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To prepare for INDIAN POLITY for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know about the Official
Language. It gives an idea of all the important topics for the IAS Exam and the polity syllabus (GS-II.).
Important Official Language terms are important from the polity and governance perspectives in the
UPSC exam. IAS aspirants should thoroughly understand their meaning and application, as questions
can be asked from this static portion of the IAS Syllabus in both the UPSC Prelims and the UPSC Mains
exams.
In this article, you can read about the Basics, Background, Objectives, Composition, tenure, Functions etc
about the Official Language for the UPSC and SPSC.
BACKGROUND
In 1955, for the first time, G. Kher Committee was appointed by the President for Official
Language.
In 1957, the B.G. Kher Committee report was examined by Govind Ballabh Pant Committee.
Part XVII of the Constitution deals with the official language in Articles 343 to 351.
Its provisions are divided into four heads –
Official language of:
1.Union
2.Regional languages
3.Special directives
4.Judiciary and texts of laws
The Commission was to consist of a chairman and other members representing the different
languages specified in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
The act provides for the continued use of English (even after 1965), in addition to Hindi, for all
official purposes of the Union and also for the transaction of business in Parliament.
Notably, this act enables the use of English indefinitely (without any time-limit).
The constitutional provisions dealing with the language of the courts and legislation are as follows:
Until PARLIAMENT provides otherwise, the following are to be in the English language only:
All proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every high court.
The Governor of a state, with the previous consent of the president, can authorise the use of
Hindi or any other official language of the state, in the proceedings in the high court of the
state, but not with respect to the judgements, decrees and orders passed by it.
The act also enables the Governor of a state, with the previous consent of the President, to
authorise the use of Hindi or any other official language of the state for judgements,
decrees and orders passed by the high court of the state but they should be accompanied
by an English translation.
However, the Parliament has not made any provision for the use of Hindi in the Supreme Court.
Hence, the Supreme Court hears only those who petition or appeal in English.
The authoritative texts of all bills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations and bye laws
at the Central and state levels
The Constitution contains certain special directives to protect the interests of linguistic minorities and to
promote the development of Hindi language.
Every aggrieved person has the right to submit a representation in any of the languages used
in the Union or in the state, and those representations cannot be rejected on the ground that it
is not in the official language.
Every state and a local authority in the state should provide adequate facilities for instruction in
the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic
minority groups
The President should appoint a special officer for linguistic minorities to investigate all
matters relating to the constitutional safeguards for linguistic minorities and to report to him.
CLASSICAL LANGUAGE
In 2004, the Government of India decided to create a new category of languages called “classical
languages”.
In 2006, it laid down the criteria for conferring the classical language status.
BENEFIT
Once a language is declared classical, it gets financial assistance for setting up a centre of
excellence for the study of that language and also opens up an avenue for two major awards for
scholars of eminence.
CRITERIA
The criteria for declaring a language as classical mandates high antiquity of its early
texts/recorded history over a period of 1,500 – 2,000 years, a body of ancient
literature/texts which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers and a
literary tradition that is original and not borrowed from another speech community.
Also since the classical language and literature is distinct from the modern, there can also be a
discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.
According to the People’s Linguistic Survey of India 2013, around 220 languages has been lost in
the last 50 years and 197 has been categorised as Endangered.
Government of India currently defines a language as one that is marked by a script and effectively
neutering oral languages. Therefore, government recognizes 122 languages which is far lower
than the 780 counted by the People’s Linguistic Survey of India (along with a further 100
suspected to exist).
This discrepancy is caused primarily because Government of India doesn’t recognise any language
with less than 10,000 speakers.
Many unscheduled languages have a sizeable number of speakers: Bhili/Bhilodi has 1,04,13,637
speakers; Gondi has 29,84,453 speakers; Garo has 11,45,323; Ho has 14,21,418; Khandeshi,
18,60,236; Khasi, 14,31,344; and Oraon, 19,88,350.
A significant proportion of the estimated 370 million indigenous people in the world today “still
lack basic rights, with systematic discrimination and exclusion continuing to threaten ways of life,
cultures and identities. This contradicts the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, “with its promise to leave no one behind”.
Tulu is a Dravidian language whose speakers are concentrated in two coastal districts of
Karnataka and in Kasaragod district of Kerala.
The Census reports 18,46,427 native speakers of Tulu in India. The Tulu-speaking people are
larger in number than speakers of Manipuri and Sanskrit, which have the Eighth Schedule status.
Robert Caldwell (1814-1891), in his book, A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-
Indian Family of Languages, called Tulu as “one of the most highly developed languages of
the Dravidian family”.
Introduced by the first National Education Policy, the three-language formula stated that state
governments should adopt and implement a study of a modern Indian language, preferably one
of the southern languages, apart from Hindi and English in the Hindi-speaking states, and
of Hindi along with the regional language and English in the non-Hindi speaking states.
The draft policy recommended that this three-language formula be continued and flexibility in
the implementation of the formula should be provided.
On promotion of Hindi, the NPE 1968 said every effort should be made to promote the language
and that “in developing Hindi as the link language, due care should be taken to ensure that it will
serve, as provided for in 351 of the Constitution, as a medium of expression for all the elements
of the composite culture of India.
The establishment, in non-Hindi States, of colleges and other institutions of higher education
which use Hindi as the medium of education should be encouraged.
Incidentally, the NPE 1986 made no change in the 1968 policy on the three-language formula and
the promotion of Hindi and repeated it verbatim.
Pros
Common Identity for India: As India is the country of different languages, one common
language would reflect the identity of India in the world.
Unity among the people of India: Hindi is the most widely spoken language in India, the
common Hindi language will unite people from different parts of the country.
Glory in the multilingual nation: The people of this nation of different states are sometimes not
able to communicate with each other, just because of the diversity in languages. Adopting a
common national language helps them communicate with other linguistic groups.
National Language: Indians can’t accept a foreign language as a national language. As Hindi has
already been accepted as the Official language, imposition can provide its national status.
Cons
Hindi Imperialism: Many of the critics believed that imposition of one common language for
India as an imposition of Hindi imperialism for others Non-Hindi speaking
Against Diversity of this country: As India is a diverse country with many languages, the
imposition of Hindi as a common language will break the beauty of diversity in languages.
WAY FORWARD
It is our strength that we have many languages and dialects. We have to see that a foreign
language does not overtake a native language.
Experts reviewed that it would be disastrous for the country’s famed diversityif the promotion
of Hindi is considered a step towards a ‘one nation, one language’ kind of unity.
According to a hegemonic role to the “most-spoken” language in the country may promote
cultural homogenisation, but that is hardly desirable in a country with a diverse population, a
plural ethos and is a cauldron of many languages and cultures.
Further, national identity cannot be linked to any one language, as it is, by definition,
something that transcends linguistic and regional differences.
The need today is to respect, protect and nurture the diversity of our nation so that unity is
ensured.