Engr. Kristine Mariel B.

Bejasa
Lecturer
ENERGY CONVERSION
Energy Conversion, also known as
energy transformation, is the process
of changing from one form of energy to
another.

Thermodynamics is the study of how

energy gets converted from one form
to another which is discussed in the 1st
Law of Thermodynamics. This law
states that energy can neither be
destroyed nor created, it can only be
transformed from one form to another.
This statement is also known as the law
of conservation of energy.
MAGNETISM
• Magnetism is a natural phenomenon whereby attraction takes place.
It is also a property possessed by iron, steel, nickel, cobalt and certain
other magnetic materials and alloys wherein these materials can
produce or can conduct magnetic lines of force capable of interacting
with other fields (electric or magnetic).
• A substance that possesses magnetism property and can attract iron
and other ferromagnetic materials is called magnet.
• The magnet was derived from Magnesia (the place where it was
discovered).
• The magnet was called by ancient people loadstone in honor of
lodestar (one of the guiding stars of the early navigators & sailors)
• Types of Magnets:
Natural – always permanent
Artificial – can either be temporary
( like electromagnet) or permanent.
 Electromagnetism is magnetism produced by an electric current
rather than by natural magnet. This phenomenon was discovered by Hans
Christian Oersted in 1820. He discovered the relation accidentally which
then verified in the laboratory. “He placed a compass needle near a
conductor carrying current. He noted that the compass needle pointed at
right angle with respect to the conductor and when he moved the
compass around the conductor, he observed the same effect: always at
right angle with the conductor where current is flowing.” He was therefore
the first person to have explored the surrounding magnetic field.
MAGNETIC FIELD
Magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet, in which magnetic force is
exerted. If a bar magnet is placed in such a field, it will experience magnetic force.
However, the field will continue to exist even if the magnet is removed. The
direction of magnetic field at a point is the direction of the resultant force acting
on a hypothetical North Pole placed at that point.

A magnetic field around a bar magnet has a shape and direction.

MAGNETIC FIELD
The magnetic field is represented using magnetic field lines (lines of force ,
flux lines) that show the shape, direction and strength of the field.

Properties of the magnetic lines of force:

➢ The magnetic lines of force originate from the North Pole of a magnet and end
at its South Pole.
➢ The magnetic lines of force come closer to one another near the poles of a
magnet but they are widely separated at other places.
➢ The magnetic lines of force do not intersect (or cross) one another.
MAGNETIC FLUX
Magnetic Flux (F) - It is the number of magnetic lines of forces in a magnetic field.
Maxwell-unit of magnetic flux equal to one line of force.
Weber- SI unit of magnetic flux equal to 108 lines or Maxwell. 1Wb = 1x 108 Maxwell

Conversion:
q = 1.602x 10−19 C 1
𝑘𝑔f = 9.81 N
1 N = 105 Dynes
1 𝑙𝑏f = 4.4484 N
1 Tesla = 104 Gauss
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
FLUX DENSITY (β)
It is given by the flux passing per unit area through a plane at right angles to the
flux. It is measured in Wb/ 𝑚2

Direction of the magnetic field at any point is defined as the direction of motion of
a change particle on which the magnetic field would not exert force.

Magnitude of the magnetic field vector is proportional to the force acting on the
moving charge, the magnitude of its velocity and the angle between velocity and
magnetic field. Unit is the Tesla or Gauss

SI CGS ENG
Wb/𝑚2 (Tesla) Max/𝑐𝑚2 (Gauss) lines/𝑖𝑛2
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF A MEDIUM
Permeability - the ability of a material to conduct magnetic flux through it.
Relative Permeability- ration of the permeability of material to the permeability
of air or vacuum.
The phenomena of magnetism and electromagnetism are dependent upon a
certain property of the medium called its permeability. Every medium is supposed
to possess two permeabilities:
➢ Absolute permeability, μ𝑜
➢ Relative permeability, μ𝑟
For measuring relative permeability, vacuum or free space is chose as the
reference medium. It is allotted an absolute permeability of vacuum with
reference to itself is unity. Hence, for free space,
Absolute permeability, μ𝑜 = 4πx107 Henry/meter, constant 33
Relative permeability, μ𝑟 = 1
Now, take any medium other than vacuum. If its relative permeability, as
compared to vacuum is μ𝑟, then its abs. permeability is μ = μ𝑜 = μ𝑟
MAGNETISING FIELD STRENGTH/FORCE/MAGNETIC
INTENSITY (H)
- Field strength at any point within a magnetic field is numerically equal to the
force experienced by a N-pole of one Weber placed at that point.
- It should be noted that the field strength is a vector quantity having both
magnitude and direction.
- mmf (magnetomotiveforce) per unit length of path of the magnetic flux. It is
also called as the magnetizing force or the magnetic gradient
• OERSTED- cgs unit of magnetic field strength equal to gilbert per centimeter.
• AT/m – SI unit for H
• 1 oersted = 79.577 AT/m

A. Magnetic Intensity for Long straight wire,

Where r=distance;
N= No. of turns
I= current (A)
MAGNETISING FIELD STRENGTH/FORCE/MAGNETIC
INTENSITY (H)
D. For square coil
B. For Long solenoid

where a = distance from the side

to the center of the square
C. For circular coil

where r= radius
Example 1: A wire 2.5 m long is bent (i) into a square and (ii) into a
circle. If the current flowing through the wire is 100 A, find the
magnetizing force at the centre of the square and the centre of the
circle.
Example 2: The force acting on a pole of 3Wb is 12N. The magnetic
intensity of the magnetic field is..? 4N/Wb

Example 3: If a current of 5A flows through a long wire of radius 0.004

meter, what is the intensity of magnetic field produced 0.02 meter
away from the surface of the wire? 33.17 AT/m
Example 4: A flat circular coil with 40 loops of wire has a diameter of 32
cm. What current must flow in its wires to produce a field of 3.0x 10−4
Wb/𝑚2 ?

Example 5: A current of 15 A is passing along a straight wire. Calculate

the force on a unit magnetic pole placed 0.15 meter from the wire. If
the wire is bent to form into a loop, calculate the diameter of the loop
so as to produce the same force at the center of the coil upon a unit
magnetic pole when carrying a current of 15 A.
94.26cm
Fleming's Left Hand rule
COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC
AND ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC
AND ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC
AND ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
DIFFERENCES
1. Strictly speaking, flux does not actually ‘flow’ in the sense in which an electric current flows.
2. If temperature is kept constant, then resistance of an electric circuit is constant and is
independent of the current strength (or current density). On the other hand, the reluctance of a
magnetic circuit does depend on flux (and hence flux density) established in it. It is so because μ
(which equals the slope of B/H curve) is not constant even for a given material as it depends on
the flux density B. Value of μ is large for low value of B and vice-versa. Hence, reluctance is small
(S = l/μA) for small values of B and large for large values of B.
3. Flow of current in an electric circuit involves continuous expenditure of energy but in a
magnetic circuit, energy is needed only creating the flux initially but not for maintaining it.