…………………………………………………………………...

4.3 Specific Continue to heat even though the water in the beaker is
started to boil.
Latent Heat (a) Is the temperatre rise up?

The ‘ais kacang’ which is
colder than surrounding
is absorbing heat from
surrounding air. What
changes happens to the
‘ais kacang’?
…………………………………………………………..
(b) If not, what is the effect of the heat supplied to
the boiling water?
………………………………………………………….
Name the heat absorbed or given out at constant
temperature during change of phase.

……………………………………………………………

Define Latent Heat:

A fish can be cooked

by steaming in a
steamer pot. What
changes happens to
the water in the
steamer pot when it
boiled?

Phase Change
Activity 1:
Aim: To study the change in temperature when heat is
supplied to a solid at its melting point.

Heat the ice in a beaker slowly.

(a) Do the thermometer reading increase?

……………………………………………………………

Why the temperature remains constant during a change

of phase?

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

(b) What is the effect of the heat supplied to the ice?

…………………………………………………………………...

Heat the water in a beaker. What is the effect of the heat

to water?
 Activity 2:
Aim: Heating Curve and Cooling Curve

When liquid boils, the heat absorbed is used to

1. ……………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………

2. ……………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

Specific latent heat: ………………………………… LM :

Heat
..................................................................................
Temperature
…………………………………………………………..
Kinetic energy
Specific latent heat of fusion: ……………………
Phase L:
.................................................................................. M:

…………………………………………………………… MN:
Heat
Specific latent heat of vaporization: ……………
Temperature
..................................................................................
Kinetic energy
……………………………………………………………
Phase M:
Physical Quantity MN:
Symbol Unit N:
Q Q
l= NO

m m
Heat

Temperature
l
Kinetic energy
What does it means by the specific latent heat of fusion
Phase N:
of ice is 336 000J kg-1?
O:
……………………………………………………………
OP:
Heat
……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… Temperature

What does it means by the specific latent heat of Kinetic energy

vaporization of water is 2 260000 J kg-1?
Phase O:
…………………………………………………………… OP:
P:
 Activity 3
Aim: To compare and discuss
(i) specific latent heat of fusion of ice and wax
(ii) specific latent heat of vaporisation of water and oil
Cooling Curve
Substance Phase at room Specific latent
temprature heat of fusion
J/kg
Wax Solid 2.0 x 105

Ice Solid 3.34 x 105

(a) Compare the specific latent heat of fusion of ice and

wax.

………………………………………………………………….

(b) State the difference between ice and wax in terms of

strength of bond between molecules.

PQ : …………………………………………………………………...
Heat
Phase at room Specific latent
Temperature Substance temperature heat of
vaporisation J/kg
Kinetic energy Water Liquid 22.6 x 105

Phase P: Turpentine oil Liquid 2.51 x 105

Q: Petrol Liquid 3.49 x 105

QR:
Heat (c) Compare the specific latent heat of vaporisation for
water and petrol.
Temperature
…………………………………………………………………
Kinetic energy
(d) State the difference between water and petrol in
Phase Q: terms of strength bond between molecules and
QP: distance of separation between molecules and
P: distance of separation between molecules in
gaseous phase.
RS :
Heat …………………………………………………………………...

Temperature (e) Why is specific heat of vaporisation of water is

larger than specific latent heat of fusion of ice?
Kinetic energy
…………………………………………………………………...
Phase R:
S: …………………………………………………………………

Solve problems involving specific latent heat

ST:
Heat
When the heat added or When the heat added or
removed changes the removed changes the
Temperature
temperature of an object, phase of an object at
the heat is calculated constant temperature,
Kinetic energy using the heat is calculated
Q = mcθ using
Phase S: Q = ml
ST: If heat is supplied by electric heater to change the
T: phase of a substance, the equation Q = ml can be
written as
Q = Pt = ml

P = power of the heater, unit in W,

t = time ,unit is seconds
Exercise 1
1. If 2 kg of ice melts when 452 000 J of heat energy is
supplied to it, what is the specific latent heat of ice?
1. An immersion heater supplies heat at a rate of 50 J
s-1 to an insulated vessel containing a liquid. The
liquid is brought to its boiling point and kept
boiling for 2 minutes, during which time the mass
of the liquid lost is 40 g. What is the value of the
specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid?
2. Ice cubes of mass 50 g at 0 C is heated by a 50 W
heater. The ice takes 5 minutes to melt
completely. What is its specific latent heat of
fusion of ice?
3. An immersion heater rated at 500 W is fitted into a
large block of ice at 0 C. The specific latent heat
of fusion of ice is 3.34 x 106 J kg-1. How long does
it take to melt 1.5 kg of ice?
4. A 500 W electric heater is used to boil water. What
is the time required to reduce the mass of water by
70 g after the water has reached its boiling point?
(Specific latent heat of vaporization of water is
2.26 x 106 J kg-1)
5. 0.5 kg of water of 30 ⁰C is heated until all of it is
converted to steam. What is the amount of heat
energy supplied to it?
(Specific hat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg-1C-1
Specific laent heat of vaporization = 2.26 x 106 J kg-1)
7. 3.2 kg of water at 28 C is heated until half of it is
changes to steam at 100 C. How much heat energy
needs to be supplied to the water?
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 Jkg-1C-1
Specific latent heat of vaporization = 2.26 x 106 J kg-1)
Experiment 4.3:
Aim: (i) To determine specific latent heat of fusion of ice
(ii) To determine specific latent heat of
vaporisation of water
A. Specific latent heat of fusion of ice
Apparatus : Immersion heater (12 V, 50 W), 2 beakers,
retort stand and clamps, power supply, 2 filter funnels
and triple beam balance and Ice
Procedure
1. Measure the masses of beaker 1 ad beaker 2 and
record as m1 and m2 respectively.
2. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram. At
first, both the beakers are not placed under the
filter funnels.
3. Switch on the power supply of Set 1 and wait until
water flows from the filter funnels at a steady rate.
Place beaker 1 and beaker 2 under respective
funnels and start the stopwatch.
4. Switch off the power supply after 5 minutes.
5. Remove the beakers. Measure the masses of both
beakers again and record as m3 and m4
respectively.
Mass beaker 1 m1 =
Mass beaker 2 m2 =

Mass beaker 1 + water m3 = Result:

Initial mass of water m1 =
Mass beaker 2 + water m4 =
Final mass of water m2 =
Enery supplied by heater Q = Pt
Time taken t=

Mass of melted ice in m3 – m1 = Power of heater P=

beaker 1
Mass of melted ice in beaker m4 – m2 = Mass of water which is m1 – m2 = m =
2 boiled
Mass of melted ice due to heat supplied by immersion
heater, Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water
m = (m3 – m1) – (m4 – m2)
=

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice:

Discussion
1. Is the value of specific latent heat of vaporisation
from this experiment smaller or bigger than the
actual value? Give reason.
Discussion:
1. Explain why the stop watch does not start right …………………………………………………………………
after the heater is switched on?
………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………...
2. Suggest ways to increase the accuracy of the results
…………………………………………………………………... of this experiment.

2. Set 2 is known as control set. Explain the necessity …………………………………………………………………...

of control set in this experiment.
…………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………...
Activity 5
…………………………………………………………………... Aim: To show the evaporation causes cooling

3. Compare the value of specific heat of fusion of

water with the exact value. Explain the difference
between the two values (if any)

…………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………...

B. Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water

Apparatus : Immersion heater (240 V, 1 000 W),

stopwatch, weighing balance and water

Procedure

Absorption of latent heat during melting and

evaporation can be used to give the effect of cooling.
Latent heat released during condensation however is
used for the purpose of heating

A. Material / apparatus: beaker, alcohol, termometer

1. Dip one of your finger into the alcohol.

2. Take out your finger and wait for the alcohol to

evaporate. Can you feel a little bit cool at your
1. When the water is boiling, record the initial reading finger? ……………..
of the balance and start the stopwatch at the same
time. 3. Dip the bulb of a thermometer into the same alcohol
2. After 5 minutes, record the reading of the balance and observe the temperature shown.
 ………………………………………
4. Take out the thermometer and wait until the alcohol
on the thermometer evaporate. Observe the ………………………………………
temperature shown. State either the temperature
increases or decreases.……………… ………………………………………

………………………………………

……………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

2. The freshness of fish and meat can be maintained

by placing them in contact with ice. Explain.

B. Apparatus: beaker, straw, and white tile dan …………………………………………………………………...

piring kaca / Jubin putih
Bahan: alcohol and water (Text pg 143) …………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………...

1. Pour 100 ml alcohol into a beaker.

2. Touch the outside of the beaker and the water
around the base of the beaker. Record your
observations. 3. How steam is used to cook food?
3. Blow air repeatedly into the alcohol.
4. Touch the outside of the beaker. Record your …………………………………………………………………
observations.
…………………………………………………………………
Discussion:
1. What happens to the alcohol when air is blown into ………………………………………………………………….
it?
………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………
4. Explain why our bodies feel cool after sweating.
2. Compare the level of coldness of the beaker before
and after air is blown into the alcohol. Explain your ………………………………………………………………….
answer.
………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………

3. State the effect of evaporation.

……………………………………………………………

Activity 6
Aim: Applications of Specific Latent Heat in Everyday
Life

1. Explain how drinks can be

cooled by adding in several
cubes of ice.
5. Why the burn due to steam is more serious than the
burn due to hot water only?

…………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………... 5 Cooling agent / Freon

…………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………...

6. Cooling system in refrigerator Four phase of change of matter that involve specific
latent heat

Process Application

Melting

Evaporation

Boiling

Condensation

Name the cooling agent used: ………

A refrigerator uses the cooling effect from ……….. Tutorial 4.3

During circulation of the cooling agent, heat is
………………. from inside the refrigerator and 1. Latent heat is ‘hidden’ because it ___________.
A. cannot be measured
……………….. outside. B. does not actual exist
C. is a form of internal kinetic energy
Process Explaination D. is used to overcome the attractive forces
1 Compressor between the molecules

2. Specific latent heat is measured in ______

A. J C-1
B. J kg-1 C-1
2 Condenser C. J kg-1
D. J kg-1 C-1

3. The following is a temperature – time graph for a

substance Y which is heated. What is happening at
QR?
3 Expansion valve

4 Freezer
 A. Substance Y is being heated up
B. Substance Y is boiling at its boiling point.
C. Substance Y is melting at its melting point.
D. Substance Y undergoes chemical changes. What is the effect of the heat absorbed by the water
between point S and point T? (2007)
4. The specific latent heat of fusion is the heat A. It weakens the forces between the water
required to ___ molecules.
A. change 1 kg of ice into water at 0 C B. It breaks the bonds between the water
B. change 1 kg of water to steam at 100 C molecules.
C. change the temperature of 1 kg of ice by 1 C C. It increases the kinetic energy of the water
D. change the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 molecules.
C D. It strengthens the bonds between the water
molecules.
5. There is no rise in temperature when heat is
supplied to melt ice. Which of the following 9. Diagram 13 shows the cooling curve of a
explains this observation? substance.
A. The heat is used to exert pressure on
molecules.
B. The heat is used to increase the vibrations of
molecules.
C. The heat is used to increase the kinetic energy
of molecules.
D. The heat is used to overcome the attractive
forces between molecules.

6. Drinks can be cooled by adding in several cubes of

ice. When the ice is melting ______.
A. large amount of heat is absorbed and lowers
the temperature of the drink. At which stages are specific latent heat released?
B. a large amount of heat is released and lowers A. VW and XY
the temperature of the drink. B. WX and YZ
C. the kinetic energy of the water molecules C. VW and YZ
increases. D. WX and XY

7. The graph shows the heating curve of a substance. 10. Diagram 14 shows the heating curve of a sample of
Which of the phases labeled A, B, C or D, shows naphthalene.
heat is absorbed during the melting process?

Naphthalene starts to melt at the time

A. tO
B. t2
C. t1
D. t3
8. Diagram below is a graph which shows the heating 11. Diagram 15 shows a process of change of state.
curve of water.
 In which process, A, B, C or D, is latent heat of
vaporization absorbed? (2010)

12. What occurs during the melting of naphthalene?

A. Heat is released by the naphthalene (b) Using kinetic theory of matter explain why
B. Temperature of the naphthalene does not (i) at section XY , the temperature is remains
increase constant?
C. The bonding force between the naphthalene
molecules increases …………………………………………………………………...
D. The kinetic energy of the naphthalene
molecules remains constant. …………………………………………………………………...

(ii) at section YZ the temperature increases

…………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………...
13. The latent heat of fusion for water is heat absorbed
by…. (c) Using the graph,determine
A. 1 kg of ice during melting without changes in (ii) the melting point of the substance? …
temperature
B. 1 m3 of ice during melting without changes in
(ii) the specific latent heat of fusion of the
temperature
substance.
C. 1 kg of water to increase the temperature by 1
°C
D. 1 m3 of water to increase the temperature by 1
°C.
2. SPM 2005:
Sweating is one of the ways our body maintains the
14. How much heat is needed to be supplied to change
body temperature of about 37o C. Sweat is largely made
500 g of ice block at 0 °C to water at 0°C? (specific
up of water and it comes from sweat glands as shown in
latent heat of fusion = 3.36 x 105 J/kg)
the following figure.
A. 6.72 x 102 J
B. 1.68 x 105 J
C. 6.72 x 105 J
D. 1.68 x 108 J

PAPER 2 SECTION A
1. A solid substance of mass 0.1 kg is heated using
200 W heater. A graph showing in variation of
temperature with time is shown in Figure below.

(a) Based on the graph, what are the states of matter

between point When sweat evaporates, it takes heat away from our
(i) WX : ………………………… body.

(ii) XY : …………………………. (a) Using kinetic theory of matter, explain how

evaporation takes away heat from our body.
(iii) YZ : ………………………….
…………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………...

(b) While playing badminton, 0.05 kg of sweat was

evaporated from Ahmad’s body. Calculate the
quantity of heat lost from his body due to the
evaporation. The latent heat of vaporization of
sweat is 2.3 x 106 J kg-1
 [2 marks] (c) Calculate the heat energy, Q2 , which is absorbed
from S to T.(The specific heat capacity of water, C
= 4 200 J kg-1 ºC-1]
(d) Sketch the graph of temperature against time on
Diagram 2 to show the change of phase from R to
U.

4. SPM 2008
Diagram 8.1 shows a 500 W electric heater being used to
heat a beaker of water on a compression balance.

3. SPM 2007
Diagram 1 shows the change of phase when 1 kg of ice
is converted into steam. (a) State the energy change involved when using the
heater to heat the water. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………

(b) The mass of water is 0.5 kg and the specific heat

capacity of water is 4 2000 J kg-1 ºC-1. The initial
temperature of the water is 30 ºC. Calculate the
energy absorbed by the water to reach its boiling
Q1 , Q2 , and Q3 are the heat energies absorbed during
point.
the heating process.
[2 marks]
(a) Name the heat energy, Q1 , which is absorbed from
R to S.

…………………………………………………………………...
(c) When the water is boiling, the reading of the
compression balance decreases by 0.0125 kg in 60
(b) State one reason why the temperature at R and S
s. Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization
is the same even though heat is supplied.
of the water.
[2 marks]
Hot Specific heat Mass, Power,
plate capacity/Jkg-1⁰C-1 m/ kg P/W
(d) Q, R and S are three different hot plates. These
Q 390 3.0 600 hot plates are used to heat ‘roti canai’. Table 8
R 900 2.5 1 200 shows the characteristics of each plate.
S 400 4.0 900
…………………………………………………………………...
The initial temperature of each plate is 30 ºC. The plates
…………………………………………………………………... are ready to use when their temperature reaches 200 ºC.
Calculate the time to reach 200 ºC for each plate.
[5 marks]
(i) Plate Q (c) Calculate
(i) The energy absorbed by the ice cubes
[2 marks]

(ii) Plate R (ii) The mass of ice cubes which have melted.
[2 marks]

(iii) Plate S
6. Section B
(a)(i) What is meant by specific latent heat of
vapourization? [1 mark]

(ii) Explain why someone who is sweating feels cool

(e)(i) Based on the answers in 8(d), which plate is the when he is under a rotating fan. [4 marks]
most suitable for heating ‘roti canai’?

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) State one reason for the answer in 8(e)(i).

…………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]

(b) A solid substances, of mass 0.05 kg, is heated

5. SPM 2015 using an immersion heater of 240 V, 0.1 kW.
Diagram 4 shows ice cubes are being heated by 600 W Diagram below shows the heating curve of the
immersion heater for 60 seconds. The melting ice cubes solid.
are collected in a beaker. The specific latent heat of
fusion is 3.3 x 105 Jkg-1

Calculate:
(i) the specific latent heat of fusion of the
(a) What is the meaning of specific latent heat of substance
fusion?
(ii) The specific heat capacity of the substance in
………………………………………………………………….. liquid state.
[5 marks]
…………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark] (b) You are asked to investigate the features of cooling
material and the design of a car engine radiator as
(b) Explain why the temperature does not change in Diagram 7.2. Explain the suitability of each
when the ice cubes changes to liquid. features in Diagram 7.2 and then determine the
most suitable car engine radiator to be used. Give
........................................................................................... a reason for your choice.
[10 marks]
………………………………………………………………….