earth orbit to collect sunlight energy, and transmit the energy back to the Earth
through electromagnetic beam. NASA’s project on SPS Reference System prompted abundant
technology developments in large-scale microwave transfer during 1970s and 1980s. During the
same period, coupling- based technology was developed under slow progress. Though inductive
coupling for low-power medical applications was successful and widely applied in 1960s, there
were not many technical boosts.

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II.2 The Definition of Wireless Charging

Wireless charging refers to a method of transmitting electrical power from a source (typically
a charging pad or base station) to a target device (such as a smartphone or electric vehicle) without the
use of physical cables or connectors. This process relies on electromagnetic fields generated by the
charging station, which induce an electrical current in a coil or receiver coil within the target device.
This induced current is then converted into direct current (DC) to charge the device's battery. Experts
emphasize that wireless charging technology is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction,
allowing for the transfer of energy over short distances without the need for direct physical contact. It
offers a more convenient and cable-free way to charge electronic devices, reducing clutter and
enhancing user convenience, and has found widespread application in various consumer electronics
and automotive industries.

II.3 The Importance of Wireless Charging

Wireless charging is a transformative advancement with multifaceted significance. It

epitomizes unparalleled convenience by eliminating the constraints of physical cables, presenting a
breakthrough in user experience. Its ability to declutter spaces and enhance aesthetics aligns with the
evolving standards of modern living environments. Furthermore, experts highlight its extraordinary
versatility, accommodating diverse devices and industries, from smartphones to electric vehicles,
showcasing its far-reaching impact. Wireless charging also plays a vital role in promoting
sustainability, reducing electronic waste, and aligning with energy-efficient practices. In the context
of the Internet of Things (IoT) and electric mobility, experts emphasize that wireless charging is
driving innovation and reshaping the future of automation and connectivity. As per their insights,
wireless charging is more than just a technological convenience; it is a pivotal force shaping the way
we interact with our devices and the world around us, offering a multitude of benefits to society as a
whole.

II.4 Overview of Wireless Charging

Wireless charging is a revolutionary technology that enables the transfer of electrical power
from a source to a device without the need for physical cables or connectors. This technology relies
on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where an alternating current (AC) in a charging pad
generates an electromagnetic field. This field induces an electrical current in a coil or receiver coil
within the target device, which is then converted into direct current (DC) to charge the device's
battery [3]. Wireless charging offers several key advantages. It provides unparalleled convenience,
allowing users to charge their devices simply by placing them on a compatible charging pad or stand,

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eliminating the hassle of plugging and unplugging cables. This convenience extends to a wide range
of devices, including smartphones, smartwatches, earbuds, and electric toothbrushes. Furthermore,
wireless charging promotes a clutter-free environment by reducing the number of cables and
connectors in homes and workplaces. It enhances device durability by minimizing wear and tear on
charging ports, which can extend the lifespan of electronic devices. Wireless charging also has the
potential to support sustainability efforts by reducing electronic waste associated with disposable
cables.

Wireless charging is not limited to consumer electronics; it is increasingly integrated into the
Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, enabling seamless automation and continuous operation of IoT
devices. Additionally, it is playing a crucial role in the electric vehicle industry, with dynamic
wireless charging systems being developed to charge electric vehicles while in motion, addressing
range anxiety and reducing the need for extensive charging infrastructure.

In summary, wireless charging is a transformative technology that simplifies our lives,

enhances convenience, reduces clutter, and has the potential to drive innovation in various industries.
As our world becomes increasingly wireless and interconnected, wireless charging is poised to play a
central role in shaping the way we power and interact with our devices and environments.

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 CHAPTER III

PROBLEM ANALYSIS

III.1 Wireless Charging System Works and Architecture

Figure 2: Inductive wireless charging architecture

Wireless charging method makes use of two coils, one for each transmitter and receiver
device. These coils play an important role in the wireless charging process. An oscillating magnetic
field is created when an electrical current travels through the coil of the transmitter device. This
magnetic field connects the transmitter and receiver devices. The first coil, or transmitter, is usually
found in the charging pad. The coil inside the phone serves as the second coil, also known as the
receiver. When the receiver device comes into contact with this magnetic field, its coil generates an
electrical current, which is then utilized to charge the gadget's battery. In this way, wireless charging
technology allows electronic gadgets to be charged without the use of physical cords, depending
instead on the electromagnetic fields created by the coils. [4]

Wireless charging consists of two systems: inductive and resonant. Inductive charging uses a
magnetic field to transmit electricity, requiring a tight coupling between transmitter and receiver. It's
ideal for distances below 7 millimeters. Resonant charging, on the other hand, has a more complex
structure but less efficient power transfer. It allows coils to be positioned at greater distances, offering
flexibility in coil placement and alignment.

III.2 Wireless Charging Architecture Technology

Wireless Charging Technology allows users to charge their devices without having to use
physical cables, which brings a high level of convenience in daily use. The latest technology in
wireless charging is the use of Qi Wireless Charging Technology, which has become a standard
applied to various smartphone devices, including those based on Android and iPhone. With this

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standardization, users no longer need to worry about compatibility between different devices when
they want to charge wirelessly, thereby simplifying their overall charging experience.

The term "Qi," which is pronounced as "chee," has its etymological roots in a Chinese concept
denoting the flow of "air energy." This innovative wireless charging standard was initially conceived
and brought to fruition by the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) in the year 2008. Qi, a compact,
versatile wireless charging standard, has evolved from inductive to resonant charging in 2014,
catering to manufacturers' preferences and demonstrating adaptability in the dynamic wireless
charging landscape.

III. 3. One example of a wireless charging gadget that uses Qi wireless charging technology

iOttie iON Duo Wireless Charging Station with Dual 10W Output

Figure 3: iOttie Duo Wireless Charging

Figure 4: iOttie Duo Wireless Charging pic 2

The iOttie iON Duo wireless charging station has been meticulously engineered to provide a
high level of charging efficiency, catering to the needs of users with two Qi-enabled smartphones. in
either portrait or landscape mode, and the fabric pad snugly keeps your phone in place. Its innovative
design features a dual 10W charging configuration, ensuring that both devices can be charged
simultaneously and rapidly. [5]

This product is certified by Google, and can support Android and Apple devices such as smart
phones, smart watches, AirPods, and True Wireless Stereo (TWS)

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III. 4. Advantages and Disadvantage of using Wireless Charging

A. Advantages
1. Reduced Messiness
Switching to wireless technology simplifies charging for electronic gadgets, freeing users from cables
and promoting a clean, efficient workstation.

2. Wire Protection

Wireless charging eliminates wear, strain and bending issues associated with wired chargers, Switch
with a wireless charging pad to prevent problems caused by wired chargers.

3. Ease and Convenience

Wireless charging technology offers convenience, simplicity and ease, allowing users to charge
phones, smartwatches, and other devices on a desk or authorized surface. It's becoming more common
in various products.

4. Compatibility Across Different Platforms

Wireless charging offers the convenience of using a single Qi-enabled charger for both iPhone and
Samsung devices, eliminating the need for separate chargers and promoting organization in
workstations. This eliminates the need for separate chargers for different devices.

B. Disadvantages
1. Time Required for Charging

Wireless charging is faster than cable charging, with wired chargers typically having rapid charging
capabilities exceeding 15 watts, whilst wireless chargers with larger wattages have yet to gain
traction.

2. Particular Placement

Inductive chargers require precise phone location for wireless charging, causing issues with
misplacement. Resonance charging pads require longer charging periods to avoid this issue.

3. Device Inoperable While Charging

Wireless charging is sensitive to location, making it difficult to use a phone while charging. This can
be frustrating for low battery users but still want to use it’s phone. A stand-type wireless charging pad

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offers a flexible and user-friendly solution, allowing users to continue using their smartphone while
charging. [6]

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

IV.1 Conclusion

Binary Search is a searching algorithm for finding an element's position in a sorted array.
Binary Search Algorithm can be implemented in two ways, Iterative method and Recursive method.
Binary search is also a highly efficient search algorithm, with a time complexity of O(log n), where n
is the number of elements in the list or array. This means that as the size of the list or array increases,
the time required to find the target value increases at a much slower rate than a linear search
algorithm. If we want to use the binary search algorithm, we must first sort out the array in an
ascending or descending order.

IV.2 Suggestion

Our advice for readers is not to be too fixated on what the author says, because there is still a
lot of other knowledge that can be taken from various sources and of course the author is also a
human being who is not free from mistakes.

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 Bibliography

[1] I. Pambudi, D. R. T. Widodo and M. , "TRANSMISI DAYA TANPA KABEL (WIRELESS) UNTUK
PENGISIAN BATERAI SECARA OTOMATIS DENGAN KOMBINASI INDUKSI MAGNETIK DAN
RESONANSI PADA SISI TRANSMITER," Kampus PENS-ITS, Sukolilo Surabaya, pp. 1-11.

[2] X. Lu, P. Wang, D. Niyato, D. I. Kim and Z. Han, "Wireless Charging Technologies: Fundamentals,
Standards, and Network Applications," IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS AND TUTORIALS, TO
APPEAR, pp. 1-6, 2015.

[3] Y. A. Rezeki, A. Zahra, A. A. Kamilla and F. Ramadhani, "MINI REVIEW: WIRELESS CHARGING
SEBAGAI INOVASI PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI ELEKTROMAGNETIK DALAM MENUJU ERA
SOCIETY 5.0," EduFisika: Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika, Vols. 7, No..2, pp. 1-9, 2022.

[4] Joseph, "Qi Charging: What Is It & Is Your Phone Qi-Enabled," CELLULARNEWS.COM, 26 August
2023. [Online]. Available: https://cellularnews.com/mobile-accessories/qi-charging-what-is-it-is-
my-phone-qi-enabled/. [Accessed 24 September 2023].

[5] N. S. Fatmi, "Best wireless charger 2023: Top 12 ranked for Android and iPhone," androidcentral,
14 09 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.androidcentral.com/best-wireless-charging-pads.
[Accessed 24 09 2023].

[6] Daniel, "iOttie iON Duo Wireless Charging Station with Dual 10W Output," Gadgetsin, 23 07
2021. [Online]. Available: https://gadgetsin.com/iottie-ion-duo-wireless-charging-station-with-
dual-10w-output.htm. [Accessed 24 09 2023].

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