Lecture 7

Angle Modulation:
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
Remember
Remember: Phase Shift
Angle Modulation
 Angle Modulation

Radar
 Angle Modulation

Carrier

Modulating
Signal

FM

PM
 Angle Modulation
The carrier signal is represented by:

c(t) = Ac cos (2f ct )

where Ac is the carrier amplitude
fc is the carrier frequency

Types of Angle Modulation

Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation

(PM) (FM)

Wide band FM Narrow band FM

 Angle Modulation: Definitions

1 d (t) 1 d (t)
- The instantaneous frequency : f i (t) = = fc +
2 dt 2 dt
d (t) d (t)
−The instantaneous radian frequency : i (t) = = c +
dt dt
- The instantaneous phase: (t) = ct +  (t)
- The relationship between the instantaneous phase and the
instantaneous frequency is given by :
t t

 (t) =  i (t) dt or  (t) = 2  fi (t) dt

0 0

d 1 d
i (t) =  (t) or f i (t) =  (t)
dt 2 dt
 Angle Modulation: Definitions

1 d(t)
Theinstantaneous frequency deviation :
2 dt
The instantaneous phasedeviation : (t)

 1 d(t)
Maximum frequency deviation = Δf = max  
2 dt 
Maximum phase deviation : max (t)
 Phase Modulation
Phase Modulation (PM): is that form of angle modulation
in which the instantaneous phase  (t) is varied linearly
with the message signal m(t) as:
 (t) = ct + k p m(t)
where: k p represents the phase sensitivity of the modulator in [rad/volt]
m(t) is the modulating signal in [volt].

The phase modulated signal s(t) is described in time domain by :

s(t) = Ac cos[ct + k p m(t)]

 Phase Modulation
Phase Modulation (PM):

s(t) = Ac cos[ct + k p m(t)]

The instantaneous phase deviation : (t) = k p m(t)

The instantaneous phase deviation of the carrier

is proportional to the message amplitude.

Maximum phase deviation : max (t)= k p maxm(t)

 Frequency Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM): is that form of angle modulation in
which the instantaneous frequency fi (t) is varied linearly with
the message signal m(t) as:
fi (t) = fc + k f m(t)
where: kf represents the frequency senstivity of the modulator in[Hz/volt]
m(t)is the modulating signal in[volt].
In FM, the instantaneous phase is given by :
t

 (t) = ct + 2 kf  m( )d

0

The frequency modulated signal s(t) is described in time domain by:

t

s(t) = Accos[ct + 2k f  m( )d ]

0
 Frequency Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM):
t

s(t) = Ac cos[ct + 2k f  m( )d ]

0

1 d (t)
The instantaneous frequency deviation =
2 dt
 t

d  2 k f  m( )d 
1  
= 0

2 dt
= k f m(t )

The instantaneous frequency deviation of the carrier

is proportional to the message amplitude.
 Frequency Modulation

 1 d(t)
Maximum frequency deviation = f = max  
2 dt 
= k f max m(t)

Maximum frequency deviation represents the maximum

of the instantaneous frequency of the FM signal
from the carrier frequency.
 Properties of Frequency Modulation
-As the modulating signal amplitude increases, the
carrier frequency increases and vise versa.

-Maximum frequency deviation is the maximum

change in the carrier frequency produced by the
modulating signal.

-The Maximum frequency deviation is proportional

to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
 Example:
For a sinusoidal modulating signal defined by:
m(t) = Am cos (2f mt )
Find: - The modulated PM signal
- The instantaneous phase and the instantaneous angular
frequency of PM signal

- The PM signal is given by:

s(t) = Ac cos[ct + k p m(t)]
= Ac cos[c t + k p Am cos (2f mt )]
- The instantaneous phase:
 (t) = ct + k p Am cos (2f mt )
- The instantaneous frequency:
i (t) = d (t) = c − Amm k p sin(mt)
dt
 FM with Single Tone Modulating Signal
Consider a sinusoidal modulating signal defined by:

m(t) = Am cos (2f mt )

The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is given by:

f i (t) = f c + k f Am cos (2f mt )

= f c + f cos (2f mt )
where f = k f Am is the maximum frequency deviation
t

The FM signal is given by: s(t) = Ac cos[ct + 2k f  m( )d ]

f 0

s(t) = Ac cos[ct + sin(m t )]

fm
= Ac cos[c t +  sin (m t )] (1)
 FM with Single Tone Modulating Signal

s(t) = Ac cos[ct +  sin (mt )] (1)

where
Δf
β= Δf = β f m
fm

is the modulation index of the FM signal.

Physically, from (1), the parameter  represents the maximum
phase deviation of the FM signal, that is, the maximum
deviation (departure) of the angle  (t) from the angle 2fct of the
unmodulated carrier.
 PM with Single Tone Modulating Signal
Thesame analysis is valid for PM signal and the
modulating signal in PM is :

s(t) = Ac cos[c t + k p Am cos (mt )]

= Ac cos[c t +  cos (mt )]

 = k p Am [rad]

Where  is the modulation index of PM signal measured in

rad.
Determine whether the given signals are PM or FM

s(t) = Ac cos[c t +  sin m t]

s(t) = Ac cos[c t +  cos m t]

 FM with Single Tone Modulating Signal
Now, We need to investigate the bandwidth of FM

Depending on the value of the modulation index we have

two cases of frequency modulation

Narrowband FM Wideband FM
 1  1
Narrowband FM (NBFM)
 Narrowband FM (NBFM)

since
Which is similar to the AM signal which is given by:

BT = 2 f
m

The difference between the two equations (AM & NBFM) is the –ve
sign in the last term. Thus the NBFM requires the same transmission
The transmission
bandwidth as AM.
bandwidth of the NBFM
is similar to the AM
 Generation of Narrowband FM

AcA mk f
sin(mt )sin(ct)
2f m

m(t) = Am cos (2f mt )

Am
 m( )d = 2f sin(mt )
m
 Wideband FM (WBFM)
Now we determine the spectrum of the single tone FM signal for an
arbitrary value of the modulation index 

s (t ) = Ac cos (ct +  sin (mt )


= Re Ace 
J(c t +  sin (m t))

= Re
(A e  (
c e 
J sin
 m t)) J ct c

= Re 
 J ct
c(t) e
J sin (m t))
where c(t) = Ace is the complex
envelope of FM signal.
 Wideband FM (WBFM)

Where:
 Wideband FM (WBFM)
Bessel function
Wideband FM (WBFM)
 Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals
In theory, an FM signal contains an infinite number of side frequencies so that
the bandwidth required to transmit such a signal is similarly infinite in extent.
✓ It can be shown that 98 percent of the normalized total signal power is
contained in the bandwidth
This expression can

BW  2(1+  ) f m Hz
represents the general
Carson’s rule case where f m is the max.
frequency in the signal

NARROW-BAND ANGLE-MODULATED WIDE-BAND ANGLE-MODULATED

SIGNALS SIGNALS

 1  BW  2(1+  )f m  1BW  2(1+  )f m

 BW  2 f m Hz f
BW  2( )f m  2  f m = 2f Hz
fm
✓ Usually a value of β<0.2 is
sufficient to satisfy this
condition. The larger the modulation
Index, the larger the
bandwidth
 Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals

Another form of FM Bandwidth:

Example:
Example (Cont.)


B = 2(2 10kHz) = 40 kHz B = 2(n f m )

BW  2(1+  ) f m Hz 
B = 2(1 + 1)  10 k H z = 40 k H z
Example (Cont.)

Calculate the magnitudes ????

 Transmitted Power of WBFM

Since
T

Note this can be deduced easily (from the three form of representation of bandpass signals) as :
1
PT =  c(t)  where c(t) = Ac e j (t )
2

2
1 1
=  Ac = Ac2
2

2 2
Spectrum of WBFM

Spectrum of WBFM
 
s FM (t ) = A c  J ( )co s (2 f
n c t + 2 n f m t )
n=−


S FM ( f ) = Ac  J n ( ) ( f − ( f c + n f m )) +  ( f + ( f c + n f m ))
2 n=−

= c J o ( ) ( f − f c ) + J o ( ) ( f + f c )
A n=0
2
+ c J 1 ( ) ( f − ( f c + f m ))+ J 1 ( ) ( f + ( f c + f m ))
A n=1
2
+ c J 2 ( ) ( f − ( f c + 2 f m ))+ J 2 ( ) ( f + ( f c + 2 f m ))
A
n=2
2
+ c J 3( ) ( f − ( f c + 3 f m ))+ J 3 ( ) ( f + ( f c + 3 f m ))
A
2
n=3
+ c J ( ) ( f − ( f + 4 f ))+ J ( ) ( f + ( f + 4 f )) +
A
2 4 c m 4 c m
n=4
.
.
n = -1
+
Ac
J −1 ( ) ( f − ( f c − f m ))+ J −1 ( ) ( f + ( f c − f m ))
2
+ A c J − 2 ( ) ( f − ( f c − 2 f m ))+ J − 2 ( ) ( f + ( f c − 2 f m )) n = -2
2
+ A c J − 3 ( ) ( f − ( f c − 3 f m ))+ J 3 ( ) ( f + ( f c − 3 f m )) n = -3
2
+ A c J − 4 ( ) ( f − ( f c − 4 f m ))+ J − 4 ( ) ( f + ( f c − 4 f m )) + n = -4
2
.
  =2
5
Ac = 10 V
J o (2 ) c =  0.239 = 1.14
4 .5 A 10
4
2 2
3 .5 A 10
J 2 (32)
Ac = 10  0.3528 = 1.764 J1 (2) c
=  0.5767 = 2.835 f c = 500 [Hz]
M(f) 2 2 2 2
f m = 50 [Hz]
2 .5
XF

Ac = 10  0.1289 = 0.644
J 12 (. 52)
1 2 2
0 .5

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
F R E Q U E N C Y [Hz]

 = 0.5
5

J o (0.5)
4.5 Ac 10
=  0.9385 = 4.6955
4 2 2
3.5

J1(0.5)
3 Ac = 10  0.2423 = 1.215
2 2
M(f)

2.5
XF

1.5
J 2 (0.5)
Ac 10
1
=  0.03060 = 0.1530
2 2
0.5

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
F R E Q U E N C Y [Hz]
 Spectrum of WBFM
(1)The spectrum of an FM signal contains a carrier component
and an infinite set of sideband frequencies located
symmetrically on either side of the carrier at frequency

separation of f m , 2 f m ,3 f m ,...

(2) For the special case of  1 , Only the Bessel

coefficients J 0 ( ) and J1( ) have significant values so that the
spectrum of the FM is composed of a carrier and a single

pair of side frequencies at fc  f m

(3) Unlike the AM signal, the amplitude of the
carrier component varies with the modulation
index
 Remember: FM with Single Tone Modulating Signal

s(t) = Ac cos[ct +  sin (mt )] (1)

where
Δf
β= Δf = β f m
fm
is the modulation index of the FM signal.

f = k f Am

Am is the amplitude of the modulating signal

Example: Spectrum of WBFM Normalized amplitude

In this example, we investigate

the ways in which variations in
the amplitude and frequency of a
sinusoidal modulating signal
affect the spectrum of WBFM
signal.

Case I: The frequency of the

modulating Signal is fixed but its
amplitude is varied producing a
frequency deviation f
As Am increases,f increases,,then  increases

See the amplitude

variation of the spectrum
for different 
Example: (Cont.)
Case II: The amplitude of
the modulating Signal is
fixed (producing constant
frequency deviation )but
its frequency is varied.

As β increases, f m decreases;Since Am is constant

We see that when the

frequency deviation is
constant and the
modulation index is
increased, we have an
increasing number of
spectral lines crowding
into a fixed frequency
interval:
 Example (Cont.):
That is when  approaches infinity, the bandwidth of the
FM signal approaching the limiting value of 2f which is an
important point to keep in mind for later discussion.
 Difference between AM and Angle Modulation

(1)Zero crossings (instants of time at which a waveform

changes from a negative to a a positive value) no longer
have a perfect regularity in their spacing.
(2)The envelope of FM or PM signal is constant (equal to the
carrier amplitude), where as the envelope of an AM signal
is dependent on the message signal.
(3)The FM signal s(t) is a nonlinear function of the modulating
signal m(t) which makes FM to be a nonlinear modulation
process.
(4)Unlike AM, the spectrum of an FM signal is not related in a
simple manner to that of the modulating signal, rather, its
analysis is much more difficult than that of an AM signal.
Advantages of FM over AM
Disadvantages of FM over AM
 Generation of FM Signals:
Direct Method (Parameter Variation Method)
In this method, the carrier frequency is directly varied in
accordance with the input baseband signal, which is
performed using voltage controlled oscillator.

x(t) A cos(2f t + cx(t))

c c
VCO
 Generation of FM Signals:
Indirect Method NBFM WBFM

This method is preferred when the carrier frequency stability is

of major concern as in commercial radio broadcasting
 Frequency Multiplier
f
Remember : s(t) = Ac cos[ ct + sin( mt )]
fm
= Ac cos[c t +  sin (

Example:
 Demodulation of FM Signals
+VL

R eceived signal S ( t )

+VL

+VL

Limited signal S L ( t )

+VL

The received FM signal is passed to a BPF to remove

the out of band noise and then passed to a limiter to
remove any amplitude fluctuations due to noise. The next
step, the FM signal is demodulated to extract the signal.
Q1
If m(t) = Sin(2000 t) k f = 100 KHz/V and k p = 10 rad/V
Q. 7 What is the peak phase deviation?

Q. 8 Either the given signal is NB or WB?

Q. 9 What is the peak frequency deviation?