10

00 MATHEMATICS
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Polynomial Functions
Quarter 2 : Week 1 - 2

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Mathematics – Grade 10
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Polynomial Functions
Quarter 2: Week 1-2

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GLAK Development Team

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 Polynomial Functions

Introduction

Have you thought of how certain designers of companies make their

unique and signature box to pack their products that can contain the largest
capacity with the minimum cost? How about analyzing things like determining the
maximum income, revenue and area that can be constructed out of certain length of
fencing materials? These are all examples of optimization problems that use
polynomial function.

Polynomial function had been used to model several situations. During

the COVID – 19 pandemic, the Department of Health (DOH) described their efforts
against COVID – 19 through a graph - they had flattened the curve. The “curve”
models the projected number of people who are infected with the virus.
Understanding the behavior of the curve in this situation could be of big help to
people who really want to fight the spread of the virus. This real life situation is only
one of the many applications of polynomial functions.

This Guided Learning Activity Kit (GLAK) will help you illustrate,
understand, describe and interpret the graphs of polynomial functions and its
applications to real life.

Learning Competencies

Illustrates polynomial functions. (M10AL-IIa-1)

Understands, describes and interprets the graphs of polynomial functions.
Solves problems involving polynomial functions. (M10AL-IIb-2)

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 Objectives

At end of this Guided Learning Activity Kit (GLAK), you are expected to:

1. illustrate polynomial function;

2. describe the following characteristics of the graph of a polynomial function in
terms of:
a. end behavior using the leading coefficient test;
b. zeros of the function and its multiplicities
c. x- and y-intercepts
d. number of turning points
e. domain and range
3. draw the graph of a polynomial function;
4. find the polynomial function of least degree given the graph of the polynomial
function and its zeros;
5. formulate a polynomial function that represents the given situation; and
6. solve problems involving polynomial functions.

Review

A. Find the roots of the following polynomial equations. Write your answers on
your answer sheet.
1. (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
2. 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)5 (𝑥 + 6)2 = 0
3. (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 2)2 = 0
4. 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = 0
5. 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0

B. Translate the following verbal sentences to mathematical sentences. Match

column A with column B. Write the letter of your choice on your paper.
Column A Column B
𝑛
_____ 1. Four times a number divided by seven A. − 6 = 15
3
equals twenty
_____ 2. Six less than the quotient of a number B. A = w(2w-5)
to 3 is fifteen

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 _____ 3. Five more than the product of a number C.
3𝑛
= 20
7
and four is twice the square of number.
_____ 4. The area of a rectangle whose length is 1
D. 𝑛 − 2 𝑛 = 5
five less than twice its width
_____ 5. A number decreased by half of the same E. 4n + 5 = 2𝑛2
number is five.

Discussion

ILLUSTRATING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

Which of the following algebraic expressions is a polynomial?

1 3
3𝑥 + 5 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 2
5
6 3𝑥 + 2
+ 5x + 1 5√𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 5
𝑥3 7𝑥 − 1
Polynomial in the variable 𝑥 of degree 𝑛 is an algebraic expression of the
form.
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
where 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 … 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎0 are real numbers, 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 and 𝑛 is a nonnegative
integer.
The following expressions are polynomials:
1 3
3𝑥 + 5 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 2
5
The following expressions are not polynomials:

6 3𝑥 + 2
+ 5x+1 5√𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 5
𝑥3 7𝑥 − 1
Using the function notation, what is a polynomial function?
A polynomial function 𝑓 of degree n is a function defined by
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
where 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 … 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎1 are real numbers, 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 and 𝑛 is a non
negative integer.
In the given polynomial function, n represents the degree of the
polynomial, 𝒂𝒏 is the leading coefficient, 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 is the leading term and
if 𝒂𝟎 ≠ 𝟎, then it is called the constant term.
(Garces, 2008)

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 Consider the following examples of polynomial functions:

Leading Leading Constant

Functions Degree
term coefficient term
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 2 1 3x 3 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 −5𝑥 2 − 1 2 −5𝑥 2 −5 −1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 −5𝑥 2 + 7 3 4𝑥 3 4 7
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 4 − 9 4 3𝑥 4 3 −9

Polynomials are named for their degree. The degree of the polynomial is the
largest exponent of all of its terms.
• A first-degree polynomial such as 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 2 is called linear
• A second-degree polynomial such as 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 −5𝑥 2 − 1 is called a quadratic.
• A third-degree polynomial such as 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 −5𝑥 2 + 7 is called a cubic.
• A fourth-degree polynomial such as 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 4 − 9 is called a quartic.
• A fifth-degree polynomial such as 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 5 − 9 is called a
quintic.

The terms of a polynomial function maybe written in descending powers of x

or in standard form. The polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 5 − 9 when
written in standard form is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 4 −6𝑥 2 − 9.

Polynomial functions may also be written in factored form. Expressing the

polynomial function in factored form, the application of the factor theorem, rational
root theorem, remainder theorem and Descartes’ rule of signs are very much useful.
You have learned these concepts in your First Quarter Learning Activity Sheets
(LAS). Here are some of the examples.

1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6 in factored form 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)

2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 9 in factored form 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1)

Now, how do we determine the degree, leading term, leading coefficient and
constant term of the polynomial function written in factored form? Consider the
following examples:

Example 1: What is the degree, leading term, leading coefficient, and constant
term of the polynomial function?
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 5)2 (2𝑥 − 3)3 ?
Solution:
As you can see, the polynomial is written in factored form. To determine the
degree of the polynomial, leading term, leading coefficient and constant term, we
have:

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• Degree of the polynomial:

To determine the degree, simply add the exponent 2 of the factor

(𝑥 − 5) and the exponent 3 of the factor (2𝑥 − 3)3 or 2 + 3 = 5. Therefore, the
2

degree of the polynomial function is 5.

• Leading Term:
To determine the leading term, get the product of 𝑥 2 and (2𝑥)3.
𝑥 2 ∙ 8𝑥 3 = 8𝑥 5 . Hence, the leading term is 𝟖𝒙𝟓.

• Leading Coefficient:
The numerical coefficient of the leading term which is 8.

• Constant Term:

To determine the constant term, get the product of (−5)2 and (−3)3 .
Hence, (−5)2 ∙ (−3)3 = (25)(−27) = −𝟔𝟕𝟓

Example 2: What is the degree, leading term, leading coefficient and constant term
of the polynomial function?
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 − 2)3 (2𝑥 + 1)5 ?
Solution:

The polynomial is written in factored form. To determine the degree of the

polynomial, leading term, leading coefficient and constant term, we have:
• Degree of the polynomial:

To determine the degree, simply add the exponent 3 of the factor

(3𝑥 − 2) and the exponent 5 of the factor (2𝑥 + 1)5 or 3+5 = 8. Therefore, the
3

degree of the polynomial function is 8.

• Leading Term:
To determine the leading term, get the product of (3𝑥)3 and (2𝑥)5 .
(3𝑥)3 ∙ (2𝑥)5 = 27𝑥 3 ∙ (32𝑥 )5 = 864𝑥 8 . Hence, the leading term is 𝟖𝟔𝟒𝒙𝟖.

• Leading Coefficient:
The numerical coefficient of the leading term is 864.

• Constant Term:
To determine the constant term, get the product of (−2)3 and (1)5 .
Hence, (−2)3 ∙ (1)5 = (−8)(1) = −𝟖

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In summary:

Leading Leading Constant

Functions Degree
term coefficient term
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 5)2 (2𝑥 − 3)3 5 8𝑥 5 8 −675
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 − 2)3 (2𝑥 + 1)5 8 864𝑥 8 864 −8

When polynomial functions are expressed in factored form, it would be easier

to determine the zeros of the function. How do you find the zeros of the function?

FINDING THE ZEROS OF THE POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

The zero of the polynomial function is a value of 𝑥 which makes the function
equal to zero. That is, if 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, then 𝑥 is a zero of 𝑓(𝑥). In polynomial equation,
the number 𝒓 is called the root or solution of the equation P(r) = 0. Using the factor
theorem, 𝑥 −r is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥) if and only 𝒓 is a zero of 𝑃, hence, we can say 𝑥 −r
is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥), thereby 𝒓 is a root of P(x).

Remember:

The zero of polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) is the value of the variable x,

which makes the polynomial equal to zero or 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.

How will you find the zeros of the function? Consider the following examples:

Example 1: Find the zeros of the polynomial function.

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3).

Solution:

Step 1: Since the function is expressed in its factored form, equate the function to 0
or set f(x) = 0.
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
0 = (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)

Step 2: Using the zero product property (ZPP), equate each of the factors to 0.
So we have,

𝑥−1 = 0 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥−3 = 0
𝑥 = 1 2𝑥 = −1 𝑥 = 3
1
𝑥 = −2

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 1
Therefore the zeros of the function are − , 1 and 3.
2

Example 2: Find the zeros of the polynomial function.

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 24.
Solution:
Notice that the given function is written in standard form where the
leading coefficient is 1. To find the zeros of the function, apply the Descartes’ rule of
sign, rational zero theorem, factor theorem, and the remainder theorem.

Step 1: Use the Descartes’ rule of sign to determine the number of positive and
negative roots of the equation through the variation of signs. Hence, in this
polynomial function,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 24. Since, there are 2
variations in sign, it means
+ + − − + that the function has 2
positive roots.
1 2
4 3 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 13𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 24
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = (−𝑥)4 + 2(−𝑥)3 − 13(−𝑥)2 − 14(−𝑥) + 24
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 24 Since, there are 2
+ − − + + variations in sign, it means
that the function has 2
1 2 negative roots.

Step 2: Using the rational zero theorem, determine the possible zeros of the
polynomial function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 24. The constant term
is 24 and the leading coefficient is 1.
𝑝 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 ±1,±2,±3,±4,±6,±8,±12,±24
= =
𝑞 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 ±1,
So, the possible zeros of the function include ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±8, ±12, ±24 .

Step 3: Using the synthetic division, determine the zeros of the given polynomial
function. Hence, the zeros of the polynomial function are:

Let us use 𝒓 = 𝟏 Let us use 𝒓 = −𝟐

1 1 2 -13 -14 24 -2 1 2 -13 -14 24

1 3 -10 -24 -2 0 26 -24
1 3 -10 -24 0 1 0 -13 12 0
Since f(1) = 0, hence, 1 is a zero of Since f (-2) = 0, hence, -2 is a zero
the function of the function.

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 Let us use 𝒓 = 𝟑 Let us use 𝒓 = −𝟒

3 1 2 -13 -14 24 -4 1 2 -13 -14 24

3 15 6 -24 -4 8 20 -24
1 5 2 -8 0 1 -2 -5 6 0
Since f(3) = 0, hence, 3 is a zero of Since f(-4) = 0, hence, -4 is a zero
the function. of the function.

Therefore, the zeros of the function are −𝟒, −𝟐, 𝟏 and 3.

Example 3: Find the zeros of the polynomial function

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 20.
Solution:
Notice that the given function is written in standard form. To find the
zeros of the function, apply the Descartes’ rule of sign, rational zero theorem, factor
theorem, and the remainder theorem.

Step 1: Use the Descartes’ rule of sign to determine the number of positive and
negative roots of the equation through the variation of signs. Hence in this
polynomial function,
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 20 Since, there are 2 variations in
+ − − + sign, it means that the function
has 2 positive roots.
1 2

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 20
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 2(−𝑥)3 − 3(−𝑥 )2 − 39(−𝑥) + 20 Since, there is only 1 variation
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 39𝑥 + 20 in sign, it means that the
function has only 1 negative
− + + + root.
1
Step 2: Using the rational zero theorem, determine the possible zeros of the
polynomial function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 20. The constant term is
20 and the leading coefficient is 2.

𝑝 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 ±1, ±2, ±4, ±5, ±10, ±20
=
𝑞 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
= ±1, ±2

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 So, the possible zeros of the function include ±1, ±2, ±4, ± 5, ±10,
5 1
±20 and ± 2, ± 2

Step 3: Using the remainder theorem and factor theorem, determine the zeros of the
given polynomial function. Hence, the zeros of the polynomial function are:
• If 𝑥 = − 4, then, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 20
𝑓 (−4) = 2(−4)3 − 3(−4)2 − 39(−4) + 20
𝑓 (−4) = 2(−64) − 3(16) + 156 + 20
𝑓 (−4) = −128 − 48 + 156 + 20
𝑓 (−4) = −176 + 176
𝑓 (−4) = 0
Since 𝑓 (−4) = 0, therefore −4 is a zero and
(𝑥 + 4) is a factor of the polynomial function.

• If 𝑥 = 5, then, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 20
𝑓 (5) = 2(5)3 − 3(5)2 − 39(5) + 20
𝑓 (5) = 2(125) − 3(25) − 195 + 20
𝑓 (5) = 250 − 75 − 195 + 20
𝑓 (5) = 175-195+20
𝑓 (5) = −20 + 20
𝑓 (5) = 0

Since 𝑓 (5) = 0, therefore 5 is a zero and (𝑥 − 5) is

a factor of the polynomial function.

1
• If 𝑥 = , then, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 2
2
1 1 3 1 2 1
𝑓 ( ) = 2 ( ) − 3 ( ) − 39 ( ) + 20
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 39
𝑓( ) = 2( )− 3( ) − + 20
2 8 4 2
1 1 3 39
𝑓( ) = − − + 20
2 4 4 2
1 1−3−78+80
𝑓 (2) =
4
1 0
𝑓( ) =
2 4

1
𝑓( ) = 0
2
1 1
Since 𝑓 ( ) = 0, therefore is a zero and
2 2
(2𝑥 − 1) is a factor of the polynomial function.
𝟏
Therefore, the zeros of the function are −𝟒, and 5.
𝟐

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Note:
You can also use the synthetic division to determine the factors of the
polynomial function and eventually equate each factor to 0 to determine the zeros.
Now, let us see how the graph of a polynomial function whose degree is
greater than 2 behave in a Cartesian plane.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAPHS OF A POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

Polynomial function in one variable can be represented graphically in a

Cartesian Coordinate system. Below are some of the graphs of polynomial function.

𝒚=𝟐
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

The graph above The graph above The graph above

shows a horizontal line is an oblique line which is a parabola which is
which is the graph of a is the graph of a linear the graph of a quadratic
constant function, function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 +
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 , a zero- a first-degree 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, a second- degree
degree polynomial polynomial function polynomial function.
function. where m is the slope
and b is the y-intercept.

The graphs presented above are some of the graphs of a polynomial function
whose degree is 0, 1 and 2. What if the degree of the polynomial is greater than 2?
How is the graph of the function looks like?

The graph of the polynomial function is described as smooth which has no

sharp corners or cusps and continuous where the graph has no holes or gaps and
can be drawn without lifting. The illustration below cannot be the graph of the
polynomial function.

𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟
ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑔𝑎𝑝

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 Remember:

The graph of any polynomial function with degree 2 or greater 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =

𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 where 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 and 𝑛 ≥ 2 is
𝑛

continuous non-linear curve.

The domain of the polynomial function is the set of all real numbers.
The range of the polynomial function depends on the values of n and the
leading coefficient 𝑎𝑛 . That is,
• If n is even and 𝑎𝑛 > 0, the range of the polynomial function is the
interval [m, ∞) where m is the minimum value of the function.
• If n is even and 𝑎𝑛 < 0, the range of the polynomial function is the
interval (-∞, 𝑀] where M is the maximum value of the function.
• If n is odd, the range is the set of all real numbers (-∞, ∞) and the
function has no minimum nor maximum value.
(Garces, 2008)

The illustrations below are some examples of the graphs of a polynomial

function.

𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

• In figure 1, the domain and range of the function, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 are the set of real
numbers since the degree of the function is odd or 𝑛 = 3.
•
In figure 2, since the degree of the polynomial function is even or 𝑛 = 4,
and the leading coefficient is positive or 𝑎𝑛 = 1, then,
Domain: All real numbers
Range: [0, ∞)
• In figure 3, since the degree of the polynomial function is even( 𝑛 = 4)
and the leading coefficient, 𝑎𝑛 = −2 is negative, then,
Domain: All real numbers
Range: (-∞, 3]
The graphs of the polynomials are analyzed using the different properties like
the x and y- intercepts and end behaviors.
Now, let us take the different characteristics of the graphs of a polynomial
function.

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 Consider the following graphs below:

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔

(-1,1) (1,1) (-1,1) (1,1) (-1,1) (1,1)

Observe the three graphs above, what do you notice on the graph as n gets
bigger? Based on this, we can conclude the following characteristics:

Characteristics of the graph 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 where 𝒂 > 𝟎 and 𝒏 is even

1. The graph f(x) contains the points (0,0); (1,a) and (-1, a).
2. The lowest point on the graph is (0,0). The graph is symmetric with
respect to y-axis.
3. The graph goes up going to the left and right.
4. The range of f(x) is [0, +∞)
5. As the exponent n gets bigger, the graph of the f(x) becomes steeper
outside the interval [-1,1] but tends to flatten out and lie closer to x-axis
inside the interval [-1,1].
6. As a gets bigger, the graph gets steeper.
(Garces, 2008)

Now, consider the three graphs below. Observe the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏
where 𝒂 > 𝟎 and 𝒏 is odd.

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓

(1,1) (1,1)
(1,1)

(0,0) (0,0)
(-1,-1) (-1,-1) (-1,-1) (0,0)

12 | P a g e
 Based on the graphs above, we can have the following properties:

Characteristics of the graph 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 where 𝒂 > 𝟎 and 𝒏 is odd

1. The graph f(x) contains the points (0,0); (1, 𝑎) and (−1, −𝑎).
2. The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
3. The graph goes up going to the right and goes down going to the left.
4. The range of the function is (−∞, +∞).
5. As the exponent n gets bigger, the graph of the f(x) becomes steeper
outside the interval [-1,1] but tends to flatten out and lie closer to x-
axis inside the interval [-1,1].
6. As 𝒂 gets bigger, the graph gets steeper.
(Garces, 2008)

Another important characteristic of the graph that you need to consider when
graphing polynomial function is the end behavior. What is the end behavior of the
graph of a polynomial function?

END BEHAVIOR OF THE GRAPH OF A POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

The end behavior of the graph of a polynomial function depends on the

degree of the function and sign of its leading coefficient - the Leading Coefficient
Test.

Leading Coefficient Test

As x increases or decreases without bound, the graph of the polynomial
function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 eventually rises
or falls.
(Oronce, 2010)

There are four types of end behavior for non-constant polynomial function
namely:

Type 1 : Even degree - positive leading coefficient

Type II : Even degree – negative leading coefficient
Type III: Odd degree – positive leading coefficient
Type IV: Odd degree – negative leading coefficient

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Consider the table below:
Sign of the
Type Degree Leading Sample Graph End Behavior
Coefficient
• As 𝒙 → +∞,
𝒇(𝒙) → +∞

• As 𝒙 → −∞,
Even Positive 𝒇(𝒙) → +∞
Type I:
Even-Positive
𝑛=4 𝑎𝑛 = 1
• The graph
rises to the
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 left and to
the right

• As 𝑥 → +∞,
𝑓(𝑥) → −∞

Even Negative • As 𝑥 → −∞,

Type II: 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞
Even-Negative Ex. Ex.
𝑛=4 𝑎𝑛 = −1 • The graph
falls to the
left and to
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 the right.

• As 𝑥 → +∞,
𝑓(𝑥) → +∞

Odd Positive • As 𝑥 → −∞,

𝑓(𝑥) → −∞
III.
Ex. Ex.
Odd-Positive
• The graph
𝑛=5 𝑎𝑛 = 1 falls to the
left and
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 1 rises to the
right.

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 • As 𝑥 → +∞,
𝑓(𝑥) → −∞

• As 𝑥 → −∞,
Odd Negative 𝑓(𝑥) → +∞
IV.
Odd-Negative Ex. Ex.
𝑛=5 𝑎𝑛 = −3 • The graph
rises to the
left and falls
𝑓 (𝑥) = −3𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 to the right.

Let us use the Leading Coefficient Test to determine the end behavior of
the graph of the following polynomial functions below.

Example 1: What is the end behavior of the graph of the polynomial function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5?
Solution:
Leading Term 4𝑥 3 Sample Graph
Leading Term’s 3 is the exponent of the leading
Degree term. This implies that 3 is the Rises
degree of the polynomial. to the
Leading right
4
Coefficient
End Behavior Since the degree of the
polynomial, n = 3 is an odd
number and the leading coefficient Falls
𝑎𝑛 = 4 is positive, then the graph to the
of the given polynomial left
function falls to the left and
rises to the right.
Example 2: What is the end behavior of the graph of the polynomial function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −5𝑥 6 + 7𝑥 3 + 8?

Solution:

Leading Term −5𝑥 6 Sample Graph

Leading Term’s 6 is the exponent of the leading
Degree term. This implies that 6 is the
degree of the polynomial.
Leading
-5
Coefficient

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 End Behavior Since the degree of the
polynomial, 6 is an even number
and the leading coefficient -5 is
negative, then the graph of the
given polynomial function
falls to the left and to the
right.
Falls Falls
to the to the
left left

Example 3: What is the end behavior of the graph of the polynomial function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −4𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 5?

Solution:

Leading Term : −4𝑥 3 Sample Graph

Leading Term’s : 3 is the exponent of the leading
Degree term. This implies that 3 is the Rises
degree of the polynomial. to the
Leading left
: −4
Coefficient
End Behavior : Since the degree of the
polynomial, 3 is an odd number
and the leading coefficient −4 is Falls
negative, then the graph of the to the
given polynomial function rises right
to the left and falls to the
right.

Example 4: What is the end behavior of the graph of the polynomial function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 8 − 9𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 5?
Solution:

Leading Term : 5𝑥 8 Sample Graph

Leading Term’s : 8 is the exponent of the leading
Degree term. This implies that 8 is the
degree of the polynomial.
Leading
: 5
Coefficient

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 End Behavior : Since the degree of the
polynomial, 8 is an even number Both rises to the
left and right
and the leading coefficient 5 is
positive, then the graph of the
given polynomial function rises
to the left and to the right.

Another characteristics of the graphs of the polynomial function are the real
zeros and multiplicities.

ZEROS AND MULTIPLICITIES OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

What are real zeros and multiplicities?

Real Zero of a Polynomial Function

A real number that corresponds to the x-intercepts of the graph of that
polynomial.
Multiplicity
It is the number of times that its associated factor appears in the
polynomial.
(Fernandez, 2012)

In analyzing the graph of a polynomial function, why is it that the real zeros
are important in understanding, describing and interpreting the graphs of
polynomial function?
• By observing the graph, the number of real zeros of a polynomial function can be
determined.
• The zeros of the polynomial function can tell the number of times the graph is going
to touch or cross the x-axis.
Consider the example below:
Let us compare the real zeros of the two functions 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3) and
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 5)3 (𝑥 − 3)2 . Do the two functions have the same zeros?

Both functions have the same real zeros which are −𝟓 and 𝟑, but they differ
on the number of times associated with the factor. In the first function, quadratic
function, each real zero occurs only once but the fifth-degree polynomial function, -
5 has a multiplicity of 3 because the factor (𝑥 + 5) occurs 3 times ( the factor is

17 | P a g e
raised to the third power) and 3 multiplicity of 2 because the factor (𝑥 − 3) occurs
two times.
What is the effect of this multiplicity to the graph? Why are multiplicities
important in interpreting the graph of a polynomial function?

Remember:
• An even multiplicity zero makes the graph TOUCH or TANGENT to the x-
axis and turns it back around the way it comes.
• An odd multiplicity zero CROSSES the x-axis at that zero.

Study the following graphs:

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)4 (𝑥 − 3)5 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥 + 1)4

touches

crosses

touches

𝑥 = 1 (4 times) 𝑥 = −3 (twice)
𝑥 = 3 (5 times) 𝑥 = −1 (4 times)
Now, let us try to interpret the graph below to determine the
multiplicity of the roots.
What is the multiplicity of 𝑥 = −1 given that the graph shows a fifth-degree
polynomial with real number zeros and the zero 𝑥 = 1 has a multiplicity of 2?

(0, 1)

(-1, 0) (1, 0)

Looking at the graph, the zero at 𝑥 = −1 had to be odd since it crosses the

18 | P a g e
𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. The zero at 𝑥 = 1 is of multiplicity of 2, and the polynomial function is of
degree 5. Therefore, it implies that the only other zero takes the rest of the
multiplicities. Since 5 − 2 = 3, hence, 𝒙 = −𝟏 must be of multiplicity of 3.

DEGREES AND TURNINGS/BUMPS OF A POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

The turnings of the graph of a polynomial function are referred as its

“bumps”. This indicates that the graph turns around on itself and goes back the
direction where it came from. The graph below shows three bumps.

bumps/turning
s

bumps/turnings

For degree n polynomial, the graph will have at most n-1 bumps or turnings.
Let us take this example.

Example 1: What is the minimum degree of the polynomial graphed below?

Solution: Since there are three bumps or turnings, and the end behavior says the
function is an even-degree polynomial, then the possible degree of the
polynomial function is 4 or 6 or 8… But the graph is tangent or touches
the x-axis at 2 zeros: −𝟑 and 1. This implies that the given zeros had at
least 2 as the multiplicity. Hence, the minimum degree is 6.

Example 2: What is the minimum degree of the polynomial graphed below?

19 | P a g e
Solution: Since there are two bumps or turnings, and the end behavior says the
function is an odd-degree polynomial, then the possible degree of the
polynomial function is 3 or 5 or 7… But the graph is tangent or touches
the x-axis at zero 𝑥 = −1 which implies that the given zeros had at least
2 as the multiplicity. Hence, the minimum degree is 5.

STEPS IN GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

Since you know the basic behavior of the graphs of a polynomial function, you
can use these to sketch quickly the required graph. Let us take the following steps
in graphing the polynomial functions:
Example 1: Sketch the graph of the 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3

Solution:

Step 1: Determine the end behavior of the graph.

The degree of the function is odd, 𝑛 = 3 and the leading coefficient 1 is
positive. Using the Leading Coefficient Test, the graph rises to the right and
falls to the left.
Step 2: Find the x-intercepts or zeros of the function by setting f(x) = 0.
Completely factor the polynomial function.

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 Given
0 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 Set 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
0 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 3) − 1(𝑥 + 3) Factor
0 = (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) Factor

(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0 (𝑥 + 3) = 0 Zero Product Property

𝑥2 = 1 𝑥 = -3 Solve for x
𝑥 = ±1

The x-intercepts or zeros of the function are -3, -1 and 1. These values divide
the number line into the four intervals which are as follows:
(−∞, −𝟑), (−𝟑, −𝟏), (−𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟏, +∞).

20 | P a g e
 (−∞, −3) (−3, −1) (−1,1) (1, +∞)

Step 3: Using the intervals, construct table of signs to find the values of f(x) in each
interval. The signs of the values of f(x) will tell us whether the graph within
the interval is ABOVE or BELOW the x-axis.

Sample x value Location of the

Interval f(x)
in the interval graph
(−∞, −3) -4 -15 below the x-axis
-3 -3 0 on the x-axis
(−3, −1) -2 3 above the x-axis
-1 -1 0 on the x-axis
(−1,1) 0 -3 below the x-axis
1 1 0 on the x-axis
(1, +∞) 2 15 above the x-axis

Step 4: Find the y-intercept by setting x = 0.

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 Given
𝑓(0) = 03 + 3(0)2 − 0 − 3 Set 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0) = 0 + 3(0) − 0 − 3 Simplify
𝑓(0 = −3

Since 𝑓(0) = −3, then the y-intercept of the polynomial

function is −3. This means that the graph of the function passes
through the y-axis at (0, −3).
.
Step 5: Sketch the graph of the polynomial function

above the x-axis

above
Zeros of the the
function x-axis

below
the
x-axis
y-intercept

21 | P a g e
Example 2: Sketch the graph of the 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)2

Solution:

Step 1: Determine the end behavior of the graph.

The degree of the function is even, 𝒏 = 𝟒, and the leading coefficient, 1
is positive. Using the Leading Coefficient Test, the graph rises to the right
and to the left.
Step 2: Find the x-intercepts or zeros of the function by setting f(x) = 0.

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)2 Given

0 = (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)2 Set 𝑓(𝑥) = 0

Zero Product Property

2 2 and Square Root
(𝑥 − 1) = 0 (𝑥 + 2) = 0
Property
𝑥−1=0 𝑥+2= 0 Solve for x
𝑥=1 𝑥 = −2
The x-intercepts or zeros of the function are −𝟐 multiplicity of 2 and
1 multiplicity of 2. These values divide the number line into the three
intervals which are as follows: (−∞, −2), (−2, 1), (1, +∞).

(−∞, −2) (−2,1) (1, +∞)

Step 3: Using the intervals, construct table of signs to find the values of f(x) in each
interval. The signs of the values of f(x) will tell us whether the graph within
the interval is ABOVE or BELOW the x-axis.

Sample x
Location of the
Interval value in the f(x)
graph
interval
(−∞, −2) -3 16 above the x-axis
-2 -2 0 on the x-axis
(−2,1) -1 4 above the x-axis
1 1 0 on the x-axis
(1, +∞) 2 16 above the x-axis

22 | P a g e
Step 4: Find the y-intercept by setting x = 0.

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)2 Given

𝑓(0) = (0 − 1)2 (0 + 2)2 Set 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0) = (−1)2 (2)2 Simplify
𝑓(0 = 4

Since f(0) = 4, then the y-intercept of the polynomial function is

4. This means that the graph of the function passes through the y-axis
at (0, 4) .
Step 5: Sketch the graph of the polynomial function.

Suppose the graph of the function is given, is it possible to determine the

expression for the polynomial function? Consider the following example.

Example 3: Find the polynomial function of least degree whose graph is

shown below.

Solution:
Based on the graph, the zeros of the function are -1, 1, 2 so (x+1), (x-1) and
(x-2) are the factors of the function. The graph crosses the x-axis at zeros -1 and 2,
hence the exponent of (x+1) and (x-2) must be an odd number. The smallest odd
number is 1.
The graph is also tangent to the x-axis at 1 which implies that the exponent
of the factor (x-1) is even and the least possible degree of the factor is 2.
Based on this, the polynomial function of least degree whose graph is shown
above must have the form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)

23 | P a g e
 where the value of 𝒂 is still unknown. Looking at the graph, the y- intercept
of 𝑓(𝑥) is −1 or 𝑓(0) = −1. The graph passes through the y-axis at (0, −1) Hence,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑓 (0) = 𝑎(0 − 1)2 (0 + 1)(0 − 2)
𝑓(0) = 𝑎(−1)2 (1)(−2)
−1 = 𝑎(−1)2 (1)(−2)
−1 = −2𝑎
1
=𝑎
2
1
𝑎=2
𝟏
Thus, 𝒂 = .Therefore, the polynomial function is given by
𝟐
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝟐
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

You are now ready to solve problems involving polynomial functions. A four-
step model approach will be used in solving the problems involving polynomial
functions. This four-step model includes Analyze, Plan, Solve and Check.
Consider the following illustrative examples:

Example 1:
Problem: Ms. Anne wishes to make open boxes from the pieces of cupboard of side
10 inches by 16 inches by cutting equal squares from the corners and
turning up the sides.
a. If the length of the sides of the square to be cut is x inches, formulate
a function that represents the number of cubic inches by cutting
equal squares from the four corners and turning it up.
b. What is the domain of the function?
Step 1: Understand the Problem
a. What are the given facts?
The problem involves a rectangular cupboard with a dimension
of 10 inches by 16 inches.
b. What is asked?
You are asked to find the function that represents the volume of
the box and the domain of the function.
Step 2: Plan Your Approach (Choose a strategy)
a. Draw the diagram.

10

16 in

24 | P a g e
 b. Represent the dimensions
Let: 𝑥 = height
16 − 2𝑥 = length
10 − 2𝑥 = width

To formulate function, use 𝑽 = 𝒍𝒘𝒉.

Step 3: Complete the Work (Write a word equation)

a. The volume of a box is the product of the measures of length, width
and height.
𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
𝑉 = (16 − 2𝑥)(10 − 2𝑥)(𝑥) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠.

Therefore, the function that represents the volume of the box is

𝑽(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙)(𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙)(𝒙).
b. The dimension of this box must NOT be equal to 0 and must be
positive, hence,

16 − 2𝑥 > 0 10 − 2𝑥 > 0
−2𝑥 > −16 −2𝑥 > −10
𝑥<8 𝑥< 5

At 𝒙 = 𝟖, the side of the box is −6 which is not possible since it gives a

negative dimension.
10 − 2𝑥 = 10 − 2(8)
= 10 − 16
= −6

Step 4: Check the Conclusion

Therefore, the domain of the function is 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟓.

Example 2:

Problem: The volume of a rectangular prism is 648 cubic cm. The height is 3 cm less
than the width and the length is 3 cm more than the width. Find the
dimensions of the rectangular prism.
Step 1: Understand the Problem
a. What are the given facts?
The problem involves a rectangular prism with a volume of 648
cu cm.
b. What is asked?
You are asked to find the dimension of the rectangular prism.

25 | P a g e
Step 2: Plan Your Approach (Choose a strategy)

a. Draw the diagram.

b. Represent the dimensions

Let: 𝑥 = width
x+3 = length
x-3 = height
Step 3: Complete the Work (Write a word equation)
The volume of a box is the product of the measures of length, width and
height.
𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
𝑉 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
648 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥)
648 = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥
0 = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 − 648

The length of the prism should only be positive. Using the Descartes’ rule of
sign, there’s only 1 positive real zero of the function. Applying the rational zero
theorem, only the positive possible zeros will be used to evaluate the function such
as 1, 2, 3, 4,6, 8, 9, 12, 18 𝑎𝑛𝑑 24. Evaluate the function and test for possible real zeros
using only the positive possible roots.

x 1 2 3 4 6 8 9
V(x) -656 -658 -648 -620 -486 -208 0

Based on the table, 9 is the zero of the function. So the dimensions are:
Height = 6 cm width = 9 cm length = 12 cm
Step 4: Check the Conclusion

𝑉 = 12 𝑐𝑚 x 6 cm x 9 cm = 648 cubic cm

Therefore, the dimensions of the rectangular prism are as follows:

height = 6 cm. length = 12 cm. and width = 9 cm.

Example 3:

Problem: A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground. The equation of motion
is 𝑠(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 32𝑡. If the positive direction of the distance from the
starting point is up,
a. when will the ball reach its highest point?
b. how many seconds does it take the ball to reach the ground?

26 | P a g e
Step 1: Understand the Problem
a. What are the given facts?
The problem involves a ball thrown vertically upward
motion whose equation is 𝑠 = −16𝑡 2 + 32𝑡
b. What is asked?
You are asked to find the highest point the ball can reach
and the time the ball reaches the ground.

Step 2: Plan Your Approach (Choose a strategy)

a. Draw the diagram.

b. Represent the problem

Let 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
s(t)= the distance traveled by the ball at a given time
Step 3: Complete the Work (Write a word equation)
The height of the ball is modeled by the equation
𝑠(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 32𝑡 at a given time 𝑡.

𝑠(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 32𝑡

0 = −16𝑡 2 + 32𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑠(𝑡) = 0
1
−32𝑡 = −16𝑡 2 Multiply both sides by −
16𝑡
2= t
𝑡= 2

The zeros of the function are 0 and 2. Let us evaluate the given function.

x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
V(x) 0 12 16 12 0

27 | P a g e
 Based on the table, the ball reaches its maximum point at t = 1 or after 1 second.
The ball reaches the ground at 2 seconds.

Step 4: Check the Conclusion

(1,16)
The highest point the ball can reach
is at t=1 which is 16 units

(2,0) The ball reaches the ground at 2

seconds or 𝑡 = 2

Activities

Guided Practice 1

Directions: Fill in each blank to make a true statement. Write your answers on a
separate sheet paper.

1. In 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6, the graph falls to the ________ and rises to the
________.
2. In 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 4 +5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4, the graph falls to the ________ and to the
________.
3. In the given polynomial function, 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 1)3 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 1), the degree of
the function is _____, the leading term is ______, the leading coefficient is
_______ and the constant term is _________.

4. If the graph of the polynomial function falls to the left and rises to the right,
then the degree of the polynomial function is ______ and the sign of its leading
coefficient is ______.

5. If the zeros of the function are −2 multiplicity of 2 and 4 multiplicity of 3, then

the graph of the function ___________ the x –axis at x = -2 and ________ the
x-axis at 𝑥 = 4.

28 | P a g e
Guided Practice 2

A. Directions: For each given polynomial functions,

1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 − 4)4 (𝑥 − 1)
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥)
3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 4

Find the following:

a. degree of the polynomial

b. leading term, the leading coefficient, and the constant term
c. end behavior of the graph of the function
d. x- and y-intercepts
e. multiplicity of zeros
f. the intervals to identify the location of the graph with respect to the
x-axis
g. number of turning points

B. Using the polynomial function and its properties in A, sketch the graph of the
function.

Independent Practice

A. Directions: For each given polynomial functions,

1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 2)4 (𝑥 + 1)2

2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 + 2)4

Find the following:

a. degree of the polynomial
b. leading term, the leading coefficient, and the constant term
c. end behavior of the graph of the function
d. x- and y-intercepts
e. multiplicity of zeros
f. the intervals to identify the location of the graph with respect to the
x-axis
g. number of turning points
h. sketch the graph

B. Solve the following problems:

1. The length of a rectangular metal sheet is thrice as long as its width. If 3 feet
are taken from the width and 4 feet taken from the length, the resulting area
is 100 square feet. Find the area of the original metal sheet.

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 2. Suppose the population of a particular barangay in Zambales years after
January 1, 2020 is expected to be 𝑃(𝑥) = 40𝑡 2 + 200𝑡 + 10000.
a. What is the expected population of this municipality on January 1,
2025?
b. How many years will the population of the barangay reach 16,000?

FOR STEP ONLY

A. Directions: Use the description and graph below to write an equation of a

polynomial function with the given characteristics. If possible, use a
graphing calculator to check your function.
1.

(1,0)
(-1,0) (3,0)

2. The graph of the polynomial function crosses the x-axis at -4, 1 and 4. It lies
above x-axis between -4 and 1. It lies below x-axis between 1 and 4 and
passes through y-axis at (0,1).

B. Solve the problems below:

1. A new bakery at Subic accepts orders of decorated cakes for special occasions.
The customer wants the volume of the cake to be 720 cubic inches. The cake is
in the shape of a rectangular solid. The client wants the length to be seven
inches longer than its width and the height is four inches less than the width.
What should be the dimensions of the cake?

2. The total cost of manufacturing a pair of shoes in a certain company is given

by 𝐶(𝑥) = 25,000 + 10𝑥 + 50𝑥 2 .
a. How much does it cost to manufacture 50 pairs of shoes?
b. What is the actual cost of manufacturing the 50th pair of shoes?

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 Assessment

A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your paper.

1. What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 10 − 4𝑥 12 − 4𝑥 6 − 𝑥?
A. -5 B. -4 C. -1 D. 4
2. If 𝑓(−2) = 0, which of the following is true about 𝑓(𝑥)?
𝐴. 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥)
B. 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, has two negative zeros
C. 2 is a root of 𝑃(𝑥) = 0
D. 𝑃(0) = −2
3. Given the graph of the polynomial function, which of the following
functions defined the graph at the right?
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 (0,2)
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 (-1,0) (2,0)
D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2
3 3 (1,0)

4. Which of the statements below can best describe the graph of the
polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥)= (𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥 − 5)3 (𝑥 + 8)4 ?
i. It is tangent to the x – axis at points (-3, 0) and (8, 0).
ii. It crosses the x – axis at 5.
iii. The end behavior of the graph rises to the right and falls to
the left.
iv. The graph has 8 turning points.
A. i & ii only C. ii & iii only
B. iii & iv only D. i & iv only
5. In which interval is the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 1 located below the x-axis?
A. (−∞, 0) B. ( −∞, 0] C. (−∞, 1) D. (−∞, 1]
6. How many x-intercepts does the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
have?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
7. Which of the following is the possible zero of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 8?
3 2

A. 0 B.1 C. 2 D. 3
8. Which of the statements is TRUE about the characteristics of the graph of a
polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 6 ?
i. The graph passes through the points (0,0), (1, 3) and (-1, 3)
ii. The range of the function (−∞, +∞)
iii. The lowest point of the graph is (0,0)
iv. The graph rises to the left and falls to the right.
A. i & ii only C. i & iii only
B. ii & iv only D. iii & iv only

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 For numbers 9-10, use the graph below:

9. On which interval is f(x)> 0?

A. (−∞, −2) B. (-2, -1) C. [-1, 1] D. [1, +∞)
10. On which interval is f(x) < 0?
A. (−∞, −2) B. (-2, -1) C. [-1, 1] D. [1, +∞)

B. Given the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥, determine the following

and sketch the graph.
1. The x-intercepts
2. The y-intercept
3. Zeros of the function
4. Intervals to identify the location of the graph with respect to x-axis.
5. Domain and range
C. Solve the problems below:

1. A rectangular shipping container must have the volume 180 cubic meters.
The client tells the manufacturer that the length of the container must be 1
meter longer than its width, and the height must be 1 meter less than twice
the width. What should the dimensions of the container be?

2. Water is being drained from a swimming pool. The volume of the water in
the pool is modeled by the equation V(t)= 250𝑡 2 − 80𝑡 + 1600), t minutes after
the drain starts.
a. Find the volume of water in the pool after 5 minutes.
b. When will the pool be completely drained?

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 Reflection

What have you learned on the topics presented in this Guided Learning
Activity Kit (GLAK)? Write 4 − 5 sentences to summarize what you have learned
using the words below.

Leading term leading coefficient constant term

Descartes’ rule of signs factor theorem zeros of the function
Falling rising domain
Range interval x-intercepts
y-intercept table of signs end behavior

I have learned that _____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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 References

Fernadez, John Paolo A. 2012. Review of Unfurling Mathematics: Worktext in High

School Mathematics. Future Builder Publication Inc. 2012.
Dolciani, Mary P., John A. Graham, Richard Swanson, and Sharon Sidney. 1989.
Review of Algebra 2 & Trigonometry Pages 365-378. Houghton Miffin
Company. 1989.

Garces, Ian June, Evangeline Baustista, and Emmanuel Cabral. 2008. XP

Advanced Algebra and Triginometry. Vibal Publishing House.

Oronce, Orlando A., and Merly O. Mendoza. 2010. Review of E-Math Advanced
Algebra and Trigonometry. Rex Book Store Incorporated. 2010.

Obana, Generoso. 2004. Review of Making Connections: A Worktext for Fourth Year
High School Pages 153-185. Edited by Edna MAgaldan. Vicarish Publication
and Trading Incorporated. 2004.

https://www.desmos.com/calculator

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-collegealgebra/chapter/solve-real-
world-applications-of-polynomial-equations/

https://www.chino.k12.ca.us/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid
=31782&dataid=63486&FileName=12%20POLYNOMIAL%20FUNCTIONS.pdf

https://www.augusta.k12.va.us/cms/lib01/va01000173/centricity/domain/766/
chap07.pdf

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35 | P a g e
GUIDED PRACTICE 1 B.
1. Left, right 1.
2. Right
3. Leading Term: 8𝑥 6
Leading Coefficient: 8
Constant Term: 1
4. Odd; positive
5. Tangent/touches; crosses
GUIDED PRACTICE 2:
A. 1. a. 5 2.
b. Leading Term: 81𝑥 5
Leading Coefficient: 81
Constant Term: -256
c. falls to the left and rises to the right
4
d. x- intercepts: 1 and
3
y – intercept : -256
4
e. 1 multi of 1 and multi of 4
3
4 4 3.
f. (−∞, 1) (1, ) ( , +∞)
3 3
g. 2
2. a. 5
b. Leading Term: 𝑥 5
Leading Coefficient: 1
Constant Term: -4
c. falls to the left and rises to the right
d. x- intercepts: -2, 0, 1 INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
y – intercept :0 A. 1. a. 5
e. 1 multi of 2 and −2 multi of 2 and 0 b. Leading Term: 𝑥 5
f. (−∞, −2), (−2, 0), (0,1), (1, +∞) Leading Coefficient: 1
g. 4 Constant Term:16
3. a. 3 c. falls to the left and rises to the right
b. Leading Term: 𝑥 3 d. x- intercepts: -1, 2
Leading Coefficient: 1 y – intercept : 16
Constant Term: -4 e. 2 multi of 4 and -1 multi of 2
c. falls to the left and rises to the right f. (−∞, −1), (−1, 2), , (2, +∞)
d. x- intercepts: 1, 2 g. 2
y – intercept : -4
e. 2 multi of 2 and 1 multi of 1 2. a. 6
f. (−∞, 1), (1, 2), (0,1), (1, +∞) b. Leading Term: 𝑥 6
g. 2 Leading Coefficient: 1
ASSSESSMENT Constant Term:-8
c. rises to the left and to the right
A. 1. B 6. C d. x- intercepts: -2, 1
2. A 7. B y – intercept :-8
3. A 8. D e. 1 multi of 3 and -2 multi of 3
4. C 9. B f. (−∞, −2), (, −2,1), (1, +∞)
5. C 10. A g. 1
3 B. 1. 192 sq. feet
B. 1. 0, 1, 2. a. 12,000 b. 10 years
2
2. 0
3
3. 0, 1, FOR STEP ONLY
2 1
3 3 A. 1. 𝑓(𝑥) = − (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
4. (−∞, 0) (0,1)(1, ) ( , +∞) 3
2 2 1
5. Domain: All real numbers 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
16
Range: All real numbers
C. 1. 4m x 5m x 9 m B. 1. 5 in x 9 in x 16 in
2. a. 306, 250 liters 2. a. PhP 150, 500.00
b. 40 minutes b. PhP 3,010.00
REFLECTION (Answers may vary)
Key to Corrections
 Acknowledgment

The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt gratitude
to the following, who in one way or another, have contributed to the successful
preparation, development, quality assurance, printing, and distribution of the
Quarter 2 Guided Learning Activity Kits (GLAKs) in all learning areas across grade
levels as a response to providing the learners with developmentally-appropriate,
contextualized and simplified learning resources with most essential learning
competencies (MELCs)-based activities anchored on the principles of guided learning
and explicit instruction:

First, the Learning Resources (LR) Development Team composed of the writers
and graphic artists for devoting much of their time and exhausting their best efforts
to produce these indispensable learning kits used for the implementation of learning
delivery modalities.

Second, the content editors, language reviewers, and layout evaluators

making up the Division Quality Assurance Team (DQAT) for having carefully
evaluated all GLAKs to ensure quality and compliance to DepEd standards;

Third, the Provincial Government of Zambales, for unceasingly extending its

financial assistance to augment the funds for the printing of these learning resources
for use by learners and parents at home;

Fourth, the teacher-advisers and subject teachers, in close coordination with

the school heads, for their weekly distribution and retrieval of the GLAKs and for
their frequent monitoring of the learners’ progress through various means; and

Finally, the parents and other home learning facilitators for giving the learners
the needed guidance and support for them to possibly accomplish the tasks and for
gradually helping them become independent learners.

To deliver learning continuity in this challenging circumstance would not be

possible without your collective effort and strong commitment to serving our
Zambaleño learners.

Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division of Zambales

Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No.: (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: zambales@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedzambales.ph